International organizations O-W Rulers

International organizations O-W

Contents of this page:
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe - Organization of American States - Organization of Eastern Caribbean States - Organization of the Islamic Conference - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - Pacific Community - Pacific Islands Forum - Red Cross and Red Crescent - Shanghai Cooperation Organization - Socialist International - South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation - Southeast Asia Treaty Organization - Southern African Development Community - United Nations - United Nations Children's Fund - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - Universal Postal Union - Warsaw Treaty Organization - Western European Union - World Bank - World Health Organization - World Tourism Organization - World Trade Organization

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

16 Apr 1948                Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)
30 Sep 1961                Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

Secretaries-general
16 Apr 1948 -  1 Apr 1955  Robert Marjolin (France)           (b. 1911 - d. 1986)
 1 Apr 1955 -  1 Sep 1960  Ren� Sergent (France)              (b. 1904 - d. 1984)
 1 Sep 1960 - 29 Sep 1969  Thorkil Kristensen (Denmark)       (b. 1899 - d. 1989)
30 Sep 1969 - 29 Sep 1984  Emile van Lennep (Netherlands)     (b. 1915 - d. 1996)
30 Sep 1984 - 29 Sep 1994  Jean-Claude Paye (France)
                           (1st time)                         (b. 1934)
30 Sep 1994 - 29 Nov 1994  Staffan Sohlman (Sweden) (interim)
30 Nov 1994 - 31 May 1996  Jean-Claude Paye (France)
                           (2nd time)                         (s.a.)
 1 Jun 1996 - 31 May 2006  Donald J. Johnston (Canada)        (b. 1936)
 1 Jun 2006 -              Jos� �ngel Gurr�a Trevi�o (Mexico) (b. 1950)

OECD membership
16 Apr 1948 Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany¹, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Trieste², Turkey, United Kingdom

20 Jul 1959 Spain

30 Sep 1961 Canada, United States

28 Apr 1964 Japan

28 Jan 1969 Finland

�7 Jun 1971 Australia

29 May 1973 New Zealand

18 May 1994 Mexico

21 Dec 1995 Czech Republic

�7 May 1996 Hungary

22 Nov 1996 Poland

12 Dec 1996 South Korea

¹Anglo-U.S. "bizone" to 1949, then Federal Republic of Germany. ²Anglo-U.S. zone only; became part of Italy 1954.

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

25 Jun 1973                Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
 1 Jan 1995                Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)

Secretaries-general
15 Jun 1993 - 15 Jun 1996  Wilhelm H�ynck (Germany)           (b. 1933)
15 Jun 1996 - 15 Jun 1999  Giancarlo Aragona (Italy)          (b. 1942)
15 Jun 1999 - 21 Jun 2005  J�n Kubis (Slovakia)               (b. 1952)
21 Jun 2005 -              Marc Perrin de Brichambaut
                           (France)                           (b. 1948)
Chairmen-in-office
   Jun 1991 - 31 Dec 1991  Hans-Dietrich Genscher (Germany)   (b. 1927)
 1 Jan 1992 -  2 Jul 1992  Jir� Dienstbier (Czechoslovakia)   (b. 1937)
 2 Jul 1992 - 31 Dec 1992  Jozef Moravc�k (Czechoslovakia)    (b. 1945)
 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993  Margaretha af Ugglas (f) (Sweden)  (b. 1939)
 1 Jan 1994 - 11 May 1994  Beniamino Andreatta (Italy)        (b. 1928 - d. 2007)
11 May 1994 - 31 Dec 1994  Antonio Martino (Italy)            (b. 1942)
 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995  L�szl� Kov�cs (Hungary)            (b. 1939)
 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996  Flavio Cotti (Switzerland)         (b. 1939)
 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997  Niels Helveg Petersen (Denmark)    (b. 1939)
 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998  Bronislaw Geremek (Poland)         (b. 1932)
 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999  Knut Volleb�k (Norway)             (b. 1946)
 1 Jan 2000 -  4 Feb 2000  Wolfgang Sch�ssel (Austria)        (b. 1945)
 4 Feb 2000 - 31 Dec 2000  Benita Ferrero-Waldner (f)
                           (Austria)                          (b. 1948)
 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001  Mircea Geoana (Romania)            (b. 1958)
 1 Jan 2002 -  6 Apr 2002  Jaime Gama (Portugal)              (b. 1947)
 6 Apr 2002 - 31 Dec 2002  Ant�nio Martins da Cruz (Portugal) (b. 1946)
 1 Jan 2003 -  3 Dec 2003  Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (Neth.)      (b. 1948)
 3 Dec 2003 - 31 Dec 2003  Ben Bot (Neth.)                    (b. 1937)
 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004  Solomon Passy (Bulgaria)           (b. 1956)
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Dimitrij Rupel (Slovenia)          (b. 1946)
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006  Karel De Gucht (Belgium)           (b. 1954)
 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007  Miguel �ngel Moratinos (Spain)     (b. 1951)
 1 Jan 2008 -  4 Apr 2008  Ilkka Kanerva (Finland)            (b. 1948)
 4 Apr 2008 - 31 Dec 2008  Alexander Stubb (Finland)          (b. 1968)
 1 Jan 2009 -  7 Oct 2009  Dora Bakoyannis (f) (Greece)       (b. 1954)
 7 Oct 2009 - 31 Dec 2009  Georgios Papandreou (Greece)       (b. 1952)
 1 Jan 2010 -              Kanat Saudabayev (Kazakhstan)      (b. 1946)

OSCE membership
25 Jun 1973 Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia¹, Denmark, Finland, France, East Germany², West Germany², Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Soviet Union³, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Vatican City, Yugoslavia⁴

19 Jun 1991 Albania

10 Sep 1991 Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

30 Jan 1992 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

24 Mar 1992 Croatia, Georgia, Slovenia

30 Apr 1992 Bosnia and Hercegovina

12 Oct 1995 Macedonia

25 Apr 1996 Andorra

22 Jun 2006 Montenegro

¹From 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic and Slovakia. ²East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. ³Broke up 25 Dec 1991; succeeded by Russia. ⁴Suspended 8 Jul 1992 - 10 Nov 2000; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia.

Organization of African Unity: see African Union.

Organization of American States

       1890                Commercial Bureau of the American Republics
       1902                International Bureau of the American Republics
       1910                Pan-American Union
30 Apr 1948                Organization of American States

Directors-general
       1906 -  1 Sep 1920  John Barrett (U.S.)                (b. 1866 - d. 1938)
 1 Sep 1920 -  5 Dec 1946  Leo S. Rowe (U.S.)                 (b. 1871 - d. 1946)
 5 Dec 1946 - 27 May 1947  Pedro de Alba (Mexico) (acting)    (b. 1887 - d. 1960)
27 May 1947 - 30 Apr 1948  Alberto Lleras Camargo (Colombia)  (b. 1906 - d. 1990)
Secretaries-general
30 Apr 1948 - 31 Jul 1954  Alberto Lleras Camargo (Colombia)  (s.a.)
31 Jul 1954 - 19 Oct 1955  Carlos D�vila Espinoza (Chile)     (b. 1887 - d. 1955)
19 Oct 1955 - 16 Jan 1956  William Manger (U.S.) (acting)
16 Jan 1956 - 18 May 1968  Jos� A. Mora Otero (Uruguay)       (b. 1897 - d. 1975)
18 May 1968 - 18 May 1975  Galo Plaza Lasso (Ecuador)         (b. 1906 - d. 1987)
18 May 1975 - 31 Mar 1984  Alejandro Orfila (Argentina)       (b. 1925)
31 Mar 1984 - 20 Jun 1984  Val McComie (Barbados) (acting)    (b. 1920)
20 Jun 1984 - 20 Jun 1994  Jo�o Baena Soares (Brazil)         (b. 1931)
20 Jun 1994 - 15 Sep 1994  Christopher R. Thomas (Trinidad
                           and Tobago) (acting)
15 Sep 1994 - 15 Sep 2004  C�sar Gaviria Trujillo (Colombia)  (b. 1947)
15 Sep 2004 - 15 Oct 2004  Miguel �ngel Rodr�guez Echeverr�a
                           (Costa Rica)                       (b. 1940)
15 Oct 2004 - 26 May 2005  Luigi R. Einaudi (U.S.) (acting)   (b. 1936)
26 May 2005 -              Jos� Miguel Insulza (Chile)        (b. 1943)

OAS membership
30 Apr 1948 Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba¹, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras², Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela

28 Feb�1967 Trinidad and Tobago

��1967 Barbados

25 Jun�1969 Jamaica

�8 May�1975 Grenada

�8 Jun 1977 Suriname

22�May�1979 Dominica, Saint Lucia

�5�Dec�1981 Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

��Mar�1982 The Bahamas

12 Mar�1984 Saint Kitts and Nevis

�8 Jan 1990 Canada

�8 Jan 1991 Belize, Guyana

¹Suspended 14 Feb 1962 - 3 Jun 2009. ²Suspended 4 Jul 2009.

Organization of Eastern Caribbean States

 4 Jul 1981                Organization of Eastern Caribbean States founded

Directors-general
   Jul 1982 -  1 Dec 1995  Vaughan Lewis (Saint Lucia)        (b. 1940)
   Jun 1996 - 31 Jul 2001  Swinburne Lestrade (Dominica)
31 Jul 2001 - 12 May 2003  George Goodwin (Antigua and
                           Barbuda) (acting)                  (b. 194... - d. 2009)
12 May 2003 -              Len Ishmael (f) (Saint Lucia)

OECS membership
4 Jul 1981 Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Organization of the Islamic Conference

25 Sep 1969                Organization of the Islamic Conference founded

Secretaries-general
   Mar 1970 -        1973  Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj
                           (Malaysia)                         (b. 1903 - d. 1990)
       1974 -        1975  Hassan al-Touhami (Egypt)
   Nov 1975 -    Jan 1980  Amadou Karim Gaye (Senegal)        (b. 1913 - d. 2000)
   Jan 1980 - 31 Dec 1984  Habib Chatty (Tunisia)             (b. 1916 - d. 1991)
 1 Jan 1985 - 31 Dec 1988  Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada
                           (Pakistan)                         (b. 1923)
 1 Jan 1989 - 31 Dec 1996  Hamid Algabid (Niger)              (b. 1941)
 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 2000  Azzedine Laraki (Morocco)          (b. 1929 - d. 2010)
 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2004  Abdelouahed Belkeziz (Morocco)     (b. 1939)
 1 Jan 2005 -              Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu (Turkey)      (b. 1943)

OIC membership
��1969 Afghanistan, Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Guinea, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, The Sudan, Yemen (Sana)¹

��1970 Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Syria, Trucial States², Tunisia, Turkey

��1972 Sierra Leone

��1974 Bangladesh, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Uganda

��1975 Upper Volta³, Cameroon

��1976 Comoros, Iraq, Maldives

��1978 Djibouti

��1982 Benin

��1984 Brunei

��1986 Nigeria

��1991 Azerbaijan

��1992 Albania, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan

��1994 Mozambique

��1995 Kazakhstan

�2 Oct 1996 Uzbekistan

��Dec 1996 Suriname

�2 Oct 1997 Togo

�1 Oct 1998 Guyana

27 Jun 2001 C�te d'Ivoire

¹From 1990 Yemen. ²From 1971 United Arab Emirates. ³From 1984 Burkina Faso.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Secretaries-general
21 Jan 1961 - 30 Apr 1964  Fuad Rouhani (Iran)                (b. 1907 - d. 2004)
 1 May 1964 - 30 Apr 1965  Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz (Iraq)      (b. 1913 - d. 1973)
 1 May 1965 - 31 Dec 1966  Ashraf Lutfi (Kuwait)              (b. 1919 - d. 19...)
 1 Jan 1967 - 31 Dec 1967  Muhammad Saleh Joukhdar
                           (Saudi Arabia)                     (b. 1932)
 1 Jan 1968 - 31 Dec 1968  Francisco R. Parra (Venezuela)     (b. 1929)
 1 Jan 1969 - 31 Dec 1969  Elrich Sanger (Indonesia)          (b. 1927)
 1 Jan 1970 - 31 Dec 1970  Omar el-Badri (Libya)              (b. 1937)
 1 Jan 1971 - 31 Dec 1972  Nadim Pachachi (Iraq)              (b. 1914 - d. 1976)
 1 Jan 1973 - 31 Dec 1974  Abderrahman Kh�ne (Algeria)        (b. 1931)
 1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1976  M.O. Feyide (Nigeria)              (b. 1926 - d. 1997)
 1 Jan 1977 - 31 Dec 1978  Ali M. Jaidah (Qatar)              (b. 1941)
 1 Jan 1979 - 30 Jun 1981  Ren� G. Ortiz (Ecuador)            (b. 1941)
 1 Jul 1981 - 30 Jun 1983  Marc Saturnin Nan Nguema (Gabon)   (b. 1934)
 1 Jul 1983 - 30 Jun 1988  Fadhil J. al-Chalabi (Iraq)        (b. 1929)
                           (acting)
 1 Jul 1988 - 30 Jun 1994  Subroto (Indonesia)                (b. 1928)
 1 Jul 1994 - 31 Dec 1994  Abdallah Salem el-Badri (Libya)
                           (1st time)                         (b. 1940)
 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 2000  Rilwanu Lukman (Nigeria)           (b. 1938)
 1 Jan 2001 - 30 Jun 2002  Al� Rodr�guez Araque (Venezuela)   (b. 1937)
 1 Jul 2002 - 31 Dec 2003  �lvaro Silva Calder�n (Venezuela)  (b. 1929)
 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004  Purnomo Yusgiantoro (Indonesia)    (b. 1951)
                           (acting)
 1 Jan 2004 -    Feb 2004    Iin Arifin Takhyan (Indonesia)   (b. 1952)
                             (acting for Yusgiantoro)
   Feb 2004 - 31 Dec 2004    Maizar Rahman (Indonesia)        (b. 1948)
                             (acting for Yusgiantoro)
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Sheikh Ahmad Fahad Al Ahmad Al
                           Sabah (Kuwait) (acting)            (b. 1963)
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005    Adnan Shihab-Eldin (Kuwait)      (b. 1943)
                             (acting for Al Sabah)
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006  Edmund Daukoru (Nigeria) (acting)  (b. 1943)
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006    Mohammed S. Barkindo (Nigeria)
                             (acting for Daukoru)
 1 Jan 2007 -              Abdallah Salem el-Badri (Libya)
                           (2nd time)                         (s.a.)

