Pakistan - Palau - Palestine - Panama - Papua New Guinea - Paraguay - Peru |
15 Aug 1947 independence (Dominion of Pakistan)
(previously part of British India)
23 Mar 1956 Islamic Republic of Pakistan
8 Jun 1962 Republic of Pakistan
14 Aug 1973 Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
15 Aug 1947 - 11 Sep 1948 Mohammad Ali Jinnah (b. 1876 - d. 1948)
14 Sep 1948 - 17 Oct 1951 Khwaja Nazimuddin (b. 1894 - d. 1964)
(acting to 11 Nov 1948)
17 Oct 1951 - 6 Oct 1955 Ghulam Mohammad (b. 1895 - d. 1956)
6 Oct 1955 - 23 Mar 1956 Iskander Mirza (b. 1899 - d. 1969)
Presidents
23 Mar 1956 - 27 Oct 1958 Iskander Mirza (s.a.)
27 Oct 1958 - 25 Mar 1969 Mohammad Ayub Khan (b. 1907 - d. 1974)
25 Mar 1969 - 20 Dec 1971 Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan (b. 1917 - d. 1980)
(chief martial law administrator to 31 Mar 1969)
20 Dec 1971 - 13 Aug 1973 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (b. 1928 - d. 1979)
14 Aug 1973 - 16 Sep 1978 Fazal Elahi Chaudhry (b. 1904 - d. 1982)
16 Sep 1978 - 17 Aug 1988 Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq (b. 1924 - d. 1988)
17 Aug 1988 - 18 Jul 1993 Ghulam Ishaq Khan (b. 1915 - d. 2006)
(acting to 12 Dec 1988)
18 Jul 1993 - 14 Nov 1993 Wasim Sajjad (1st time) (acting) (b. 1941)
14 Nov 1993 - 2 Dec 1997 Farooq Ahmed Leghari (b. 1940)
2 Dec 1997 - 1 Jan 1998 Wasim Sajjad (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1998 - 20 Jun 2001 Mohammad Rafiq Tarar (b. 1929)
20 Jun 2001 - 18 Aug 2008 Pervez Musharraf (b. 1943)
18 Aug 2008 - 9 Sep 2008 Mohammadmian Soomro (acting) (b. 1950)
9 Sep 2008 - Asif Ali Zardari (b. 1955)
Prime ministers
19 Jul 1947 - 16 Oct 1951 Liaquat Ali Khan (b. 1895 - d. 1951)
17 Oct 1951 - 17 Apr 1953 Khwaja Nazimuddin (s.a.)
17 Apr 1953 - 11 Aug 1955 Mohammad Ali Bogra (b. 1909 - d. 1963)
11 Aug 1955 - 12 Sep 1956 Chaudhry Mohammad Ali (b. 1905 - d. 1980)
12 Sep 1956 - 17 Oct 1957 Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (b. 1893 - d. 1963)
17 Oct 1957 - 16 Dec 1957 Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar (b. 1897 - d. 1960)
16 Dec 1957 - 7 Oct 1958 Malik Firoz Khan Noon (b. 1893 - d. 1970)
7 Oct 1958 - 28 Oct 1958 Mohammad Ayub Khan (s.a.)
(chief martial law administrator to 24 Oct 1958)
7 Dec 1971 - 20 Dec 1971 Nurul Amin (b. 1893 - d. 1974)
14 Aug 1973 - 5 Jul 1977 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (s.a.)
5 Jul 1977 - 24 Mar 1985 Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq (s.a.)
(chief martial law administrator)
