1. The process of formation of a new phase in a matrix of photosensitive salts of silver is investigated at the photolysis (with the help of spectrophotometry and electron microscopy) and the availability of two types of particles of silver (colloidal and atomic-molecular dispersity) in one microcrystal is shown. The experimental connection between maxima of the absorption spectra of silver coloured centres (colloidal particles and clusters) and the sizes of silver bromide microcrystals where they are derived is established.

2. A number of properties of small colloidal particles is investigated, including:

- The relation of of spectral absorption maximum position against the size of silver and gold particles is determined,

- The spectral relationship of optical constants for small colloidal particles of silver (starting from the size 5 nm) is obtained,

- The stability of silver colloidal particles in red-ox and fixing solutions, and also in physical developers is investigated,

3. The process of silver association (using a method of statistical thermodynamics) in silver bromide microcrystalls is investigated at photolysis and the simultaneous existence of two types of silver particles in a photosensitive matrix - colloidal and atomic-molecular dispersibility is shown. The formula connecting the concentration of molecular clusters and the size of colloidal particle and the microcrystall silver halide size is deduced.

4. The analog of silver surface tension in vacuum for small clusters (860 mJ/m²) is calculated, the asymptotic dependence of silver surface tension on the boundary with a silver bromide for small colloidal particles (up to 500-700 mJ/m²) is shown. The relationship of silver solubility in silver bromide on the size of particles is determined.

5. Theoretical and experimental results show that: at the new silver phase formation in silver halides (as coloured centres and, probably, as latent image centres) there occurs a phase transition of molecular silver into metal silver.

6 The mechanisms of practically important processes for photography (bleach and amplification of a visible image), connected with the silver dispersibility change, are investigated. Is established, that:

- Specrtozonal amplification of visible silver image is stipulated by origin of a plenty colloidal particles with the size 3-6 nm (absorption at the wave length 450 nm),

- Effectiveness of the chromium-chloride oxidizing dispersion will increase at the increase of chrome(6+):halide molar ratio,

- The contribution of Cr(6+)-compounds in amplification effectiveness of chromic amplification is insignificant, and the amplifying coefficient is determined by structure of silver, oxidizing in AgCl, and has a maximum by the chromium-chloride bleach.

7. There was investigated: light emission of "metal-dielectric-metal" structures (Al-[Langmuir films of C₁₇H₃₅COOH]-Ag, Ag-Al₂O₃-Ag, Ag-SiO₂-Ag, Ag-HfO₂-Ag) and structure of dielectric and metallic films with the help of transmission electron microscopy.

8 Monomolecular films of amphiphylic polymers and biologically active compounds (antibodies, enzymes, cells etc.) for creation of biosensor devices were investigated:

- gravimetric sensors on insulin and HBs-antigen (sensitivity 0,2 ng/mg of antigen) because of monomolecular antibodies films with polyelectrolytes (copolymer of methacrylic acid and laurylmethacrylate),

- electrochemical sensors based on monomolecular films of glucose oxidaze, tyrosine oxidaze, monoamine oxidaze both in the pure state and in connection with amphyphilic polyelectrolytes (polyethyleneimine (positively charged) both copolymers of methacrylic acid and laurylmethecrylate (negatively charged)). It was established that the use a Langmuire technology the enzymes activity is improved, consumption at manufacturing of electrodes is reduced, the safety is increased, the kinetic properties are changed,

- fiber-optic lifetime-based luminescent biosensors, in which monomolecular film of Pt-Pd-porphyrins, were used as sensing membranes. It is found, that in these sensors the sensitivity to water vapours with safety of oxygen sensitivity (extinguishing of luminescence) has appeared.

9. The research of solid-phase processes of formation of a new phase in monocrystals (ZnO with natural impurities formed during growing monocrystal, KCl with impurity of SnBr₂, KCl with impurity of OH^-, KCl with impurity of PbCl₂) has shown the following results:

- the impurity centres in crystal-matrix are heterogeneous, they are frequently stratified,

- the edges of particle sides of a new phase frequently coincide with the breaking stages,

- the new phase formation occurs in pre-formation area,

- the oriented new phase in crystal forms through the disordered layer of pre-formation, thus a new phase and crystal-matrix have identical orientation,

- the area of pre-formation has polycrystalline orientation of decorating particles (it drives to a conclusion that the new phase formation is a process called "order - disorder -order"),

- with the increase of admixture concentration a complication of the admixture structure in crystal is observed down to allocation of oriented particles of a new phase,

- the linear dependence between pre-formation volume (V₁) and the volume of a new phase particles (V₂) was found,

- the increase of corner tangent of V₁-V₂ dependence and the decrease of new phase particles of critical volume at the increase of the admixture was observed.