OPEC membership
14 Sep 1960 Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela

15�Jan�1961 Qatar

�4 Jun 1962 Indonesia¹, Libya

27 Nov�1967 Abu Dhabi²

�8 Jul�1969 Algeria

12 Jul�1971 Nigeria

19 Nov�1973 Ecuador³

�9 Jun�1975 Gabon⁴

�1 Jan 2007 Angola

¹Membership suspended at its own request from 1 Jan 2009. ²Membership transferred to United Arab Emirates 9 Jan 1974. ³Membership suspended at its own request 31 Dec 1992 - 23 Oct 2007. ⁴Membership suspended at its own request from 1 Jan 1995.

Pacific Community

 6 Feb 1947                South Pacific Commission
 6 Feb 1998                Pacific Community

Secretaries-general
 1 Nov 1948 -  3 Jun 1951  William Forsyth (Australia)
                           (1st time)                         (b. 1909 - d. 1993)
12 Nov 1951 - 12 Nov 1954  Sir Leslie Brian Freeston (U.K.)   (b. 1892 - d. 1958)
 1 Mar 1955 - 28 Feb 1958  Ralph Clairon Bedell (U.S.)        (b. 1904)
 1 Mar 1958 -  2 Mar 1963  Thomas R. Smith (New Zealand)      (b. 1904)
24 Mar 1963 - 31 Dec 1966  William Forsyth (Australia)
                           (2nd time)                         (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1967 - 11 Dec 1969  Sir Gawain Westray Bell (U.K.)     (b. 1909 - d. 1995)
 1 Jan 1970 - 18 Feb 1971  Afioga Afoafouvale Misimoa
                           (Western Samoa)                    (b. ... - d. 1971)
18 Feb 1971 - 31 Oct 1971  John E. de Young (U.S.) (acting)
 1 Nov 1971 - 30 Nov 1975  Gustav F.D. Betham (Western Samoa) (b. 1915 - d. 1984)
 9 Dec 1975 - 30 Jun 1979  E. Macu Salato (Fiji)              (b. 1915 - d. 1990)
 1 Jul 1979 -  3 Jun 1982  Young Vivian (Niue)                (b. 1935)
 1 Jul 1982 - 30 Nov 1986  Francis Bugotu (Solomon Islands)   (b. 1937 - d. 1992)
 9 Dec 1986 - 31 Dec 1988  Palauni M. Tuiasosopo
                           (American Samoa)
 1 Jan 1989 - 15 Jun 1989  Jon Jonassen (Cook Islands)        (b. 1949)
                           (acting)
16 Jun 1989 -  5 Jan 1993  Atanraoi Baiteke (Kiribati)
 6 Jan 1993 -  7 Jan 1996  Ati George Sokomanu (Vanuatu)      (b. 1937)
 8 Jan 1996 -  6 Feb 1997  Robert B. Dun (Australia)          (b. 1930)
Directors-general
 6 Feb 1997 -  5 Jan 2000  Robert B. Dun (Australia)          (s.a.)
 6 Jan 2000 - 23 Jan 2006  Lourdes Pangelinan (f) (Guam)      (b. 1954)
23 Jan 2006 -              Jimmie Rodgers (Solomon Islands)

Pacific Community membership
�6 Feb 1947 Australia, France, The Netherlands¹, New Zealand, United Kingdom², United States

17 Jul 1965 Western Samoa³

24 Jul 1969 Nauru

�5 May 1971 Fiji

16 Sep 1975 Papua New Guinea

17 Nov 1978 Tuvalu

21�Nov 1978 Solomon Islands

13 Oct 1980 Niue

14�Oct 1980 Cook Islands

��Oct 1983 American Samoa, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, New Caledonia, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Pitcairn Island, Tokelau, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna

¹Withdrew 31 Dec 1962. ²Withdrew 1 Jan 1996, rejoined Jan 1998, withdrew again 1 Jan 2005. ³From 1997 Samoa.

Pacific Islands Forum

 5 Aug 1971                South Pacific Forum
27 Oct 2000                Pacific Islands Forum

Directors of the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation
   Nov 1972 -        1980  Mahe Tupouniua (Tonga) (1st time)  (b. 1927)
       1980 -        1982  Gabriel Gris (Papua New Guinea)    (b. ... - d. 1982)
       1982 -    Jan 1983  John Sheppard (Australia) (acting)
   Jan 1983 -    Jan 1986  Mahe Tupouniua (Tonga) (2nd time)  (s.a.)
   Jan 1986 -    Sep 1988  Henry Naisali (Tuvalu)             (b. 1930 - d. 2004)
Secretaries-general
   Sep 1988 -    Jan 1992  Henry Naisali (Tuvalu)             (s.a.)
   Jan 1992 -    Jan 1998  Ieremia Tabai (Kiribati)           (b. 1950)
   Feb 1998 - 16 Jan 2004  Noel Levi (Papua New Guinea)       (b. 1942)
16 Jan 2004 -    Jul 2008  Greg Urwin (Australia)             (b. 1946 - d. 2008)
   Jul 2008 -    Aug 2008  Feleti Teo (Tuvalu) (acting)
   Aug 2008 -              Tuiloma Neroni Slade (Samoa)       (b. 1941)

Pacific Islands Forum membership
�5 Aug 1971 Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji¹, Nauru, New Zealand, Tonga, Western Samoa²

20 Mar 1974 Papua New Guinea

�1 Jul 1975 Niue

29 Aug 1979 Kiribati

14 Jul 1980 Vanuatu

16 Sep 1980 Solomon Islands, Tuvalu

29 May 1987 Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia

�3 Sep 1995 Palau

¹Suspended 2 May 2009. ²From 1997 Samoa.

Red Cross and Red Crescent

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

       1919                League of Red Cross Societies
   Oct 1983                League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
   Nov 1991                International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
                           Societies

Chairmen
       1919 -        1922  Henry P. Davison (U.S.)            (b. 1867 - d. 1922)
       1922 -        1935  John Barton Payne (U.S.)           (b. 1855 - d. 1935)
       1935 -        1938  Cary T. Grayson (U.S.)             (b. 1878 - d. 1938)
       1938 -        1944  Norman Davis (U.S.)                (b. 1878 - d. 1944)
       1944 -        1945  Jean de Muralt (Switzerland)       (b. 1862 - d. 19...)
                           (acting)
       1945 -        1950  Basil O'Connor (U.S.)              (b. 1892 - d. 1972)
       1950 -        1959  Emil Sandstr�m (Sweden)            (b. 1886 - d. 1962)
       1959 -        1965  John MacAulay (Canada)             (b. 1895 - d. 1978)
       1965 -        1977  Jos� Barroso (Mexico)              (b. 1925)
Presidents
       1977 -        1981  Adetunji Adefarasin (Nigeria)      (b. 1921 - d. 1989)
       1981 -        1987  Enrique de la Mata (Spain)         (b. 1933 - d. 1987)
       1987 -        1997  Mario Enrique Villarroel Lander
                           (Venezuela)                        (b. 1947)
   Nov 1997 - 10 Nov 2001  Astrid N. Heiberg (f) (Norway)     (b. 1936)
10 Nov 2001 -              Juan Manuel Su�rez del Toro Rivero
                           (Spain)                            (b. 1952)

International Committee of the Red Cross

Presidents (all from Switzerland)
       1863 -        1864  Henri Dufour                       (b. 1787 - d. 1875)
       1864 - 21 Aug 1910  Gustave Moynier                    (b. 1826 - d. 1910)
       1910 - 31 Mar 1928  Gustave Ador                       (b. 1845 - d. 1928)
       1917 -        1920    �douard Naville                  (b. 1844 - d. 1926)
                             (acting for Ador)
12 May 1928 -    Dec 1944  Max Huber                          (b. 1874 - d. 1960)
   Jan 1945 -    May 1948  Carl Burckhardt                    (b. 1891 - d. 1974)
   Feb 1945 -    Feb 1947    Max Huber                        (s.a.)
                             (acting for Burckhardt)
   Feb 1947 -    May 1948    Ernest Gloor                     (b. 1893 - d. 1964)
                             + Martin Bodmer                  (b. 1899 - d. 1971)
                             (acting for Burckhardt)
   May 1948 - 31 Aug 1955  Paul Ruegger                       (b. 1897 - d. 1988)
 1 Sep 1955 -        1964  L�opold Boissier                   (b. 1893 - d. 1968)
       1964 -        1969  Samuel Gonard                      (b. 1896 - d. 1975)
       1969 -        1973  Marcel Naville                     (b. 1919 - d. 2003)
       1973 -        1976  Eric Martin                        (b. 1900 - d. 1980)
       1976 -  6 May 1987  Alexandre Hay                      (b. 1919 - d. 1991)
 7 May 1987 - 31 Dec 1999  Cornelio Sommaruga                 (b. 1932)
 1 Jan 2000 -              Jakob Kellenberger                 (b. 1944)

Shanghai Cooperation Organization

Secretaries-general
15 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2006  Zhang Deguang (China)              (b. 1941)
 1 Jan 2007 - 21 Jan 2010  Bolat Nurgaliyev (Kazakhstan)      (b. 1951)
21 Jan 2010 -              Muratbek Imanaliyev (Kyrgyzstan)   (b. 1956)

SCO membership
15 Jun 2001 China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan

Socialist International

Presidents
   Jul 1951 -    Jul 1957  Morgan Phillips (U.K.)             (b. 1902 - d. 1963)
   Jul 1957 -  5 Dec 1962  Alsing Andersen (Denmark)          (b. 1893 - d. 1962)
   Sep 1963 - 14 Dec 1963  Erich Ollenhauer (W. Germany)      (b. 1901 - d. 1963)
   Sep 1964 -    Nov 1976  Bruno Pittermann (Austria)         (b. 1905 - d. 1983)
   Nov 1976 -    Sep 1992  Willy Brandt ([W.] Germany)        (b. 1913 - d. 1992)
   Sep 1992 -    Nov 1999  Pierre Mauroy (France)             (b. 1928)
   Nov 1999 -    Jan 2006  Ant�nio Guterres (Portugal)        (b. 1949)
   Jan 2006 -              Georgios Papandreou (Greece)       (b. 1952)
Secretaries-general
   Jul 1951 -  1 May 1956  Julius Braunthal (Austria)         (b. 1891 - d. 1972)
 1 May 1956 - 15 Mar 1957  Bjarne Braatoy (Norway)            (b. 1900 - d. 1957)
 2 Jul 1957 -    Apr 1969  Albert Carthy (U.K.)               (b. 1904?)
   Apr 1969 -    Nov 1976  Hans Janitschek (Austria)          (b. 1934 - d. 2008)
   Nov 1976 -    Apr 1983  Bernt Carlsson (Sweden)            (b. 1938 - d. 1988)
   Apr 1983 -    Jun 1989  Pentti V��n�nen (Finland)
   Jun 1989 -              Luis Ayala (Chile)

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

Secretaries-general
16 Jan 1987 - 15 Oct 1989  Abul Ahsan (Bangladesh)            (b. 1937? - d. 2008)
17 Oct 1989 - 31 Dec 1991  Kant Kishore Bhargava (India)
 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1993  Ibrahim Hussain Zaki (Maldives)
 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1995  Yadav Kant Silwal (Nepal)          (b. 1938)
 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1998  Naeem U. Hasan (Pakistan)          (b. 1941)
 1 Jan 1999 - 10 Jan 2002  Nihal Rodrigo (Sri Lanka)
11 Jan 2002 - 28 Feb 2005  Q.A.M.A. Rahim (Bangladesh)        (b. 1942)
 1 Mar 2005 - 29 Feb 2008  Lyonpo Chenkyab Dorji (Bhutan)     (b. 1943)
 1 Mar 2008 -              Sheel Kanta Sharma (India)         (b. 1950)

SAARC membership
8 Dec 1985 Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

3�Apr 2007 Afghanistan

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

19 Feb 1955                Southeast Asia Treaty Organization established
30 Jun 1977                dissolved

Secretaries-general
 5 Sep 1957 - 13 Dec 1963  Pote Sarasin (Thailand)            (b. 1905 - d. 2000)
13 Dec 1963 - 19 Feb 1964  William Worth (Australia) (acting)
19 Feb 1964 -  1 Jul 1965  Konthi Suphamongkhon (Thailand)    (b. 1916)
 1 Jul 1965 -  5 Sep 1972  Jesus Vargas (Philippines)         (b. 1905)
 5 Sep 1972 - 30 Jun 1977  Sunthorn Hongladarom (Thailand)    (b. 1912)

SEATO membership
19 Feb 1955 Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan¹, Philippines, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States

¹Withdrew 7 Nov 1973.

Southern African Development Community

 1 Apr 1980                Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC)
17 Aug 1992                Southern African Development Community (SADC)

Executive secretaries
       1982 -        1984  Arthur Blumeris (Zimbabwe)         (b. ... - d. 1984)
       1984                Lebang Mpotokwane (Botswana)       (b. 1944)
                           (acting)
       1984 - 31 Dec 1993  Simba Makoni (Zimbabwe)            (b. 1950)
 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1999  Kaire Mbuende (Namibia)            (b. 1953)
 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Aug 2005  Prega Ramsamy (Mauritius)          (b. 1950)
                           (acting to 9 Mar 2001)
 1 Sep 2005 -              Tomaz Salom�o (Mozambique)         (b. 1954)

SADC membership
�1 Apr 1980 Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe

31 Mar�1990 Namibia

30�Aug 1994 South Africa

28�Aug 1995 Mauritius

�8�Sep 1997 Congo (Kinshasa), Seychelles¹

18 Aug 2005 Madagascar

¹Withdrew 1 Jul 2004; rejoined 16 Aug 2008.