24 Mar 1985 - 29 May 1988 Mohammad Khan Junejo (b. 1932 - d. 1993)
9 Jun 1988 - 17 Aug 1988 Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq (s.a.)
2 Dec 1988 - 6 Aug 1990 Benazir Bhutto (f) (1st time) (b. 1953 - d. 2007)
6 Aug 1990 - 6 Nov 1990 Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi (b. 1931 - d. 2009)
6 Nov 1990 - 18 Apr 1993 Nawaz Sharif (1st time) (b. 1949)
18 Apr 1993 - 26 May 1993 Balakh Sher Mazari (b. 1922?)
26 May 1993 - 18 Jul 1993 Nawaz Sharif (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Jul 1993 - 19 Oct 1993 Moeen Qureshi (b. 1930)
19 Oct 1993 - 5 Nov 1996 Benazir Bhutto (f) (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Nov 1996 - 17 Feb 1997 Miraj Khalid (interim) (b. 1916 - d. 2003)
17 Feb 1997 - 12 Oct 1999 Nawaz Sharif (3rd time) (s.a.)
14 Oct 1999 - 23 Nov 2002 Pervez Musharraf (s.a.)
(chief executive)
23 Nov 2002 - 30 Jun 2004 Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali (b. 1944)
30 Jun 2004 - 28 Aug 2004 Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain (b. 1946)
28 Aug 2004 - 16 Nov 2007 Shaukat Aziz (b. 1949)
16 Nov 2007 - 25 Mar 2008 Mohammadmian Soomro (s.a.)
25 Mar 2008 - Yousaf Raza Gilani (b. 1952)
1899 part of German New Guinea (see under Papua New Guinea)
1914 Japanese occupation
1944 U.S. occupation
18 Jul 1947 part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
(see under Micronesia, Federated States of)
1 Jan 1981 Republic of Palau
10 Jul 1987 trust territory dissolved; Palau remains trusteeship under the
administrative responsibility of the U.S. Interior Department
1 Oct 1994 independence
Presidents
1 Jan 1981 - 30 Jun 1985 Haruo I. Remeliik (b. 1934 - d. 1985)
30 Jun 1985 - 2 Jul 1985 Thomas Remengesau (1st time) (b. 1931?)
(acting)
2 Jul 1985 - 25 Oct 1985 Alfonso Oiterong (b. 1925?)
25 Oct 1985 - 20 Aug 1988 Lazarus Salii (b. 1936 - d. 1988)
20 Aug 1988 - 31 Dec 1988 Thomas Remengesau (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1989 - 31 Dec 1992 Ngiratkel Etpison (b. 1925? - d. 1997)
1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 2000 Kuniwo Nakamura (b. 1943)
1 Jan 2001 - 15 Jan 2009 Tommy Remengesau (b. 1956)
15 Jan 2009 - Johnson Toribiong (b. 1946)
Chiefs (title Ibedul)
- Idid dynasty -
1783 - 1792 Ngiraidid Chorot "mlad er a burek"
[not the first Ibedul]
1792 - ... Kingsos
... - ... Ngiratachadong
... - ... Meang Merikl "meringel a kemedil"
... - 1867 Ngirachosarech "mlad er a soldau" (b. ... - d. 1867)
1867 - 1872 Meresou
1872 - ... Ngirchokebai
... - ... Louch
... - 29 Jan 1939 Tem
1939 - 19.. Ngiraked
19.. - 1972 Ngoriakl (b. ... - d. 1972)
1972 - Yutaka Gibbons (b. 1944)
1972 - 1974 Gloria Salii (f) (b. 1950)
(acting for Gibbons)
Chiefs (title Reklai)
- Udes dynasty -
... - ... Orakiruu [not the first Reklai]
*1800* Cheltuk
18.. - 18.. Okerangel
*1880 - 1890* Temol
... - ... Ngirachermang
... - ... Soilokel
... - 192. Rrull
192. - 19.. Tellei
*1973* Lomisang
*1978* Termeteet (acting)
*1983* Siangeldeb Basilius
*1991* John Ngiraked (acting)
*1998 - Raphael Bao Ngirmang (b. 1932)
Jun 1967 West Bank (Jordan) and Gaza Strip (Egypt) seized by Israel
31 Jul 1988 Jordan abandons claims to West Bank
4 May 1994 Palestinian Authority created to administer most of Gaza
Strip and parts of West Bank (Jericho area handed over 13
May 1994, Gaza Strip 18 May 1994, Jenin 13 Nov 1995,
Tulkarem 10 Dec 1995, Nablus 11 Dec 1995, Qalqilya 16 Dec
1995, Bethlehem 21 Dec 1995, Ramallah 27 Dec 1995, 80% of
Hebron 17 Jan 1997)
Presidents
5 Jul 1994 - 11 Nov 2004 Yasir Arafat (b. 1929 - d. 2004)
(Israeli detainee in Ramallah 29 Mar - 1 May 2002)