United Nations

Secretaries-general
24 Oct 1945 - 29 Jan 1946  Sir Gladwyn Jebb (U.K.) (acting)   (b. 1900 - d. 1996)
 2 Feb 1946 - 10 Apr 1953  Trygve Lie (Norway)                (b. 1896 - d. 1968)
10 Apr 1953 - 18 Sep 1961  Dag Hammarskj�ld (Sweden)          (b. 1905 - d. 1961)
 3 Nov 1961 - 31 Dec 1971  Thant (Burma)                      (b. 1909 - d. 1974)
                           (acting to 30 Nov 1962)
 1 Jan 1972 - 31 Dec 1981  Kurt Waldheim (Austria)            (b. 1918 - d. 2007)
 1 Jan 1982 - 31 Dec 1991  Javier P�rez de Cu�llar (Peru)     (b. 1920)
 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1996  Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt)      (b. 1922)
 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 2006  Kofi Annan (Ghana)                 (b. 1938)
 1 Jan 2007 -              Ban Ki Moon (South Korea)          (b. 1944)

Presidents of the General Assembly
10 Jan 1946 - 16 Sep 1947  Paul-Henri Spaak (Belgium)         (b. 1899 - d. 1972)
16 Sep 1947 - 16 Apr 1948  Oswaldo Aranha (Brazil)            (b. 1894 - d. 1960)
16 Apr 1948 - 21 Sep 1948  Jos� Arce (Argentina)              (b. 1881 - d. 1968)
21 Sep 1948 - 20 Sep 1949  Herbert Vere Evatt (Australia)     (b. 1894 - d. 1965)
20 Sep 1949 - 19 Sep 1950  Carlos Pe�a Romulo (Philippines)   (b. 1899 - d. 1985)
19 Sep 1950 -  6 Nov 1951  Nasrollah Entezam (Iran)           (b. 1900 - d. 1980)
 6 Nov 1951 - 14 Oct 1952  Luis Padilla Nervo (Mexico)        (b. 1894 - d. 1985)
14 Oct 1952 - 15 Sep 1953  Lester B. Pearson (Canada)         (b. 1897 - d. 1972)
15 Sep 1953 - 21 Sep 1954  Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (f) (India)  (b. 1900 - d. 1990)
21 Sep 1954 - 20 Sep 1955  Eelco van Kleffens (Netherlands)   (b. 1894 - d. 1983)
20 Sep 1955 -  1 Nov 1956  Jos� Maza (Chile)                  (b. 1889 - d. 1964)
 1 Nov 1956 - 12 Nov 1956  Rudecindo Ortega Masson (Chile)    (b. 1899 - d. 1962)
12 Nov 1956 - 17 Sep 1957  Prince Wan Waithayakon (Thailand)  (b. 1891 - d. 1976)
17 Sep 1957 - 16 Sep 1958  Sir Leslie Munro (New Zealand)     (b. 1901 - d. 1974)
16 Sep 1958 - 15 Sep 1959  Charles Habib Malik (Lebanon)      (b. 1906 - d. 1987)
15 Sep 1959 - 20 Sep 1960  V�ctor Andr�s Bela�nde (Peru)      (b. 1883 - d. 1966)
20 Sep 1960 - 20 Sep 1961  Frederick H. Boland (Ireland)      (b. 1904 - d. 1985)
20 Sep 1961 - 18 Sep 1962  Mongi Slim (Tunisia)               (b. 1908 - d. 1969)
18 Sep 1962 - 17 Sep 1963  Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan
                           (Pakistan)                         (b. 1893 - d. 1985)
17 Sep 1963 -  1 Dec 1964  Carlos Sosa Rodr�guez (Venezuela)  (b. 1912)
 1 Dec 1964 - 21 Sep 1965  Alex Quaison-Sackey (Ghana)        (b. 1924 - d. 1992)
21 Sep 1965 - 20 Sep 1966  Amintore Fanfani (Italy)           (b. 1908 - d. 1999)
20 Sep 1966 - 19 Sep 1967  Abdul Rahman Pazhwak (Afghanistan) (b. 1919 - d. 1995)
19 Sep 1967 - 24 Sep 1968  Corneliu Manescu (Romania)         (b. 1916 - d. 2000)
24 Sep 1968 - 17 Apr 1969  Emilio Arenales Catal�n
                           (Guatemala)                        (b. 1922 - d. 1969)
16 Sep 1969 - 15 Sep 1970  Angie Brooks (from 27 Apr 1970,
                           Angie Brooks-Randolph) (f)
                           (Liberia)                          (b. 1916 - d. 2007)
15 Sep 1970 - 21 Sep 1971  Edvard Hambro (Norway)             (b. 1911 - d. 1977)
21 Sep 1971 - 19 Sep 1972  Adam Malik (Indonesia)             (b. 1917 - d. 1984)
19 Sep 1972 - 18 Sep 1973  Stanislaw Trepczynski (Poland)     (b. 1924 - d. 2002)
18 Sep 1973 - 17 Sep 1974  Leopoldo Benites Vinueza (Ecuador) (b. 1905 - d. 1996)
17 Sep 1974 - 16 Sep 1975  Abdelaziz Bouteflika (Algeria)     (b. 1937)
16 Sep 1975 - 21 Sep 1976  Gaston Thorn (Luxembourg)          (b. 1928 - d. 2007)
21 Sep 1976 - 20 Sep 1977  Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe
                           (Sri Lanka)                        (b. 1913 - d. 1980)
20 Sep 1977 - 19 Sep 1978  Lazar Mojsov (Yugoslavia)          (b. 1920)
19 Sep 1978 - 18 Sep 1979  Indalecio Li�vano Aguirre
                           (Colombia)                         (b. 1917 - d. 1982)
18 Sep 1979 - 16 Sep 1980  Salim Ahmed Salim (Tanzania)       (b. 1942)
16 Sep 1980 - 15 Sep 1981  R�diger von Wechmar (W. Germany)   (b. 1923 - d. 2007)
15 Sep 1981 - 21 Sep 1982  Ismat T. Kittani (Iraq)            (b. 1929 - d. 2001)
21 Sep 1982 - 20 Sep 1983  Imre Hollai (Hungary)              (b. 1925)
20 Sep 1983 - 18 Sep 1984  Jorge Illueca (Panama)             (b. 1918)
18 Sep 1984 - 17 Sep 1985  Paul J.F. Lusaka (Zambia)          (b. 1935 - d. 1996)
17 Sep 1985 - 16 Sep 1986  Jaime de Pini�s (Spain)            (b. 1917 - d. 2003)
16 Sep 1986 - 15 Sep 1987  Humayun Rasheed Chowdhury
                           (Bangladesh)                       (b. 1928 - d. 2001)
15 Sep 1987 - 20 Sep 1988  Peter Florin (E. Germany)          (b. 1921)
20 Sep 1988 - 19 Sep 1989  Dante Caputo (Argentina)           (b. 1943)
19 Sep 1989 - 18 Sep 1990  Joseph Nanven Garba (Nigeria)      (b. 1943 - d. 2002)
18 Sep 1990 - 17 Sep 1991  Guido de Marco (Malta)             (b. 1931)
17 Sep 1991 - 15 Sep 1992  Samir S. Shihabi (Saudi Arabia)    (b. 1925)
15 Sep 1992 - 21 Sep 1993  Stoyan Ganev (Bulgaria)            (b. 1955)
21 Sep 1993 - 20 Sep 1994  Samuel R. Insanally (Guyana)       (b. 1936)
20 Sep 1994 - 19 Sep 1995  Amara Essy (C�te d'Ivoire)         (b. 1944)
19 Sep 1995 - 17 Sep 1996  Diogo Freitas do Amaral (Portugal) (b. 1941)
17 Sep 1996 - 16 Sep 1997  Razali Ismail (Malaysia)           (b. 1939)
16 Sep 1997 -  9 Sep 1998  Hennadiy Udovenko (Ukraine)        (b. 1931)
 9 Sep 1998 - 14 Sep 1999  Didier Opertti Badan (Uruguay)     (b. 1937)
14 Sep 1999 -  5 Sep 2000  Theo-Ben Gurirab (Namibia)         (b. 1939)
 5 Sep 2000 - 12 Sep 2001  Harri Holkeri (Finland)            (b. 1937)
12 Sep 2001 - 10 Sep 2002  Han Seung Soo (South Korea)        (b. 1936)
10 Sep 2002 - 16 Sep 2003  Jan Kavan (Czech Republic)         (b. 1946)
16 Sep 2003 - 14 Sep 2004  Julian Hunte (Saint Lucia)         (b. 1940)
14 Sep 2004 - 13 Sep 2005  Jean Ping (Gabon)                  (b. 1942)
13 Sep 2005 - 12 Sep 2006  Jan Eliasson (Sweden)              (b. 1940)
12 Sep 2006 - 18 Sep 2007  Haya Rashed Al Khalifah (f)
                           (Bahrain)                          (b. 1952)
18 Sep 2007 - 16 Sep 2008  Srgjan Kerim (Macedonia)           (b. 1948)
16 Sep 2008 - 15 Sep 2009  Miguel D'Escoto Brockmann
                           (Nicaragua)                        (b. 1933)
15 Sep 2009 -              Ali Triki (Libya)                  (b. 1938)

United Nations High Commissioners for Refugees
 1 Jan 1951 -  8 Jul 1956  Gerrit J. van Heuven Goedhart
                           (Netherlands)                      (b. 1901 - d. 1956)
 8 Jul 1956 - 31 Dec 1956  James M. Read (U.S.) (acting)      (b. 1908 - d. 1985)
 1 Jan 1957 - 31 Dec 1960  Auguste R. Lindt (Switzerland)     (b. 1905 - d. 2000)
 1 Jan 1961 - 31 Dec 1965  Felix Schnyder (Switzerland)       (b. 1910 - d. 1992)
 1 Jan 1966 - 31 Dec 1977  Sadruddin Aga Khan (Iran)          (b. 1933 - d. 2003)
 1 Jan 1978 - 31 Dec 1985  Poul Hartling (Denmark)            (b. 1914 - d. 2000)
 1 Jan 1986 - 31 Dec 1989  Jean-Pierre Hock� (Switzerland)    (b. 1938)
 1 Jan 1990 -    Nov 1990  Thorvald Stoltenberg (Norway)      (b. 1931)
 1 Jan 1991 - 31 Dec 2000  Sadako Ogata (f) (Japan)           (b. 1927)
 1 Jan 2001 - 24 Feb 2005  Ruud Lubbers (Netherlands)         (b. 1939)
24 Feb 2005 - 15 Jun 2005  Wendy Chamberlin (f) (U.S.)        (b. 1948)
                           (acting)
15 Jun 2005 -              Ant�nio Guterres (Portugal)        (b. 1949)

United Nations High Commissioners for Human Rights
 5 Apr 1994 - 15 Mar 1997  Jos� Ayala Lasso (Ecuador)         (b. 1932)
15 Mar 1997 - 12 Sep 1997  Ralph Zacklin (U.K.) (interim)     (b. 1937)
12 Sep 1997 - 12 Sep 2002  Mary Robinson (f) (Ireland)        (b. 1944)
12 Sep 2002 - 19 Aug 2003  S�rgio Vieira de Mello (Brazil)    (b. 1948 - d. 2003)
 2 Jun 2003 -  1 Jul 2004  Bertrand Ramcharan (Guyana)        (b. 1943)
                           (acting [for Mello to 19 Aug 2003])
 1 Jul 2004 - 30 Jun 2008  Louise Arbour (f) (Canada)         (b. 1947)
 1 Jul 2008 - 31 Aug 2008  Kyung-wha Kang (f) (South Korea)   (b. 1955)
                           (acting)
 1 Sep 2008 -              Navanethem Pillay (f)
                           (South Africa)                     (b. 1941)

UN membership
24 Oct 1945 Argentina, Belorussian S.S.R.¹, Brazil, Chile, China², Cuba, Czechoslovakia³, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, France, Haiti, Iran, Lebanon, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Soviet Union⁴, Syria⁵, Turkey, Ukrainian S.S.R.⁶, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia⁷

25 Oct 1945 Greece

30 Oct 1945 India

31 Oct 1945 Peru

�1 Nov 1945 Australia

�2 Nov 1945 Costa Rica, Liberia

�5 Nov 1945 Colombia

�7 Nov 1945 Mexico, South Africa

�9 Nov 1945 Canada

13 Nov 1945 Ethiopia, Panama

14 Nov 1945 Bolivia

15 Nov 1945 Venezuela

21 Nov 1945 Guatemala

27 Nov 1945 Norway

10 Dec 1945 The Netherlands

17 Dec 1945 Honduras

18 Dec 1945 Uruguay

21 Dec 1945 Ecuador, Iraq

27 Dec 1945 Belgium

19 Nov 1946 Afghanistan, Iceland, Sweden

16 Dec 1946 Thailand

30 Sep 1947 Pakistan, Yemen (Sana)⁸

19 Apr 1948 Burma⁹

11 May 1949 Israel

28 Sep 1950 Indonesia¹⁰

14 Dec 1955 Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Ceylon¹¹, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Laos, Libya, Nepal, Portugal, Romania, Spain

12 Nov 1956 Morocco, The Sudan, Tunisia

18 Dec 1956 Japan

�8 Mar 1957 Ghana

17 Sep 1957 Malaya¹²

12 Dec 1958 Guinea

20 Sep 1960 Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (L�opoldville)¹³, Cyprus, Dahomey¹⁴, Gabon, Ivory Coast¹⁵, Madagascar, Niger, Somalia, Togo, Upper Volta¹⁶

28 Sep 1960 Mali, Senegal

�7 Oct 1960 Nigeria

27 Sep 1961 Sierra Leone

27 Oct 1961 Mauritania, Mongolia

14 Dec 1961 Tanganyika¹⁷

18 Sep 1962 Burundi, Jamaica, Rwanda, Trinidad and Tobago

�8 Oct 1962 Algeria

25 Oct 1962 Uganda

14 May 1963 Kuwait

16 Dec 1963 Kenya, Zanzibar¹⁷

�1 Dec 1964 Malawi, Malta, Zambia

21 Sep 1965 The Gambia, Maldives, Singapore

20 Sep 1966 Guyana

17 Oct 1966 Botswana, Lesotho

�9 Dec 1966 Barbados

14 Dec 1967 Yemen (Aden)⁸

24 Apr 1968 Mauritius

24 Sep 1968 Swaziland

12 Nov 1968 Equatorial Guinea

13 Oct 1970 Fiji

21 Sep 1971 Bahrain, Bhutan, Qatar

�7 Oct 1971 Oman

�9 Dec 1971 United Arab Emirates

18 Sep 1973 The Bahamas, East Germany¹⁸, West Germany¹⁸

17 Sep 1974 Bangladesh, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau

16 Sep 1975 Cape Verde, Mozambique, S�o Tom� and Pr�ncipe

10 Oct 1975 Papua New Guinea

12 Nov 1975 Comoros

�4 Dec 1975 Suriname

21 Sep 1976 Seychelles

�1 Dec 1976 Angola

15 Dec 1976 Western Samoa¹⁹

20 Sep 1977 Djibouti, Vietnam

19 Sep 1978 Solomon Islands

18 Dec 1978 Dominica

18 Sep 1979 Saint Lucia

25 Aug 1980 Zimbabwe

16 Sep 1980 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

15 Sep 1981 Vanuatu

25 Sep 1981 Belize

11 Nov 1981 Antigua and Barbuda

23 Sep 1983 Saint Kitts and Nevis

21 Sep 1984 Brunei

23 Apr 1990 Namibia

18 Sep 1990 Liechtenstein

17 Sep 1991 Estonia, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia

�2 Mar 1992 Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, San Marino, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

�9 Mar 1992 Azerbaijan

22 May 1992 Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Slovenia

31 Jul 1992 Georgia

19 Jan 1993 Czech Republic, Slovakia

�8 Apr 1993 Macedonia

28 May 1993 Eritrea, Monaco

28 Jul 1993 Andorra

15 Dec 1994 Palau

14 Sep 1999 Kiribati, Nauru, Tonga

�5 Sep 2000 Tuvalu

10 Sep 2002 Switzerland

27 Sep 2002 East Timor

28 Jun 2006 Montenegro

¹From 19 Sep 1991 Belarus. ²The Republic of China (Taiwan) represented China until 15 Nov 1971, when the UN voted to have China represented by the People's Republic of China. ³Dissolved 31 Dec 1992. ⁴Dissolved 25 Dec 1991; Russia succeeded to Soviet seat. ⁵Merged with Egypt to form United Arab Republic 22 Feb 1958; seceded from U.A.R. 28 Sep 1961 and rejoined UN 13 Oct 1961. ⁶From 1991 Ukraine. ⁷Broke up in 1992; the UN did not recognize the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as its successor and ruled that it had to apply anew for membership, which it did in 2000 (admitted 1 Nov 2000); from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. ⁸Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united 22 May 1990. ⁹From 1989 Myanmar. ¹⁰Withdrew 20 Jan 1965; rejoined 28 Sep 1966. ¹¹From 1972 Sri Lanka. ¹²From 1963 Malaysia. ¹³1966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. ¹⁴From 1975 Benin. ¹⁵From 1985 C�te d'Ivoire. ¹⁶From 1984 Burkina Faso. ¹⁷Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 Apr 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which was renamed Tanzania 1 Nov 1964. ¹⁸East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. ¹⁹From 1997 Samoa.

Note: The only non-member among undisputed states is Vatican City.

United Nations Children's Fund

 6 Oct 1953                United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
                           renamed United Nations Children's Fund

Executive directors
11 Dec 1946 - 19 Jan 1965  Maurice Pate (U.S.)                (b. 1894 - d. 1965)
   Mar 1965 - 31 Dec 1979  Henry Labouisse (U.S.)             (b. 1904 - d. 1987)
 1 Jan 1980 - 28 Jan 1995  James Grant (U.S.)                 (b. 1922 - d. 1995)
 1 May 1995 - 30 Apr 2005  Carol Bellamy (f) (U.S.)           (b. 1942)
 1 May 2005 -              Ann Veneman (f) (U.S.)             (b. 1949)

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

Directors-general
 6 Dec 1946 -  9 Dec 1948  Julian Huxley (U.K.)               (b. 1887 - d. 1975)
10 Dec 1948 -  1 Dec 1952  Jaime Torres Bodet (Mexico)        (b. 1902 - d. 1974)
 2 Dec 1952 -  3 Jul 1953  John W. Taylor (U.S.) (interim)    (b. 1906 - d. 2001)
 4 Jul 1953 -  4 Dec 1958  Luther H. Evans (U.S.)             (b. 1902 - d. 1981)
 5 Dec 1958 -  2 Nov 1961  Vittorino Veronese (Italy)         (b. 1910 - d. 1986)
 2 Nov 1961 - 14 Nov 1974  Ren� Maheu (France)                (b. 1905 - d. 1975)
                           (interim to 14 Nov 1962)
15 Nov 1974 - 14 Nov 1987  Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow (Senegal)      (b. 1921)
15 Nov 1987 - 14 Nov 1999  Federico Mayor (Spain)             (b. 1934)
15 Nov 1999 - 14 Nov 2009  Koichiro Matsuura (Japan)          (b. 1937)
15 Nov 2009 -              Irina Bokova (f) (Bulgaria)        (b. 1952)

UNESCO membership
�4 Nov 1946 Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia¹, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, France, Greece, India, Lebanon, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Saudi Arabia, South Africa², Turkey, United Kingdom³, United States⁴

�6 Nov 1946 Poland

13 Nov 1946 Bolivia

16 Nov 1946 Syria

18 Nov 1946 Haiti

21 Nov 1946 Peru, Philippines

25 Nov 1946 Venezuela

29 Nov 1946 Belgium

�1 Jan 1947 The Netherlands

22 Jan 1947 Ecuador

�6 Mar 1947 Liberia

29 Aug 1947 Cuba

27 Oct 1947 Luxembourg

31 Oct 1947 Colombia

�8 Nov 1947 Uruguay

16 Dec 1947 Honduras

27 Jan 1948 Italy

28 Apr 1948 El Salvador

�4 May 1948 Afghanistan

13 Aug 1948 Austria

�6 Sep 1948 Iran

14 Sep 1948 Hungary

15 Sep 1948 Argentina

21 Oct 1948 Iraq

�1 Jan 1949 Thailand

28 Jan 1949 Switzerland

27 Jun 1949 Burma⁵

�6 Jul 1949 Monaco

14 Sep 1949 Pakistan

16 Sep 1949 Israel

14 Nov 1949 Ceylon⁶

�2 Jan 1950 Guatemala

10 Jan 1950 Panama

23 Jan 1950 Sweden

31 Mar 1950 Yugoslavia⁷

19 May 1950 Costa Rica

27 May 1950 Indonesia

14 Jun 1950 Jordan, South Korea

�2 Jul 1951 Japan

�3 Jul 1951 Cambodia

�6 Jul 1951 Vietnam

�9 Jul 1951 Laos

11 Jul 1951 West Germany⁸

22 Feb 1952 Nicaragua

30 Jan 1953 Spain

�1 May 1953 Nepal

27 Jun 1953 Libya

�7 Jul 1953 Chile

21 Apr 1954 Soviet Union⁹

12 May 1954 Belorussian S.S.R.¹⁰, Ukrainian S.S.R.¹¹

20 Jun 1955 Paraguay

�1 Jul 1955 Ethiopia

17 May 1956 Bulgaria

27 Jul 1956 Romania

10 Oct 1956 Finland

�7 Nov 1956 Morocco

�8 Nov 1956 Tunisia

26 Nov 1956 The Sudan

11 Apr 1958 Ghana

16 Jun 1958 Malaya¹²

16 Oct 1958 Albania

�2 Feb 1960 Guinea

18 Oct 1960 Dahomey¹³

24 Oct 1960 Congo (Brazzaville)

27 Oct 1960 Ivory Coast¹⁴

�7 Nov 1960 Mali

10 Nov 1960 Madagascar, Niger, Senegal

11 Nov 1960 Cameroon, Central African Republic

14 Nov 1960 Nigeria, Upper Volta¹⁵

15 Nov 1960 Somalia

16 Nov 1960 Gabon

17 Nov 1960 Togo

18 Nov 1960 Kuwait

25 Nov 1960 Congo (L�opoldville)¹⁶

19 Dec 1960 Chad

�6 Feb 1961 Cyprus

�3 Oct 1961 Ireland

10 Oct 1962 Mauritania

�6 Mar 1962 Tanganyika¹⁷

28 Mar 1962 Sierra Leone

�2 Apr 1962 Yemen (Sana)¹⁸

15 Oct 1962 Algeria

�1 Nov 1962 Mongolia

�2 Nov 1962 Trinidad and Tobago

�7 Nov 1962 Jamaica, Rwanda

�9 Nov 1962 Uganda

16 Nov 1962 Burundi

�7 Apr 1964 Kenya

�8 Jun 1964 Iceland

27 Oct 1964 Malawi

�9 Nov 1964 Zambia

10 Feb 1965 Malta

11 Mar 1965 Portugal¹⁹

��1965 Singapore²⁰

21 Mar 1967 Guyana

29 Sep 1967 Lesotho

24 Oct 1968 Barbados

25 Oct 1968 Mauritius

18 Jan 1972 Bahrain

27 Jan 1972 Qatar

10 Feb 1972 Oman

20 Apr 1972 United Arab Emirates

27 Oct 1972 Bangladesh

21 Nov 1972 East Germany⁸

�1 Aug 1973 The Gambia

18 Oct 1974 North Korea

�1 Nov 1974 Guinea-Bissau

12 Nov 1974 San Marino

17 Feb 1975 Grenada

16 Jul 1976 Suriname

�4 Oct 1976 Papua New Guinea

11 Oct 1976 Mozambique

18 Oct 1976 Seychelles

11 Mar 1977 Angola

22 Mar 1977 Comoros

25 Jan 1978 Swaziland

15 Feb 1978 Cape Verde

�2 Nov 1978 Namibia

�9 Jan 1979 Dominica

29 Nov 1979 Equatorial Guinea

16 Jan 1980 Botswana

22 Jan 1980 S�o Tom� and Pr�ncipe

�6 Mar 1980 Saint Lucia

18 Jul 1980 Maldives

22 Sep 1980 Zimbabwe

29 Sep 1980 Tonga

�3 Apr 1981 Western Samoa²¹

23 Apr 1981 The Bahamas

13 Apr 1982 Bhutan

10 May 1982 Belize

15 Jul 1982 Antigua and Barbuda

15 Feb 1983 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

14 Jul 1983 Fiji

26 Oct 1983 Saint Kitts and Nevis

31 Aug 1989 Djibouti

24 Oct 1989 Kiribati

25 Oct 1989 Cook Islands

�7 Oct 1991 Lithuania

14 Oct 1991 Estonia, Latvia

21 Oct 1991 Tuvalu

22 May 1992 Kazakhstan

27 May 1992 Moldova, Slovenia

�1 Jun 1992 Croatia

�2 Jun 1992 Kyrgyzstan

�3 Jun 1992 Azerbaijan

�9 Jun 1992 Armenia

�7 Oct 1992 Georgia

�9 Feb 1993 Slovakia

22 Feb 1993 Czech Republic

�6 Apr 1993 Tajikistan

�2 Jun 1993 Bosnia and Hercegovina

28 Jun 1993 Macedonia

17 Aug 1993 Turkmenistan

�2 Sep 1993 Eritrea

�7 Sep 1993 Solomon Islands

20 Oct 1993 Andorra

26 Oct 1993 Niue, Uzbekistan

10 Feb 1994 Vanuatu

30 Jun 1995 Marshall Islands

17 Oct 1996 Nauru

20 Sep 1999 Palau

19 Oct 1999 Federated States of Micronesia

�5 Jun 2003 East Timor

¹Dissolved 31 Dec 1992. ²Withdrew 31 Dec 1956, rejoined 12 Dec 1994. ³Withdrew 31 Dec 1985, rejoined 1 Jul 1997. ⁴Withdrew 31 Dec 1984, rejoined 1 Oct 2003. ⁵From 1989 Myanmar. ⁶From 1972 Sri Lanka. ⁷Expelled 22 Sep 1992, readmitted 20 Dec 2000; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. ⁸East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. ⁹Dissolved 25 Dec 1991, succeeded by Russia. ¹⁰From 1991 Belarus. ¹¹From 1991 Ukraine. ¹²From 1963 Malaysia. ¹³From 1975 Benin. ¹⁴From 1985 C�te d'Ivoire. ¹⁵From 1984 Burkina Faso. ¹⁶1966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. ¹⁷From 1964 Tanzania. ¹⁸From 1990 Yemen. ¹⁹Withdrew 31 Dec 1972, rejoined 11 Sep 1974. ²⁰Withdrew 31 Dec 1985. ²¹From 1997 Samoa.