29 Oct 2004 - 11 Nov 2004 Ahmed Qureia (acting for Arafat) (b. 1937)
11 Nov 2004 - 15 Jan 2005 Rauhi Fattouh (acting) (b. 1953)
15 Jan 2005 - Mahmoud Abbas (b. 1935)
Prime ministers
30 Apr 2003 - 7 Oct 2003 Mahmoud Abbas (s.a.)
7 Oct 2003 - 15 Dec 2005 Ahmed Qureia (1st time) (s.a.)
15 Dec 2005 - 24 Dec 2005 Nabil Shaath (acting) (b. 1938)
24 Dec 2005 - 29 Mar 2006 Ahmed Qureia (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Mar 2006 - 14 Jun 2007 Ismail Haniya (b. 1963)
(continues in rebellion in Gaza Strip)
17 Jun 2007 - Salam Fayyad (b. 1952)
18 Nov 1840 State of Panama (secession from Colombia)
20 Mar 1841 State of the Isthmus
31 Dec 1841 reincorporation into Colombia
(see also Colombian states 1855-86)
3 Nov 1903 independence (Republic of Panama)
De facto rulers
11 Oct 1968 - 31 Jul 1981 Omar Torrijos Herrera (b. 1929 - d. 1981)
(commander National Guard)
3 Mar 1982 - 12 Aug 1983 Rub�n Dar�o Paredes (b. 1933)
(commander National Guard)
12 Aug 1983 - 20 Dec 1989 Manuel Noriega (b. 1936)
(commander National Guard [from 29 Sep 1983
Panama Defense Forces])
Superior Civil Chief
18 Nov 1840 - 20 Mar 1841 Tom�s de Herrera (b. 1804 - d. 1854)
Superior Chief of State
20 Mar 1841 - 8 Jun 1841 Tom�s de Herrera (s.a.)
President
8 Jun 1841 - 31 Dec 1841 Tom�s de Herrera (s.a.)
President of the Municipal Council of the District of Panama
3 Nov 1903 - 4 Nov 1903 Demetrio H. Brid (b. 1859 - d. 1917)
Chairman of the Provisional Government Junta
4 Nov 1903 - 20 Feb 1904 Jos� Agust�n Arango (b. 1841 - d. 1909)
Presidents
20 Feb 1904 - 1 Oct 1908 Manuel Amador Guerrero (b. 1833 - d. 1909)
1 Oct 1908 - 1 Mar 1910 Jos� Domingo de Obald�a (b. 1845 - d. 1910)
1 Mar 1910 - 1 Oct 1910 Carlos Antonio Mendoza (acting) (b. 1856 - d. 1916)
1 Oct 1910 - 5 Oct 1910 Federico Boyd (acting) (b. 1851 - d. 1924)
5 Oct 1910 - 1 Oct 1912 Pablo Arosemena Alba (acting) (b. 1836 - d. 1920)
1 Oct 1912 - 1 Oct 1916 Belisario Porras Barahona
(1st time) (b. 1856 - d. 1942)
1 Oct 1916 - 3 Jun 1918 Ram�n Maximiliano Vald�s (b. 1867 - d. 1918)
3 Jun 1918 - 1 Oct 1918 Ciro Luis Urriola (acting) (b. 1863 - d. 1922)
1 Oct 1918 - 12 Oct 1918 Pedro Antonio D�az (acting) (b. 1847 - d. 1919)
12 Oct 1918 - 30 Jan 1920 Belisario Porras Barahona
(2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Jan 1920 - 1 Oct 1920 Ernesto Tisdel Lefevre (acting) (b. 1876 - d. 1922)
1 Oct 1920 - 1 Oct 1924 Belisario Porras Barahona
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Oct 1924 - 1 Oct 1928 Rodolfo Chiari (b. 1869 - d. 1937)
1 Oct 1928 - 3 Jan 1931 Florencio Harmodio Arosemena (b. 1872 - d. 1945)
16 Jan 1931 - 5 Jun 1932 Ricardo Joaqu�n Alfaro Jovan� (b. 1882 - d. 1971)
(acting)
5 Jun 1932 - 1 Oct 1936 Harmodio Arias Madrid (b. 1886 - d. 1962)
1 Oct 1936 - 16 Dec 1939 Juan Dem�stenes Arosemena (b. 1879 - d. 1939)
16 Dec 1939 - 18 Dec 1939 Ezequiel Fern�ndez Ja�n (acting) (b. 1886 - d. 1946)
18 Dec 1939 - 1 Oct 1940 Augusto Samuel Boyd (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1957)
1 Oct 1940 - 9 Oct 1941 Arnulfo Arias Madrid (1st time) (b. 1901 - d. 1988)
9 Oct 1941 (hours) Ernesto Ja�n Guardia (acting) (b. 1895 - d. 1961)
9 Oct 1941 - 15 Jun 1945 Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia
Arango (acting to 21 Oct 1941) (b. 1899 - d. 1969)
15 Feb 1945 - 15 Jun 1945 Jeptha B. Duncan (b. 1885 - d. 1977)
(acting, in rebellion)
15 Jun 1945 - 7 Aug 1948 Enrique Adolfo Jim�nez Brin (b. 1888 - d. 1970)
(provisional)
12 Jul 1948 - 13 Jul 1948 Henrique de Obarrio
(in rebellion)
7 Aug 1948 - 28 Jul 1949 Domingo D�az Arosemena (b. 1875 - d. 1949)
28 Jul 1949 - 20 Nov 1949 Daniel Chanis Pinz�n (b. 1891 - d. 1961)
20 Nov 1949 - 24 Nov 1949 Roberto F. Chiari (1st time) (b. 1905 - d. 1981)
24 Nov 1949 - 9 May 1951 Arnulfo Arias Madrid (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 May 1951 - 1 Oct 1952 Alcib�ades Arosemena (b. 1883 - d. 1958)
1 Oct 1952 - 2 Jan 1955 Jos� Antonio Rem�n Cantera (b. 1908 - d. 1955)
2 Jan 1955 - 29 Mar 1955 Jos� Ram�n Guizado Vald�s (b. 1899 - d. 1964)
29 Mar 1955 - 1 Oct 1956 Ricardo Arias Espinosa (b. 1912 - d. 1993)
1 Oct 1956 - 1 Oct 1960 Ernesto de la Guardia Navarro (b. 1904 - d. 1983)
1 Oct 1960 - 1 Oct 1964 Roberto F. Chiari (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Oct 1964 - 1 Oct 1968 Marco Aurelio Robles M�ndez (b. 1905 - d. 1990)
24 Mar 1968 - 5 Apr 1968 Max Delvalle (in rebellion) (b. 1911 - d. 1979)
1 Oct 1968 - 11 Oct 1968 Arnulfo Arias Madrid (3rd time) (s.a.)
12 Oct 1968 - 18 Dec 1969 Jos� Mar�a Pinilla F�brega (b. 1919 - d. 1979)
(chairman Provisional Junta)
19 Dec 1969 - 11 Oct 1978 Demetrio Lakas Bahas (b. 1925 - d. 1999)
(chairman Provisional Junta to 11 Oct 1972)
11 Oct 1978 - 31 Jul 1982 Aristides Royo (b. 1940)
31 Jul 1982 - 13 Feb 1984 Ricardo de la Espriella (b. 1934)
13 Feb 1984 - 11 Oct 1984 Jorge Illueca (b. 1918)
11 Oct 1984 - 28 Sep 1985 Nicol�s Ardito Barletta Vallarino (b. 1938)
28 Sep 1985 - 26 Feb 1988 Eric Arturo Delvalle (b. 1937)
(continues in rebellion to 1 Sep 1989)