Universal Postal Union

Directors (from 7 Jul 1964, directors-general)
       1875 - 14 Jun 1892  Eug�ne Borel (Switzerland)         (b. 1835 - d. 1892)
       1893 - 30 Jan 1899  Edmond H�hn (Switzerland)          (b. 1838 - d. 1899)
       1899 - 25 Oct 1919  Eug�ne Ruffy (Switzerland)         (b. 1854 - d. 1919)
       1920 - 14 Jan 1925  Camille Decoppet (Switzerland)     (b. 1862 - d. 1925)
       1925 -        1937  Evaristo Garbani-Nerini
                           (Switzerland)                      (b. 1867 - d. 1944)
       1938 - 18 Nov 1944  Reinhold Furrer (Switzerland)      (b. 1875 - d. 1944)
       1945 -        1949  Alois Muri (Switzerland)           (b. 1879 - d. 1971)
       1950 -        1960  Fritz Hess (Switzerland)           (b. 1895 - d. 1970)
       1961 -        1966  Edouard Weber (Switzerland)        (b. 1901 - d. 1970)
       1967 -        1973  Michel Rahi (Egypt)                (b. 1912 - d. 1973)
       1973 -        1974  Anthony H. Ridge (U.K.)            (b. 1913)
       1975 - 31 Dec 1984  Muhammad Ibrahim Sobhi (Egypt)     (b. 1925)
 1 Jan 1985 - 31 Dec 1994  Adwaldo Cardoso Botto de Barros
                           (Brazil)                           (b. 1925)
 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 2004  Thomas E. Leavey (U.S.)            (b. 1934)
 1 Jan 2005 -              �douard Dayan (France)             (b. 1943)

Warsaw Treaty Organization

14 May 1955                Warsaw Treaty Organization ("Warsaw Pact") founded
 1 Jul 1991                dissolved

Commanders-in-chief (all from the Soviet Union)
14 May 1955 - 23 Jul 1960  Ivan Konev                         (b. 1897 - d. 1973)
23 Jul 1960 -  7 Jul 1967  Andrey Grechko                     (b. 1903 - d. 1976)
 7 Jul 1967 - 30 Nov 1976  Ivan Yakubovsky                    (b. 1912 - d. 1976)
 8 Jan 1977 -  2 Feb 1989  Viktor Kulikov                     (b. 1921)
 2 Feb 1989 - 26 Apr 1991  Pyotr Lushev                       (b. 1923)

Warsaw Pact membership
14 May 1955 Albania¹, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany², Hungary, Poland, Romania, Soviet Union

¹Withdrew 12 Sep 1968. ²Withdrew 24 Sep 1990.

Western European Union

Secretaries-general
 7 May 1955 - 14 Dec 1962  Louis Goffin (Belgium)             (b. 1904 - d. 1975)
15 Dec 1962 - 31 Dec 1970  Maurice Iweins d'Eeckhoutte
                           (Belgium)                          (b. 1904)
 1 Jan 1971 - 30 Sep 1974  Georges Heisbourg (Luxembourg)     (b. 1918)
20 Oct 1974 - 24 Feb 1977  Friedrich-Karl von Plehwe (W.Ger.) (b. 1912 - d. 1989)
                           (acting)
 1 Mar 1977 - 31 May 1985  Edouard Longerstaey (Belgium)      (b. 1919 - d. 1986)
17 Jun 1985 - 11 May 1989  Alfred Cahen (Belgium)             (b. 1929 - d. 2000)
15 May 1989 - 15 Nov 1994  Wim van Eekelen (Netherlands)      (b. 1931)
16 Nov 1994 - 24 Nov 1999  Jos� Cutileiro (Portugal)          (b. 1934)
25 Nov 1999 - 24 Nov 2009  Javier Solana Madariaga (Spain)    (b. 1942)
25 Nov 2009 -              Arnaud Jacomet (France)

WEU membership
23 Oct 1954 Belgium, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, United Kingdom

27 Mar 1990 Portugal, Spain

�6 Mar 1995 Greece

World Bank

27 Dec 1945                Articles of Agreement (adopted by the Bretton Woods
                           Conference 22 Jul 1944) become effective
25 Jun 1946                International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
                           (World Bank) begins operations

Presidents (all from U.S.)
18 Jun 1946 - 17 Mar 1947  Eugene Meyer                       (b. 1875 - d. 1959)
17 Mar 1947 -  1 Jul 1949  John J. McCloy                     (b. 1895 - d. 1989)
 1 Jul 1949 -  1 Jan 1963  Eugene R. Black                    (b. 1898 - d. 1992)
 1 Jan 1963 -  1 Apr 1968  George Woods                       (b. 1901 - d. 1982)
 1 Apr 1968 -  1 Jul 1981  Robert S. McNamara                 (b. 1916 - d. 2009)
 1 Jul 1981 -  1 Jul 1986  A.W. Clausen                       (b. 1923)
 1 Jul 1986 -  1 Sep 1991  Barber B. Conable, Jr.             (b. 1922 - d. 2003)
 1 Sep 1991 -  4 May 1995  Lewis T. Preston                   (b. 1926 - d. 1995)
 4 May 1995 -  1 Jun 1995  Richard Frank (acting)
 1 Jun 1995 -  1 Jun 2005  James D. Wolfensohn                (b. 1933)
 1 Jun 2005 -  1 Jul 2007  Paul Wolfowitz                     (b. 1943)
 1 Jul 2007 -              Robert B. Zoellick                 (b. 1953)

World Bank membership
27 Dec 1945 Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia¹, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Honduras, Iceland, India, Iraq, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia²

28 Dec 1945 Dominican Republic³, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay

29 Dec 1945 Iran

31 Dec 1945 Chile, Mexico, Peru

�8 Jan 1946 Costa Rica

10 Jan 1946 Poland⁴

14 Jan 1946 Brazil

11 Mar 1946 Uruguay

14 Mar 1946 Cuba⁵, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama

30 Mar 1946 Denmark

24 Dec 1946 Colombia

30 Dec 1946 Venezuela

11 Mar 1947 Turkey

27 Mar 1947 Italy

10 Apr 1947 Syria

14 Apr 1947 Lebanon

�5 Aug 1947 Australia

14 Jan 1948 Finland

27 Aug 1948 Austria

�3 May 1949 Thailand

11 Jul 1950 Pakistan

29 Aug 1950 Ceylon⁶

31 Aug 1951 Sweden

�3 Jan 1952 Burma⁷

13 Aug 1952 Japan

14 Aug 1952 Federal Republic of Germany

29 Aug 1952 Jordan

�8 Sep 1953 Haiti

15 Apr 1954 Indonesia

12 Jul 1954 Israel

14 Jul 1955 Afghanistan

26 Aug 1955 South Korea

20 Sep 1956 Argentina

21 Sep 1956 Vietnam

�8 Aug 1957 Ireland

26 Aug 1957 Saudi Arabia

�5 Sep 1957 The Sudan

20 Sep 1957 Ghana

�7 Mar 1958 Malaysia

14 Apr 1958 Tunisia

25 Apr 1958 Morocco

15 Sep 1958 Spain

17 Sep 1958 Libya

29 Mar 1961 Portugal

30 Mar 1961 Nigeria

�5 Jul 1961 Laos

31 Aug 1961 New Zealand

�6 Sep 1961 Nepal

21 Dec 1961 Cyprus

28 Mar 1962 Liberia

�1 Aug 1962 Togo

31 Aug 1962 Senegal, Somalia

10 Sep 1962 Sierra Leone, Tanzania

13 Sep 1962 Kuwait

21 Feb 1963 Jamaica

11 Mar 1963 Ivory Coast⁸

24 Apr 1963 Niger

�2 May 1963 Upper Volta⁹

10 Jul 1963 Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey¹⁰

10 Sep 1963 Gabon, Mauritania

16 Sep 1963 Trinidad and Tobago

25 Sep 1963 Madagascar

26 Sep 1963 Algeria

27 Sep 1963 Mali, Uganda

28 Sep 1963 Burundi, Congo (Kinshasa), Guinea

30 Sep 1963 Rwanda

�3 Feb 1964 Kenya

19 Jul 1965 Malawi

23 Sep 1965 Zambia

�3 Aug 1966 Singapore

26 Sep 1966 Guyana

18 Oct 1967 The Gambia

24 Jul 1968 Botswana

25 Jul 1968 Lesotho

23 Sep 1968 Mauritius

22 Sep 1969 Swaziland

�3 Oct 1969 Yemen (Sana)¹¹

�1 Jul 1970 Equatorial Guinea

22 Jul 1970 Cambodia

28 May 1971 Fiji

23 Dec 1971 Oman

17 Aug 1972 Bangladesh

15 Sep 1972 Bahrain

22 Sep 1972 United Arab Emirates

25 Sep 1972 Qatar

15 Dec 1972 Romania

21 Aug 1973 The Bahamas

28 Jun 1974 Western Samoa¹²

12 Sep 1974 Barbados

27 Aug 1975 Grenada

�9 Oct 1975 Papua New Guinea

28 Oct 1976 Comoros

24 Mar 1977 Guinea-Bissau

30 Sep 1977 S�o Tom� and Pr�ncipe

13 Jan 1978 Maldives

27 Jun 1978 Suriname

22 Sep 1978 Solomon Islands

20 Nov 1978 Cape Verde

27 Jun 1980 Saint Lucia

29 Sep 1980 Dominica, Seychelles, Zimbabwe

�1 Oct 1980 Djibouti

28 Sep 1981 Bhutan, Vanuatu

19 Mar 1982 Belize

�7 Jul 1982 Hungary

31 Aug 1982 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

22 Sep 1983 Antigua and Barbuda

26 Sep 1983 Malta

15 Aug 1984 Saint Kitts and Nevis

24 Sep 1984 Mozambique

13 Sep 1985 Tonga

29 Sep 1986 Kiribati

19 Sep 1989 Angola

25 Sep 1990 Bulgaria, Namibia

14 Feb 1991 Mongolia

15 Oct 1991 Albania

21 May 1992 Marshall Islands

29 May 1992 Switzerland

16 Jun 1992 Russia

23 Jun 1992 Estonia

�6 Jul 1992 Lithuania

10 Jul 1992 Belarus

23 Jul 1992 Kazakhstan

�7 Aug 1992 Georgia

11 Aug 1992 Latvia

12 Aug 1992 Moldova

�3 Sep 1992 Ukraine

16 Sep 1992 Armenia

18 Sep 1992 Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan

21 Sep 1992 Uzbekistan

22 Sep 1992 Turkmenistan

25 Feb 1993 Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia

�4 Jun 1993 Tajikistan

24 Jun 1993 Federated States of Micronesia

�6 Jul 1994 Eritrea

10 Oct 1995 Brunei

16 Dec 1997 Palau

29 Jun 2009 Kosovo

¹Expelled 5 Jan 1955; rejoined 20 Sep 1990; from 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic and Slovakia. ²Expelled 25 Feb 1993; readmitted 8 May 2001; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. ³Withdrew 1 Dec 1960; rejoined 18 Sep 1961. ⁴Withdrew 14 Mar 1950; rejoined 27 Jun 1986. ⁵Withdrew 14 Nov 1960. ⁶From 1972 Sri Lanka. ⁷From 1989 Myanmar. ⁸From 1985 C�te d'Ivoire. ⁹From 1984 Burkina Faso. ¹⁰From 1975 Benin. ¹¹From 1990 Yemen. ¹²From 1997 Samoa.

World Health Organization

Directors-general
21 Jul 1948 -    Jul 1953  Brock Chisholm (Canada)            (b. 1896 - d. 1971)
   Jul 1953 -        1973  Marcolino Gomes Candau (Brazil)    (b. 1911 - d. 1983)
       1973 - 21 Jul 1988  Halfdan T. Mahler (Denmark)        (b. 1923)
21 Jul 1988 - 21 Jul 1998  Hiroshi Nakajima (Japan)           (b. 1928)
21 Jul 1998 - 21 Jul 2003  Gro Harlem Brundtland (f) (Norway) (b. 1939)
21 Jul 2003 - 22 May 2006  Lee Jong Wook (South Korea)        (b. 1945 - d. 2006)
22 May 2006 -  4 Jan 2007  Anders Nordstr�m (Sweden) (acting)
 4 Jan 2007 -              Margaret Chan (f) (China)          (b. 1947)

World Tourism Organization

Secretaries-general
 2 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1985  Robert Lonati (France)             (b. 1918 - d. 1985)
 1 Jan 1986 - 31 Dec 1989  Willibald Pahr (Austria)           (b. 1930)
 1 Jan 1990 - 31 Aug 1996  Antonio Enr�quez Savignac (Mexico) (b. 1931 - d. 2007)
 1 Sep 1996 - 28 Feb 2009  Francesco Frangialli (France)      (b. 1947)
                           (acting to 31 Dec 1997)
 1 Mar 2009 -              Taleb Rifai (Jordan)               (b. 1949)
                           (acting to 31 Dec 2009)

World Trade Organization

 1 Jan 1948                General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
 1 Jan 1995                World Trade Organization (WTO)

Directors-general
       1948 -  6 May 1968  Eric Wyndham White (U.K.)          (b. 1913 - d. 1980)
                           (executive secretary to 23 Mar 1965)
 6 May 1968 -  1 Oct 1980  Olivier Long (Switzerland)         (b. 1915 - d. 2003)
 1 Oct 1980 -  1 Jul 1993  Arthur Dunkel (Switzerland)        (b. 1932 - d. 2005)
 1 Jul 1993 -  1 May 1995  Peter Sutherland (Ireland)         (b. 1946)
 1 May 1995 -  1 Sep 1999  Renato Ruggiero (Italy)            (b. 1930)
 1 Sep 1999 -  1 Sep 2002  Mike Moore (New Zealand)           (b. 1949)
 1 Sep 2002 -  1 Sep 2005  Supachai Panitchpakdi (Thailand)   (b. 1946)
 1 Sep 2005 -              Pascal Lamy (France)               (b. 1947)

GATT membership
�1 Jan 1948 Australia, Belgium, Canada, China¹, Cuba, Czechoslovakia², France, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States