26 Feb 1988 - 1 Sep 1989 Manuel Sol�s Palma (acting) (b. 1917 - d. 2009)
1 Sep 1989 - 20 Dec 1989 Francisco Rodr�guez (provisional) (b. 1938)
20 Dec 1989 - 1 Sep 1994 Guillermo Endara (b. 1936 - d. 2009)
1 Sep 1994 - 1 Sep 1999 Ernesto P�rez Balladares (b. 1946)
1 Sep 1999 - 1 Sep 2004 Mireya Moscoso (f) (b. 1946)
1 Sep 2004 - 1 Jul 2009 Mart�n Torrijos (b. 1963)
1 Jul 2009 - Ricardo Martinelli (b. 1952)
Chiefs of Government
11 Oct 1972 - 11 Oct 1978 Omar Torrijos Herrera (s.a.)
(formally Supreme Leader of the Panamanian Revolution)
15 Dec 1989 - 20 Dec 1989 Manuel Noriega (s.a.)
18 Nov 1903 administered by U.S. War (later Defense) Department 30 Sep 1979 U.S. cedes Canal Zone to Panama Governors 14 May 1904 - 24 May 1905 George W. Davis (b. 1839 - d. 1913) 25 May 1905 - 12 Oct 1906 Charles E. Magoon (b. 1861 - d. 1920) 19 Nov 1906 - 31 Mar 1907 Richard R. Rogers (b. 1868 - d. 1949) 1 Apr 1907 - 4 Dec 1909 Joseph C.S. Blackburn (b. 1838 - d. 1918) 13 May 1910 - 8 Aug 1913 Maurice H. Thatcher (b. 1870 - d. 1973) 9 Aug 1913 - 31 Mar 1914 Richard L. Metcalfe (b. 1861 - d. 1954) 1 Apr 1914 - 10 Jan 1917 George Washington Goethals (b. 1858 - d. 1928) 11 Jan 1917 - 27 Mar 1921 Chester Harding (b. 1866 - d. 1936) 28 Mar 1921 - 15 Oct 1924 Jay J. Morrow (b. 1870 - d. 1937) 16 Oct 1924 - 15 Oct 1928 Meriwether L. Walker (b. 1869 - d. 1947) 16 Oct 1928 - 20 Oct 1932 Harry Burgess (b. 1872 - d. 1933) 21 Oct 1932 - 26 Aug 1936 Julian L. Schley (b. 1880 - d. 1965) 27 Aug 1936 - 10 Jul 1940 Clarence S. Ridley (b. 1883 - d. 1969) 11 Jul 1940 - 15 May 1944 Glen E. Edgerton (b. 1887 - d. 1976) 16 May 1944 - 19 May 1948 Joseph C. Mehaffey (b. 1889 - d. 1963) 20 May 1948 - 26 May 1952 Francis K. Newcomer (b. 1889 - d. 1967) 27 May 1952 - 27 May 1956 John S. Seybold (b. 1897 - d. 1984) 28 May 1956 - 30 Jun 1960 William E. Potter (b. 1905 - d. 1988) 1 Jul 1960 - 31 Jan 1962 William A. Carter (b. 1907 - d. 1996) 1 Feb 1962 - 31 Jan 1967 Robert J. Fleming (b. 1907 - d. 1984) 21 Feb 1967 - 2 Mar 1971 Walter P. Leber (b. 1918 - d. 2009) 3 Mar 1971 - 25 Mar 1975 David S. Parker (b. 1919 - d. 1990) 26 Mar 1975 - 30 Sep 1979 Harold R. Parfitt (b. 1921 - d. 2006)
3 Nov 1884 Germany proclaims protectorate over northeastern New Guinea
6 Nov 1884 Britain proclaims protectorate over southeastern New Guinea
1 Sep 1906 British New Guinea passed to Australia as Territory of
Papua
Nov 1914 Australian occupation of German New Guinea
17 Dec 1920 German New Guinea becomes League of Nations mandate
21 Jan 1942 - 1944 Japanese occupation of New Guinea and part of Papua
1945 Territory of Papua and New Guinea
1 Jul 1971 Territory of Papua New Guinea
16 Sep 1975 independence (Independent State of Papua New Guinea)
Commissioner
1885 - Jan 1887 Gustav von Oertzen (b. 1836 - d. 1911)
Landeshauptleute (of the New Guinea Company)
10 Jun 1886 - 1 Mar 1888 Georg Freiherr von Schleinitz (b. 1834 - d. 1910)
1 Mar 1888 - 31 Oct 1889 Reinhold Kraetke (b. 1845 - d. 1934)
Commissioner
1 Nov 1889 - 31 Aug 1892 Fritz Rose (acting to 30 Sep 1890) (b. 1855 - d. 1922)
Landeshauptleute (of the New Guinea Company)
1 Sep 1892 - 3 Mar 1895 Georg Schmiele (b. 1855 - d. 1895)
3 Mar 1895 - 17 Aug 1896 Hugo R�diger
22 Sep 1896 - 13 Aug 1897 Curt von Hagen (b. 1859 - d. 1897)
15 Aug 1897 - 11 Sep 1897 Albert Hahl (acting) (b. 1868 - d. 1945)
11 Sep 1897 - 31 Mar 1899 Hugo Skopnik
Governors
1 Apr 1899 - 10 Jul 1901 Rudolf von Bennigsen (b. 1860 - d. 1912)
10 Jul 1901 - 13 Apr 1914 Albert Hahl (s.a.)
(acting to 10 Nov 1902)
13 Apr 1914 - 17 Oct 1914 Eduard Haber (acting) (b. 1866 - d. 1947)
Administrators
Nov 1914 - 8 Jan 1915 William Holmes (b. 1862 - d. 1917)
8 Jan 1915 - 21 Oct 1917 Samuel Augustus Pethbridge (b. 1862 - d. 1918)
21 Oct 1917 - 21 Apr 1918 Seaforth Simpson Mackenzie (b. 1883 - d. 1955)
(acting)
21 Apr 1918 - 1 May 1920 George Jameson Johnston (b. 1869 - d. 1949)
1 May 1920 - 21 Mar 1921 Thomas Griffiths (1st time) (b. 1865 - d. 1947)
21 Mar 1921 - 13 Jun 1933 Evan Alexander Wisdom (b. 1869 - d. 1945)
13 Jun 1933 - 12 Sep 1934 Thomas Griffiths (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
12 Sep 1934 - Dec 1942 Walter Ramsay McNicoll (from 1937,
Sir Walter Ramsay McNicoll) (b. 1877 - d. 1947)
Commissioners
Nov 1884 - 2 Dec 1885 Sir Peter Henry Scratchley (b. 1835 - d. 1885)
Dec 1885 - 1886 Hugh Hastings Romilly (acting) (b. 1856 - d. 1892)
1886 - 1887 John Douglas (b. 1828 - d. 1904)
1887 - 4 Sep 1888 William MacGregor (b. 1846 - d. 1919)
Administrators
4 Sep 1888 - 1897 William MacGregor (from 1889,
Sir William MacGregor) (s.a.)
1898 - 1903 George Ruthven Le Hunte (b. 1852 - d. 1925)
Jun 1903 - 1904 Christopher Stansfield Robinson (b. 1871 - d. 1904)
(acting)
1904 - 1907 Francis Rickman Barton (acting) (b. 1865 - d. 1947)
1908 - 27 Feb 1940 Hubert Murray (from 1925,
Sir Hubert Murray) (b. 1861 - d. 1940)
Dec 1940 - 1942 Hubert Leonard Murray (acting) (b. 1886 - d. 1963)
12 Feb 1942 - 1945 Basil Moorhouse Morris (b. 1888 - d. 1975)
Administrators
31 Oct 1945 - 1952 Jack Keith Murray (b. 1889 - d. 1979)
1952 - 1966 Donald Cleland (from 1961,
Sir Donald Cleland) (b. 1901 - d. 1975)
23 Dec 1966 - 1970 David Osborne Hay (b. 1916 - d. 2009)
1970 - 1973 Leslie Wilson Johnson (b. 1916 - d. 2000)
High commissioners
1973 - Mar 1974 Leslie Wilson Johnson (s.a.)