13 Jun 1948 South Africa

�8 Jul 1948 India

10 Jul 1948 Norway

11 Jul 1948 Southern Rhodesia³

29 Jul 1948 Burma⁴, Ceylon⁵

30 Jul 1948 Brazil, New Zealand, Pakistan

16 Mar 1949 Chile

�1 Jan 1950 Haiti

24 Feb 1950 Indonesia

�1 Mar 1950 Greece

30 Apr 1950 Sweden

19 May 1950 Dominican Republic

25 May 1950 Finland

28 May 1950 Denmark, Nicaragua

30 May 1950 Italy

�1 Oct 1951 Federal Republic of Germany

�7 Oct 1951 Peru

17 Oct 1951 Turkey

19 Oct 1951 Austria

�6 Dec 1953 Uruguay

10 Sep 1955 Japan

17 Oct 1957 Ghana

24 Oct 1957 Malaya⁶

18 Nov 1960 Nigeria

19 May 1961 Sierra Leone

�9 Dec 1961 Tanganyika⁷

�6 May 1962 Portugal

�5 Jul 1962 Israel

23 Oct 1962 Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda

�3 May 1963 Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon, Kuwait, Upper Volta⁸

12 Jul 1963 Chad

15 Jul 1963 Cyprus

29 Aug 1963 Spain

12 Sep 1963 Dahomey⁹

27 Sep 1963 Senegal

30 Sep 1963 Madagascar, Mauritania

31 Dec 1963 Ivory Coast¹⁰, Jamaica, Niger

�5 Feb 1964 Kenya

20 Mar 1964 Togo

28 Aug 1964 Malawi

17 Nov 1964 Malta

22 Feb 1965 The Gambia

13 Mar 1965 Burundi

�1 Jan 1966 Rwanda

�5 Jul 1966 Guyana

�1 Aug 1966 Switzerland

25 Aug 1966 Yugoslavia

15 Feb 1967 Barbados

14 Apr 1967 South Korea

11 Oct 1967 Argentina

18 Oct 1967 Poland

22 Dec 1967 Ireland

21 Apr 1968 Iceland

�9 May 1970 Egypt

�2 Sep 1970 Mauritius

11 Sep 1971 Zaire

14 Nov 1971 Romania

16 Dec 1972 Bangladesh

20 Aug 1973 Singapore

�9 Sep 1973 Hungary

22 Mar 1978 Suriname

27 Dec 1979 Philippines

�3 Oct 1981 Colombia

10 Feb 1982 Zambia

20 Nov 1982 Thailand

19 Apr 1983 Maldives

�7 Oct 1983 Belize

23 Apr 1986 Hong Kong

24 Aug 1986 Mexico

30 Mar 1987 Antigua and Barbuda

17 Jun 1987 Morocco

28 Aug 1987 Botswana

�8 Jan 1988 Lesotho

29 Aug 1990 Tunisia

31 Aug 1990 Venezuela

�8 Sep 1990 Bolivia

24 Nov 1990 Costa Rica

11 Jan 1991 Macau

22 May 1991 El Salvador

10 Oct 1991 Guatemala

27 Jul 1992 Mozambique

15 Sep 1992 Namibia

11 Jan 1993 Mali

�8 Feb 1993 Swaziland

13 Apr 1993 Saint Lucia

15 Apr 1993 Czech Republic, Slovakia

20 Apr 1993 Dominica

18 May 1993 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

16 Nov 1993 Fiji

�9 Dec 1993 Brunei

13 Dec 1993 Bahrain

�6 Jan 1994 Paraguay

�9 Feb 1994 Grenada

�8 Mar 1994 United Arab Emirates

17 Mar 1994 Guinea-Bissau

24 Mar 1994 Saint Kitts and Nevis

29 Mar 1994 Liechtenstein

�7 Apr 1994 Qatar

�8 Apr 1994 Angola

10 Apr 1994 Honduras

30 Oct 1994 Slovenia

�8 Dec 1994 Guinea

16 Dec 1994 Djibouti, Papua New Guinea

28 Dec 1994 Solomon Islands

¹Withdrew 5 May 1950. ²Dissolved 31 Dec 1992. ³From 1980 Zimbabwe. ⁴From 1989 Myanmar. ⁵From 1972 Sri Lanka. ⁶From 1963 Malaysia. ⁷From 1964 Tanzania. ⁸From 1984 Burkina Faso. ⁹From 1975 Benin. ¹⁰From 1985 C�te d'Ivoire.

WTO membership
�1 Jan 1995 Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, C�te d'Ivoire, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, European Union, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia

�1 Mar 1995 Trinidad and Tobago

�5 Mar 1995 Zimbabwe

�9 Mar 1995 Dominican Republic, Jamaica

26 Mar 1995 Turkey

29 Mar 1995 Tunisia

20 Apr 1995 Cuba

21 Apr 1995 Israel

30 Apr 1995 Colombia

�7 May 1995 El Salvador

31 May 1995 Botswana, Central African Republic, Djibouti, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Togo

�3 Jun 1995 Burkina Faso

30 Jun 1995 Egypt

�1 Jul 1995 Poland, Switzerland

21 Jul 1995 Guatemala

23 Jul 1995 Burundi, Sierra Leone

30 Jul 1995 Cyprus, Slovenia

26 Aug 1995 Mozambique

�1 Sep 1995 Liechtenstein

�3 Sep 1995 Nicaragua

12 Sep 1995 Bolivia

25 Oct 1995 Guinea

17 Nov 1995 Madagascar

13 Dec 1995 Cameroon

13 Jan 1996 Qatar

14 Jan 1996 Fiji

21 Jan 1996 Ecuador

30 Jan 1996 Haiti

21 Feb 1996 Saint Kitts and Nevis

22 Feb 1996 Benin, Grenada

10 Apr 1996 United Arab Emirates

22 May 1996 Rwanda

�9 Jun 1996 Papua New Guinea

26 Jul 1996 Solomon Islands

19 Oct 1996 Chad

23 Oct 1996 The Gambia

23 Nov 1996 Angola

�1 Dec 1996 Bulgaria

13 Dec 1996 Niger

�1 Jan 1997 Congo (Kinshasa)

29 Jan 1997 Mongolia

27 Mar 1997 Congo (Brazzaville)

�6 Sep 1997 Panama

20 Dec 1998 Kyrgyzstan

10 Feb 1999 Latvia

13 Nov 1999 Estonia

11 Apr 2000 Jordan

14 Jun 2000 Georgia

�8 Sep 2000 Albania

�9 Nov 2000 Oman

30 Nov 2000 Croatia

31 May 2001 Lithuania

26 Jul 2001 Moldova

11 Dec 2001 China

�1 Jan 2002 Taiwan

�5 Feb 2003 Armenia

�4 Apr 2003 Macedonia

23 Apr 2004 Nepal

13 Oct 2004 Cambodia

11 Dec 2005 Saudi Arabia

11 Jan 2007 Vietnam

27 Jul 2007 Tonga

16 May 2008 Ukraine

23 Jul 2008 Cape Verde

`16 Apr 1948`	Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany¹, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Trieste², Turkey, United Kingdom
`20 Jul 1959`	Spain
`30 Sep 1961`	Canada, United States
`28 Apr 1964`	Japan
`28 Jan 1969`	Finland
`�7 Jun 1971`	Australia
`29 May 1973`	New Zealand
`18 May 1994`	Mexico
`21 Dec 1995`	Czech Republic
`�7 May 1996`	Hungary
`22 Nov 1996`	Poland
`12 Dec 1996`	South Korea
¹Anglo-U.S. "bizone" to 1949, then Federal Republic of Germany. ²Anglo-U.S. zone only; became part of Italy 1954.

`25 Jun 1973`	Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia¹, Denmark, Finland, France, East Germany², West Germany², Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Soviet Union³, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Vatican City, Yugoslavia⁴
`19 Jun 1991`	Albania
`10 Sep 1991`	Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
`30 Jan 1992`	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
`24 Mar 1992`	Croatia, Georgia, Slovenia
`30 Apr 1992`	Bosnia and Hercegovina
`12 Oct 1995`	Macedonia
`25 Apr 1996`	Andorra
`22 Jun 2006`	Montenegro
¹From 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic and Slovakia. ²East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. ³Broke up 25 Dec 1991; succeeded by Russia. ⁴Suspended 8 Jul 1992 - 10 Nov 2000; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia.

`30 Apr 1948`	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba¹, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras², Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela
`28 Feb�1967`	Trinidad and Tobago
`��1967`	Barbados
`25 Jun�1969`	Jamaica
`�8 May�1975`	Grenada
`�8 Jun 1977`	Suriname
`22�May�1979`	Dominica, Saint Lucia
`�5�Dec�1981`	Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
`��Mar�1982`	The Bahamas
`12 Mar�1984`	Saint Kitts and Nevis
`�8 Jan 1990`	Canada
`�8 Jan 1991`	Belize, Guyana
¹Suspended 14 Feb 1962 - 3 Jun 2009. ²Suspended 4 Jul 2009.

`��1969`	Afghanistan, Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Guinea, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, The Sudan, Yemen (Sana)¹
`��1970`	Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Syria, Trucial States², Tunisia, Turkey
`��1972`	Sierra Leone
`��1974`	Bangladesh, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Uganda
`��1975`	Upper Volta³, Cameroon
`��1976`	Comoros, Iraq, Maldives
`��1978`	Djibouti
`��1982`	Benin
`��1984`	Brunei
`��1986`	Nigeria
`��1991`	Azerbaijan
`��1992`	Albania, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan
`��1994`	Mozambique
`��1995`	Kazakhstan
`�2 Oct 1996`	Uzbekistan
`��Dec 1996`	Suriname
`�2 Oct 1997`	Togo
`�1 Oct 1998`	Guyana
`27 Jun 2001`	C�te d'Ivoire
¹From 1990 Yemen. ²From 1971 United Arab Emirates. ³From 1984 Burkina Faso.

`14 Sep 1960`	Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
`15�Jan�1961`	Qatar
`�4 Jun 1962`	Indonesia¹, Libya
`27 Nov�1967`	Abu Dhabi²
`�8 Jul�1969`	Algeria
`12 Jul�1971`	Nigeria
`19 Nov�1973`	Ecuador³
`�9 Jun�1975`	Gabon⁴
`�1 Jan 2007`	Angola
¹Membership suspended at its own request from 1 Jan 2009. ²Membership transferred to United Arab Emirates 9 Jan 1974. ³Membership suspended at its own request 31 Dec 1992 - 23 Oct 2007. ⁴Membership suspended at its own request from 1 Jan 1995.

`�6 Feb 1947`	Australia, France, The Netherlands¹, New Zealand, United Kingdom², United States
`17 Jul 1965`	Western Samoa³
`24 Jul 1969`	Nauru
`�5 May 1971`	Fiji
`16 Sep 1975`	Papua New Guinea
`17 Nov 1978`	Tuvalu
`21�Nov 1978`	Solomon Islands
`13 Oct 1980`	Niue
`14�Oct 1980`	Cook Islands
`��Oct 1983`	American Samoa, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, New Caledonia, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Pitcairn Island, Tokelau, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna
¹Withdrew 31 Dec 1962. ²Withdrew 1 Jan 1996, rejoined Jan 1998, withdrew again 1 Jan 2005. ³From 1997 Samoa.

`�5 Aug 1971`	Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji¹, Nauru, New Zealand, Tonga, Western Samoa²
`20 Mar 1974`	Papua New Guinea
`�1 Jul 1975`	Niue
`29 Aug 1979`	Kiribati
`14 Jul 1980`	Vanuatu
`16 Sep 1980`	Solomon Islands, Tuvalu
`29 May 1987`	Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia
`�3 Sep 1995`	Palau
¹Suspended 2 May 2009. ²From 1997 Samoa.

8 Dec 1985	Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
3�Apr 2007	Afghanistan

19 Feb 1955	Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan¹, Philippines, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States
¹Withdrew 7 Nov 1973.

`�1 Apr 1980`	Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
`31 Mar�1990`	Namibia
`30�Aug 1994`	South Africa
`28�Aug 1995`	Mauritius
`�8�Sep 1997`	Congo (Kinshasa), Seychelles¹
`18 Aug 2005`	Madagascar
¹Withdrew 1 Jul 2004; rejoined 16 Aug 2008.

`24 Oct 1945`	Argentina, Belorussian S.S.R.¹, Brazil, Chile, China², Cuba, Czechoslovakia³, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, France, Haiti, Iran, Lebanon, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Soviet Union⁴, Syria⁵, Turkey, Ukrainian S.S.R.⁶, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia⁷
`25 Oct 1945`	Greece
`30 Oct 1945`	India
`31 Oct 1945`	Peru
`�1 Nov 1945`	Australia
`�2 Nov 1945`	Costa Rica, Liberia
`�5 Nov 1945`	Colombia
`�7 Nov 1945`	Mexico, South Africa
`�9 Nov 1945`	Canada
`13 Nov 1945`	Ethiopia, Panama
`14 Nov 1945`	Bolivia
`15 Nov 1945`	Venezuela
`21 Nov 1945`	Guatemala
`27 Nov 1945`	Norway
`10 Dec 1945`	The Netherlands
`17 Dec 1945`	Honduras
`18 Dec 1945`	Uruguay
`21 Dec 1945`	Ecuador, Iraq
`27 Dec 1945`	Belgium
`19 Nov 1946`	Afghanistan, Iceland, Sweden
`16 Dec 1946`	Thailand
`30 Sep 1947`	Pakistan, Yemen (Sana)⁸
`19 Apr 1948`	Burma⁹
`11 May 1949`	Israel
`28 Sep 1950`	Indonesia¹⁰
`14 Dec 1955`	Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Ceylon¹¹, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Laos, Libya, Nepal, Portugal, Romania, Spain
`12 Nov 1956`	Morocco, The Sudan, Tunisia
`18 Dec 1956`	Japan
`�8 Mar 1957`	Ghana
`17 Sep 1957`	Malaya¹²
`12 Dec 1958`	Guinea
`20 Sep 1960`	Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (L�opoldville)¹³, Cyprus, Dahomey¹⁴, Gabon, Ivory Coast¹⁵, Madagascar, Niger, Somalia, Togo, Upper Volta¹⁶
`28 Sep 1960`	Mali, Senegal
`�7 Oct 1960`	Nigeria
`27 Sep 1961`	Sierra Leone
`27 Oct 1961`	Mauritania, Mongolia
`14 Dec 1961`	Tanganyika¹⁷
`18 Sep 1962`	Burundi, Jamaica, Rwanda, Trinidad and Tobago
`�8 Oct 1962`	Algeria
`25 Oct 1962`	Uganda
`14 May 1963`	Kuwait
`16 Dec 1963`	Kenya, Zanzibar¹⁷
`�1 Dec 1964`	Malawi, Malta, Zambia
`21 Sep 1965`	The Gambia, Maldives, Singapore
`20 Sep 1966`	Guyana
`17 Oct 1966`	Botswana, Lesotho
`�9 Dec 1966`	Barbados
`14 Dec 1967`	Yemen (Aden)⁸
`24 Apr 1968`	Mauritius
`24 Sep 1968`	Swaziland
`12 Nov 1968`	Equatorial Guinea
`13 Oct 1970`	Fiji
`21 Sep 1971`	Bahrain, Bhutan, Qatar
`�7 Oct 1971`	Oman
`�9 Dec 1971`	United Arab Emirates
`18 Sep 1973`	The Bahamas, East Germany¹⁸, West Germany¹⁸
`17 Sep 1974`	Bangladesh, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau
`16 Sep 1975`	Cape Verde, Mozambique, S�o Tom� and Pr�ncipe
`10 Oct 1975`	Papua New Guinea
`12 Nov 1975`	Comoros
`�4 Dec 1975`	Suriname
`21 Sep 1976`	Seychelles
`�1 Dec 1976`	Angola
`15 Dec 1976`	Western Samoa¹⁹
`20 Sep 1977`	Djibouti, Vietnam
`19 Sep 1978`	Solomon Islands
`18 Dec 1978`	Dominica
`18 Sep 1979`	Saint Lucia
`25 Aug 1980`	Zimbabwe
`16 Sep 1980`	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
`15 Sep 1981`	Vanuatu
`25 Sep 1981`	Belize
`11 Nov 1981`	Antigua and Barbuda
`23 Sep 1983`	Saint Kitts and Nevis
`21 Sep 1984`	Brunei
`23 Apr 1990`	Namibia
`18 Sep 1990`	Liechtenstein
`17 Sep 1991`	Estonia, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia
`�2 Mar 1992`	Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, San Marino, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
`�9 Mar 1992`	Azerbaijan
`22 May 1992`	Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Slovenia
`31 Jul 1992`	Georgia
`19 Jan 1993`	Czech Republic, Slovakia
`�8 Apr 1993`	Macedonia
`28 May 1993`	Eritrea, Monaco
`28 Jul 1993`	Andorra
`15 Dec 1994`	Palau
`14 Sep 1999`	Kiribati, Nauru, Tonga
`�5 Sep 2000`	Tuvalu
`10 Sep 2002`	Switzerland
`27 Sep 2002`	East Timor
`28 Jun 2006`	Montenegro
¹From 19 Sep 1991 Belarus. ²The Republic of China (Taiwan) represented China until 15 Nov 1971, when the UN voted to have China represented by the People's Republic of China. ³Dissolved 31 Dec 1992. ⁴Dissolved 25 Dec 1991; Russia succeeded to Soviet seat. ⁵Merged with Egypt to form United Arab Republic 22 Feb 1958; seceded from U.A.R. 28 Sep 1961 and rejoined UN 13 Oct 1961. ⁶From 1991 Ukraine. ⁷Broke up in 1992; the UN did not recognize the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as its successor and ruled that it had to apply anew for membership, which it did in 2000 (admitted 1 Nov 2000); from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. ⁸Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united 22 May 1990. ⁹From 1989 Myanmar. ¹⁰Withdrew 20 Jan 1965; rejoined 28 Sep 1966. ¹¹From 1972 Sri Lanka. ¹²From 1963 Malaysia. ¹³1966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. ¹⁴From 1975 Benin. ¹⁵From 1985 C�te d'Ivoire. ¹⁶From 1984 Burkina Faso. ¹⁷Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 Apr 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which was renamed Tanzania 1 Nov 1964. ¹⁸East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. ¹⁹From 1997 Samoa.
Note: The only non-member among undisputed states is Vatican City.

`�4 Nov 1946`	Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia¹, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, France, Greece, India, Lebanon, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Saudi Arabia, South Africa², Turkey, United Kingdom³, United States⁴
`�6 Nov 1946`	Poland
`13 Nov 1946`	Bolivia
`16 Nov 1946`	Syria
`18 Nov 1946`	Haiti
`21 Nov 1946`	Peru, Philippines
`25 Nov 1946`	Venezuela
`29 Nov 1946`	Belgium
`�1 Jan 1947`	The Netherlands
`22 Jan 1947`	Ecuador
`�6 Mar 1947`	Liberia
`29 Aug 1947`	Cuba
`27 Oct 1947`	Luxembourg
`31 Oct 1947`	Colombia
`�8 Nov 1947`	Uruguay
`16 Dec 1947`	Honduras
`27 Jan 1948`	Italy
`28 Apr 1948`	El Salvador
`�4 May 1948`	Afghanistan
`13 Aug 1948`	Austria
`�6 Sep 1948`	Iran
`14 Sep 1948`	Hungary
`15 Sep 1948`	Argentina
`21 Oct 1948`	Iraq
`�1 Jan 1949`	Thailand
`28 Jan 1949`	Switzerland
`27 Jun 1949`	Burma⁵
`�6 Jul 1949`	Monaco
`14 Sep 1949`	Pakistan
`16 Sep 1949`	Israel
`14 Nov 1949`	Ceylon⁶
`�2 Jan 1950`	Guatemala
`10 Jan 1950`	Panama
`23 Jan 1950`	Sweden
`31 Mar 1950`	Yugoslavia⁷
`19 May 1950`	Costa Rica
`27 May 1950`	Indonesia
`14 Jun 1950`	Jordan, South Korea
`�2 Jul 1951`	Japan
`�3 Jul 1951`	Cambodia
`�6 Jul 1951`	Vietnam
`�9 Jul 1951`	Laos
`11 Jul 1951`	West Germany⁸
`22 Feb 1952`	Nicaragua
`30 Jan 1953`	Spain
`�1 May 1953`	Nepal
`27 Jun 1953`	Libya
`�7 Jul 1953`	Chile
`21 Apr 1954`	Soviet Union⁹
`12 May 1954`	Belorussian S.S.R.¹⁰, Ukrainian S.S.R.¹¹
`20 Jun 1955`	Paraguay
`�1 Jul 1955`	Ethiopia
`17 May 1956`	Bulgaria
`27 Jul 1956`	Romania
`10 Oct 1956`	Finland
`�7 Nov 1956`	Morocco
`�8 Nov 1956`	Tunisia
`26 Nov 1956`	The Sudan
`11 Apr 1958`	Ghana
`16 Jun 1958`	Malaya¹²
`16 Oct 1958`	Albania
`�2 Feb 1960`	Guinea
`18 Oct 1960`	Dahomey¹³
`24 Oct 1960`	Congo (Brazzaville)
`27 Oct 1960`	Ivory Coast¹⁴
`�7 Nov 1960`	Mali
`10 Nov 1960`	Madagascar, Niger, Senegal
`11 Nov 1960`	Cameroon, Central African Republic
`14 Nov 1960`	Nigeria, Upper Volta¹⁵
`15 Nov 1960`	Somalia
`16 Nov 1960`	Gabon
`17 Nov 1960`	Togo
`18 Nov 1960`	Kuwait
`25 Nov 1960`	Congo (L�opoldville)¹⁶
`19 Dec 1960`	Chad
`�6 Feb 1961`	Cyprus
`�3 Oct 1961`	Ireland
`10 Oct 1962`	Mauritania
`�6 Mar 1962`	Tanganyika¹⁷
`28 Mar 1962`	Sierra Leone
`�2 Apr 1962`	Yemen (Sana)¹⁸
`15 Oct 1962`	Algeria
`�1 Nov 1962`	Mongolia
`�2 Nov 1962`	Trinidad and Tobago
`�7 Nov 1962`	Jamaica, Rwanda
`�9 Nov 1962`	Uganda
`16 Nov 1962`	Burundi
`�7 Apr 1964`	Kenya
`�8 Jun 1964`	Iceland
`27 Oct 1964`	Malawi
`�9 Nov 1964`	Zambia
`10 Feb 1965`	Malta
`11 Mar 1965`	Portugal¹⁹
`��1965`	Singapore²⁰
`21 Mar 1967`	Guyana
`29 Sep 1967`	Lesotho
`24 Oct 1968`	Barbados
`25 Oct 1968`	Mauritius
`18 Jan 1972`	Bahrain
`27 Jan 1972`	Qatar
`10 Feb 1972`	Oman
`20 Apr 1972`	United Arab Emirates
`27 Oct 1972`	Bangladesh
`21 Nov 1972`	East Germany⁸
`�1 Aug 1973`	The Gambia
`18 Oct 1974`	North Korea
`�1 Nov 1974`	Guinea-Bissau
`12 Nov 1974`	San Marino
`17 Feb 1975`	Grenada
`16 Jul 1976`	Suriname
`�4 Oct 1976`	Papua New Guinea
`11 Oct 1976`	Mozambique
`18 Oct 1976`	Seychelles
`11 Mar 1977`	Angola
`22 Mar 1977`	Comoros
`25 Jan 1978`	Swaziland
`15 Feb 1978`	Cape Verde
`�2 Nov 1978`	Namibia
`�9 Jan 1979`	Dominica
`29 Nov 1979`	Equatorial Guinea
`16 Jan 1980`	Botswana
`22 Jan 1980`	S�o Tom� and Pr�ncipe
`�6 Mar 1980`	Saint Lucia
`18 Jul 1980`	Maldives
`22 Sep 1980`	Zimbabwe
`29 Sep 1980`	Tonga
`�3 Apr 1981`	Western Samoa²¹
`23 Apr 1981`	The Bahamas
`13 Apr 1982`	Bhutan
`10 May 1982`	Belize
`15 Jul 1982`	Antigua and Barbuda
`15 Feb 1983`	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
`14 Jul 1983`	Fiji
`26 Oct 1983`	Saint Kitts and Nevis
`31 Aug 1989`	Djibouti
`24 Oct 1989`	Kiribati
`25 Oct 1989`	Cook Islands
`�7 Oct 1991`	Lithuania
`14 Oct 1991`	Estonia, Latvia
`21 Oct 1991`	Tuvalu
`22 May 1992`	Kazakhstan
`27 May 1992`	Moldova, Slovenia
`�1 Jun 1992`	Croatia
`�2 Jun 1992`	Kyrgyzstan
`�3 Jun 1992`	Azerbaijan
`�9 Jun 1992`	Armenia
`�7 Oct 1992`	Georgia
`�9 Feb 1993`	Slovakia
`22 Feb 1993`	Czech Republic
`�6 Apr 1993`	Tajikistan
`�2 Jun 1993`	Bosnia and Hercegovina
`28 Jun 1993`	Macedonia
`17 Aug 1993`	Turkmenistan
`�2 Sep 1993`	Eritrea
`�7 Sep 1993`	Solomon Islands
`20 Oct 1993`	Andorra
`26 Oct 1993`	Niue, Uzbekistan
`10 Feb 1994`	Vanuatu
`30 Jun 1995`	Marshall Islands
`17 Oct 1996`	Nauru
`20 Sep 1999`	Palau
`19 Oct 1999`	Federated States of Micronesia
`�5 Jun 2003`	East Timor
¹Dissolved 31 Dec 1992. ²Withdrew 31 Dec 1956, rejoined 12 Dec 1994. ³Withdrew 31 Dec 1985, rejoined 1 Jul 1997. ⁴Withdrew 31 Dec 1984, rejoined 1 Oct 2003. ⁵From 1989 Myanmar. ⁶From 1972 Sri Lanka. ⁷Expelled 22 Sep 1992, readmitted 20 Dec 2000; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. ⁸East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. ⁹Dissolved 25 Dec 1991, succeeded by Russia. ¹⁰From 1991 Belarus. ¹¹From 1991 Ukraine. ¹²From 1963 Malaysia. ¹³From 1975 Benin. ¹⁴From 1985 C�te d'Ivoire. ¹⁵From 1984 Burkina Faso. ¹⁶1966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. ¹⁷From 1964 Tanzania. ¹⁸From 1990 Yemen. ¹⁹Withdrew 31 Dec 1972, rejoined 11 Sep 1974. ²⁰Withdrew 31 Dec 1985. ²¹From 1997 Samoa.

`14 May 1955`	Albania¹, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany², Hungary, Poland, Romania, Soviet Union
¹Withdrew 12 Sep 1968. ²Withdrew 24 Sep 1990.