Mar 1974 - 16 Sep 1975 Thomas Kingston Critchley (b. 1916)
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
16 Sep 1975 - 1 Mar 1977 Sir John Guise (b. 1914 - d. 1991)
1 Mar 1977 - 1 Mar 1983 Sir Tore Lokoloko (b. 1930)
1 Mar 1983 - 1 Mar 1989 Sir Kingsford Dibela (b. 1932 - d. 2002)
1 Mar 1989 - 31 Dec 1989 Sir Ignatius Kilage (b. 1941 - d. 1989)
31 Dec 1989 - 27 Feb 1990 Dennis Young (1st time) (acting) (b. 1938)
27 Feb 1990 - 4 Oct 1991 Sir Serei Eri (b. 1936 - d. 1993)
4 Oct 1991 - 18 Nov 1991 Dennis Young (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
18 Nov 1991 - 20 Nov 1997 Wiwa Korowi (from 10 Dec 1991,
Sir Wiwa Korowi) (b. 1948)
20 Nov 1997 - 20 Nov 2003 Silas Atopare (from 29 Jan 1998,
Sir Silas Atopare) (b. 1951)
21 Nov 2003 - 28 May 2004 Bill Skate (acting) (b. 1953 - d. 2006)
28 May 2004 - 29 Jun 2004 Jeffery Nape (acting)
29 Jun 2004 - Sir Paulias Matane (b. 1931)
Chief minister
27 Apr 1972 - 16 Sep 1975 Michael Somare (b. 1936)
Prime ministers
16 Sep 1975 - 11 Mar 1980 Michael Somare (1st time) (s.a.)
11 Mar 1980 - 2 Aug 1982 Sir Julius Chan (1st time) (b. 1939)
2 Aug 1982 - 21 Nov 1985 Michael Somare (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Nov 1985 - 4 Jul 1988 Paias Wingti (1st time) (b. 1951)
4 Jul 1988 - 17 Jul 1992 Rabbie Namaliu (b. 1947)
17 Jul 1992 - 30 Aug 1994 Paias Wingti (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Aug 1994 - 27 Mar 1997 Sir Julius Chan (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Mar 1997 - 2 Jun 1997 John Giheno (acting) (b. 1950)
2 Jun 1997 - 22 Jul 1997 Sir Julius Chan (3rd time) (s.a.)
22 Jul 1997 - 14 Jul 1999 Bill Skate (s.a.)
14 Jul 1999 - 5 Aug 2002 Sir Mekere Morauta (b. 1946)
5 Aug 2002 - Sir Michael Somare (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Sep 1975 secession as Republic of the North Solomons
(not recognized)
9 Aug 1976 autonomous province
Apr 1995 Bougainville Transitional Government established
1 Jan 1999 replaced by Bougainville Reconciliation Government
15 Jun 2005 Bougainville Autonomous Government established
Premiers
1 Sep 1975 - 1980 Alexis Sarei (1st time) (b. 1934)
1980 - 1984 Leo Hannett (b. 1941)
1984 - 1987 Alexis Sarei (2nd time) (s.a.)
1987 - 29 Aug 1990 Joseph Kabui (b. 1954 - d. 2008)
Administrator
Aug 1990 - Apr 1995 Sam Tulo (b. 1946)
Premiers
Apr 1995 - 12 Oct 1996 Theodore Miriung (b. 1945 - d. 1996)
18 Nov 1996 - 31 Dec 1998 Gerard Sinato
Co-chairmen of the Bougainville Constituent Assembly
15 Jan 1999 - 9 Dec 1999 Gerard Sinato
+ Joseph Kabui (s.a.)