`23 Oct 1954`	Belgium, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, United Kingdom
`27 Mar 1990`	Portugal, Spain
`�6 Mar 1995`	Greece

`27 Dec 1945`	Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia¹, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Honduras, Iceland, India, Iraq, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia²
`28 Dec 1945`	Dominican Republic³, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay
`29 Dec 1945`	Iran
`31 Dec 1945`	Chile, Mexico, Peru
`�8 Jan 1946`	Costa Rica
`10 Jan 1946`	Poland⁴
`14 Jan 1946`	Brazil
`11 Mar 1946`	Uruguay
`14 Mar 1946`	Cuba⁵, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama
`30 Mar 1946`	Denmark
`24 Dec 1946`	Colombia
`30 Dec 1946`	Venezuela
`11 Mar 1947`	Turkey
`27 Mar 1947`	Italy
`10 Apr 1947`	Syria
`14 Apr 1947`	Lebanon
`�5 Aug 1947`	Australia
`14 Jan 1948`	Finland
`27 Aug 1948`	Austria
`�3 May 1949`	Thailand
`11 Jul 1950`	Pakistan
`29 Aug 1950`	Ceylon⁶
`31 Aug 1951`	Sweden
`�3 Jan 1952`	Burma⁷
`13 Aug 1952`	Japan
`14 Aug 1952`	Federal Republic of Germany
`29 Aug 1952`	Jordan
`�8 Sep 1953`	Haiti
`15 Apr 1954`	Indonesia
`12 Jul 1954`	Israel
`14 Jul 1955`	Afghanistan
`26 Aug 1955`	South Korea
`20 Sep 1956`	Argentina
`21 Sep 1956`	Vietnam
`�8 Aug 1957`	Ireland
`26 Aug 1957`	Saudi Arabia
`�5 Sep 1957`	The Sudan
`20 Sep 1957`	Ghana
`�7 Mar 1958`	Malaysia
`14 Apr 1958`	Tunisia
`25 Apr 1958`	Morocco
`15 Sep 1958`	Spain
`17 Sep 1958`	Libya
`29 Mar 1961`	Portugal
`30 Mar 1961`	Nigeria
`�5 Jul 1961`	Laos
`31 Aug 1961`	New Zealand
`�6 Sep 1961`	Nepal
`21 Dec 1961`	Cyprus
`28 Mar 1962`	Liberia
`�1 Aug 1962`	Togo
`31 Aug 1962`	Senegal, Somalia
`10 Sep 1962`	Sierra Leone, Tanzania
`13 Sep 1962`	Kuwait
`21 Feb 1963`	Jamaica
`11 Mar 1963`	Ivory Coast⁸
`24 Apr 1963`	Niger
`�2 May 1963`	Upper Volta⁹
`10 Jul 1963`	Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey¹⁰
`10 Sep 1963`	Gabon, Mauritania
`16 Sep 1963`	Trinidad and Tobago
`25 Sep 1963`	Madagascar
`26 Sep 1963`	Algeria
`27 Sep 1963`	Mali, Uganda
`28 Sep 1963`	Burundi, Congo (Kinshasa), Guinea
`30 Sep 1963`	Rwanda
`�3 Feb 1964`	Kenya
`19 Jul 1965`	Malawi
`23 Sep 1965`	Zambia
`�3 Aug 1966`	Singapore
`26 Sep 1966`	Guyana
`18 Oct 1967`	The Gambia
`24 Jul 1968`	Botswana
`25 Jul 1968`	Lesotho
`23 Sep 1968`	Mauritius
`22 Sep 1969`	Swaziland
`�3 Oct 1969`	Yemen (Sana)¹¹
`�1 Jul 1970`	Equatorial Guinea
`22 Jul 1970`	Cambodia
`28 May 1971`	Fiji
`23 Dec 1971`	Oman
`17 Aug 1972`	Bangladesh
`15 Sep 1972`	Bahrain
`22 Sep 1972`	United Arab Emirates
`25 Sep 1972`	Qatar
`15 Dec 1972`	Romania
`21 Aug 1973`	The Bahamas
`28 Jun 1974`	Western Samoa¹²
`12 Sep 1974`	Barbados
`27 Aug 1975`	Grenada
`�9 Oct 1975`	Papua New Guinea
`28 Oct 1976`	Comoros
`24 Mar 1977`	Guinea-Bissau
`30 Sep 1977`	S�o Tom� and Pr�ncipe
`13 Jan 1978`	Maldives
`27 Jun 1978`	Suriname
`22 Sep 1978`	Solomon Islands
`20 Nov 1978`	Cape Verde
`27 Jun 1980`	Saint Lucia
`29 Sep 1980`	Dominica, Seychelles, Zimbabwe
`�1 Oct 1980`	Djibouti
`28 Sep 1981`	Bhutan, Vanuatu
`19 Mar 1982`	Belize
`�7 Jul 1982`	Hungary
`31 Aug 1982`	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
`22 Sep 1983`	Antigua and Barbuda
`26 Sep 1983`	Malta
`15 Aug 1984`	Saint Kitts and Nevis
`24 Sep 1984`	Mozambique
`13 Sep 1985`	Tonga
`29 Sep 1986`	Kiribati
`19 Sep 1989`	Angola
`25 Sep 1990`	Bulgaria, Namibia
`14 Feb 1991`	Mongolia
`15 Oct 1991`	Albania
`21 May 1992`	Marshall Islands
`29 May 1992`	Switzerland
`16 Jun 1992`	Russia
`23 Jun 1992`	Estonia
`�6 Jul 1992`	Lithuania
`10 Jul 1992`	Belarus
`23 Jul 1992`	Kazakhstan
`�7 Aug 1992`	Georgia
`11 Aug 1992`	Latvia
`12 Aug 1992`	Moldova
`�3 Sep 1992`	Ukraine
`16 Sep 1992`	Armenia
`18 Sep 1992`	Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan
`21 Sep 1992`	Uzbekistan
`22 Sep 1992`	Turkmenistan
`25 Feb 1993`	Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia
`�4 Jun 1993`	Tajikistan
`24 Jun 1993`	Federated States of Micronesia
`�6 Jul 1994`	Eritrea
`10 Oct 1995`	Brunei
`16 Dec 1997`	Palau
`29 Jun 2009`	Kosovo
¹Expelled 5 Jan 1955; rejoined 20 Sep 1990; from 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic and Slovakia. ²Expelled 25 Feb 1993; readmitted 8 May 2001; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. ³Withdrew 1 Dec 1960; rejoined 18 Sep 1961. ⁴Withdrew 14 Mar 1950; rejoined 27 Jun 1986. ⁵Withdrew 14 Nov 1960. ⁶From 1972 Sri Lanka. ⁷From 1989 Myanmar. ⁸From 1985 C�te d'Ivoire. ⁹From 1984 Burkina Faso. ¹⁰From 1975 Benin. ¹¹From 1990 Yemen. ¹²From 1997 Samoa.

`�1 Jan 1948`	Australia, Belgium, Canada, China¹, Cuba, Czechoslovakia², France, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States
`13 Jun 1948`	South Africa
`�8 Jul 1948`	India
`10 Jul 1948`	Norway
`11 Jul 1948`	Southern Rhodesia³
`29 Jul 1948`	Burma⁴, Ceylon⁵
`30 Jul 1948`	Brazil, New Zealand, Pakistan
`16 Mar 1949`	Chile
`�1 Jan 1950`	Haiti
`24 Feb 1950`	Indonesia
`�1 Mar 1950`	Greece
`30 Apr 1950`	Sweden
`19 May 1950`	Dominican Republic
`25 May 1950`	Finland
`28 May 1950`	Denmark, Nicaragua
`30 May 1950`	Italy
`�1 Oct 1951`	Federal Republic of Germany
`�7 Oct 1951`	Peru
`17 Oct 1951`	Turkey
`19 Oct 1951`	Austria
`�6 Dec 1953`	Uruguay
`10 Sep 1955`	Japan
`17 Oct 1957`	Ghana
`24 Oct 1957`	Malaya⁶
`18 Nov 1960`	Nigeria
`19 May 1961`	Sierra Leone
`�9 Dec 1961`	Tanganyika⁷
`�6 May 1962`	Portugal
`�5 Jul 1962`	Israel
`23 Oct 1962`	Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda
`�3 May 1963`	Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon, Kuwait, Upper Volta⁸
`12 Jul 1963`	Chad
`15 Jul 1963`	Cyprus
`29 Aug 1963`	Spain
`12 Sep 1963`	Dahomey⁹
`27 Sep 1963`	Senegal
`30 Sep 1963`	Madagascar, Mauritania
`31 Dec 1963`	Ivory Coast¹⁰, Jamaica, Niger
`�5 Feb 1964`	Kenya
`20 Mar 1964`	Togo
`28 Aug 1964`	Malawi
`17 Nov 1964`	Malta
`22 Feb 1965`	The Gambia
`13 Mar 1965`	Burundi
`�1 Jan 1966`	Rwanda
`�5 Jul 1966`	Guyana
`�1 Aug 1966`	Switzerland
`25 Aug 1966`	Yugoslavia
`15 Feb 1967`	Barbados
`14 Apr 1967`	South Korea
`11 Oct 1967`	Argentina
`18 Oct 1967`	Poland
`22 Dec 1967`	Ireland
`21 Apr 1968`	Iceland
`�9 May 1970`	Egypt
`�2 Sep 1970`	Mauritius
`11 Sep 1971`	Zaire
`14 Nov 1971`	Romania
`16 Dec 1972`	Bangladesh
`20 Aug 1973`	Singapore
`�9 Sep 1973`	Hungary
`22 Mar 1978`	Suriname
`27 Dec 1979`	Philippines
`�3 Oct 1981`	Colombia
`10 Feb 1982`	Zambia
`20 Nov 1982`	Thailand
`19 Apr 1983`	Maldives
`�7 Oct 1983`	Belize
`23 Apr 1986`	Hong Kong
`24 Aug 1986`	Mexico
`30 Mar 1987`	Antigua and Barbuda
`17 Jun 1987`	Morocco
`28 Aug 1987`	Botswana
`�8 Jan 1988`	Lesotho
`29 Aug 1990`	Tunisia
`31 Aug 1990`	Venezuela
`�8 Sep 1990`	Bolivia
`24 Nov 1990`	Costa Rica
`11 Jan 1991`	Macau
`22 May 1991`	El Salvador
`10 Oct 1991`	Guatemala
`27 Jul 1992`	Mozambique
`15 Sep 1992`	Namibia
`11 Jan 1993`	Mali
`�8 Feb 1993`	Swaziland
`13 Apr 1993`	Saint Lucia
`15 Apr 1993`	Czech Republic, Slovakia
`20 Apr 1993`	Dominica
`18 May 1993`	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
`16 Nov 1993`	Fiji
`�9 Dec 1993`	Brunei
`13 Dec 1993`	Bahrain
`�6 Jan 1994`	Paraguay
`�9 Feb 1994`	Grenada
`�8 Mar 1994`	United Arab Emirates
`17 Mar 1994`	Guinea-Bissau
`24 Mar 1994`	Saint Kitts and Nevis
`29 Mar 1994`	Liechtenstein
`�7 Apr 1994`	Qatar
`�8 Apr 1994`	Angola
`10 Apr 1994`	Honduras
`30 Oct 1994`	Slovenia
`�8 Dec 1994`	Guinea
`16 Dec 1994`	Djibouti, Papua New Guinea
`28 Dec 1994`	Solomon Islands
¹Withdrew 5 May 1950. ²Dissolved 31 Dec 1992. ³From 1980 Zimbabwe. ⁴From 1989 Myanmar. ⁵From 1972 Sri Lanka. ⁶From 1963 Malaysia. ⁷From 1964 Tanzania. ⁸From 1984 Burkina Faso. ⁹From 1975 Benin. ¹⁰From 1985 C�te d'Ivoire.

`�1 Jan 1995`	Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, C�te d'Ivoire, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, European Union, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia
`�1 Mar 1995`	Trinidad and Tobago
`�5 Mar 1995`	Zimbabwe
`�9 Mar 1995`	Dominican Republic, Jamaica
`26 Mar 1995`	Turkey
`29 Mar 1995`	Tunisia
`20 Apr 1995`	Cuba
`21 Apr 1995`	Israel
`30 Apr 1995`	Colombia
`�7 May 1995`	El Salvador
`31 May 1995`	Botswana, Central African Republic, Djibouti, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Togo
`�3 Jun 1995`	Burkina Faso
`30 Jun 1995`	Egypt
`�1 Jul 1995`	Poland, Switzerland
`21 Jul 1995`	Guatemala
`23 Jul 1995`	Burundi, Sierra Leone
`30 Jul 1995`	Cyprus, Slovenia
`26 Aug 1995`	Mozambique
`�1 Sep 1995`	Liechtenstein
`�3 Sep 1995`	Nicaragua
`12 Sep 1995`	Bolivia
`25 Oct 1995`	Guinea
`17 Nov 1995`	Madagascar
`13 Dec 1995`	Cameroon
`13 Jan 1996`	Qatar
`14 Jan 1996`	Fiji
`21 Jan 1996`	Ecuador
`30 Jan 1996`	Haiti
`21 Feb 1996`	Saint Kitts and Nevis
`22 Feb 1996`	Benin, Grenada
`10 Apr 1996`	United Arab Emirates
`22 May 1996`	Rwanda
`�9 Jun 1996`	Papua New Guinea
`26 Jul 1996`	Solomon Islands
`19 Oct 1996`	Chad
`23 Oct 1996`	The Gambia
`23 Nov 1996`	Angola
`�1 Dec 1996`	Bulgaria
`13 Dec 1996`	Niger
`�1 Jan 1997`	Congo (Kinshasa)
`29 Jan 1997`	Mongolia
`27 Mar 1997`	Congo (Brazzaville)
`�6 Sep 1997`	Panama
`20 Dec 1998`	Kyrgyzstan
`10 Feb 1999`	Latvia
`13 Nov 1999`	Estonia
`11 Apr 2000`	Jordan
`14 Jun 2000`	Georgia
`�8 Sep 2000`	Albania
`�9 Nov 2000`	Oman
`30 Nov 2000`	Croatia
`31 May 2001`	Lithuania
`26 Jul 2001`	Moldova
`11 Dec 2001`	China
`�1 Jan 2002`	Taiwan
`�5 Feb 2003`	Armenia
`�4 Apr 2003`	Macedonia
`23 Apr 2004`	Nepal
`13 Oct 2004`	Cambodia
`11 Dec 2005`	Saudi Arabia
`11 Jan 2007`	Vietnam
`27 Jul 2007`	Tonga
`16 May 2008`	Ukraine
`23 Jul 2008`	Cape Verde