Governors
9 Dec 1999 - 20 Apr 2005 John Momis (b. 1942)
20 Apr 2005 - 15 Jun 2005 Gerard Sinato (acting)
Presidents
15 Jun 2005 - 7 Jun 2008 Joseph Kabui (s.a.)
7 Jun 2008 - 6 Jan 2009 John Tabinaman (acting) (b. 1951?)
6 Jan 2009 - James Tanis
12 Oct 1813 independence (Republic of Paraguay)
Consuls of the Republic in power (2 consuls alternating in power every 4 months)
12 Oct 1813 - 12 Feb 1814 Jos� Gaspar Rodr�guez de Francia
(1st time) (b. 1766 - d. 1840)
12 Feb 1814 - 12 Jun 1814 Fulgencio Yegros (b. 1780 - d. 1821)
12 Jun 1814 - 3 Oct 1814 Jos� Gaspar Rodr�guez de Francia
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Supreme Dictator
3 Oct 1814 - 20 Sep 1840 Jos� Gaspar Rodr�guez de Francia (s.a.)
(from 6 Jun 1816 styled Perpetual Supreme Dictator)
Presidents of the Provisional Junta
20 Sep 1840 - 22 Jan 1841 Manuel Antonio Ortiz
22 Jan 1841 - 9 Feb 1841 Juan Jos� Medina
9 Feb 1841 - 14 Mar 1841 Mariano Roque Alonzo (b. ... - d. 1853)
(Commandant-General)
Consuls of the Republic
14 Mar 1841 - 13 Mar 1844 Carlos Antonio L�pez (b. 1792 - d. 1862)
+ Mariano Roque Alonzo (s.a.)
(ruling jointly, but occasionally styled First Consul,
Second Consul)
Presidents
14 Mar 1844 - 10 Sep 1862 Carlos Antonio L�pez (s.a.)
10 Sep 1862 - 15 Aug 1869 Francisco Solano L�pez (b. 1827 - d. 1870)
(acting to 16 Oct 1862; continues after deposition to
1 Mar 1870)
15 Aug 1869 - 31 Aug 1870 Cirilo Antonio Rivarola (1st time) (b. 1836 - d. 1879)
(President of Provisional Government)
31 Aug 1870 - 1 Sep 1870 Facundo Macha�n (provisional) (b. 1847 - d. 1877)
1 Sep 1870 - 18 Dec 1871 Cirilo Antonio Rivarola (2nd time) (s.a.)
(provisional to 25 Nov 1870)
18 Dec 1871 - 25 Nov 1874 Salvador Jovellanos (acting) (b. 1833 - d. 1881)
25 Nov 1874 - 12 Apr 1877 Juan Bautista Gill (b. 1840 - d. 1877)
12 Apr 1877 - 25 Nov 1878 Higinio Uriarte (b. 1843 - d. 1909)
25 Nov 1878 - 4 Sep 1880 C�ndido Bareiro (b. 1833 - d. 1880)
4 Sep 1880 - 25 Nov 1886 Bernardino Caballero (b. 1839 - d. 1912)
(provisional to 25 Nov 1882)
25 Nov 1886 - 25 Nov 1890 Patricio Escobar (b. 1843 - d. 1912)
25 Nov 1890 - 9 Jun 1894 Juan Gualberto Gonz�lez (b. 1851 - d. 1912)
9 Jun 1894 - 25 Nov 1894 Marcos A. Mor�nigo (acting) (b. 1848 - d. 1901)
25 Nov 1894 - 25 Nov 1898 Juan Bautista Egusquiza (b. 1845 - d. 1902)
25 Nov 1898 - 9 Jan 1902 Emilio Aceval (b. 1853 - d. 1931)
9 Jan 1902 - 25 Nov 1902 Andr�s H�ctor Carvallo (acting) (b. 1862 - d. 1934)
25 Nov 1902 - 19 Dec 1904 Juan Antonio Escurra (b. 1859 - d. 1929)
19 Dec 1904 - 9 Dec 1905 Juan Bautista Gaona (provisional) (b. 1845 - d. 1932)
9 Dec 1905 - 25 Nov 1906 Cecilio B�ez (provisional) (b. 1862 - d. 1941)
25 Nov 1906 - 4 Jul 1908 Benigno Ferreira (b. 1846 - d. 1920)
4 Jul 1908 - 25 Nov 1910 Emiliano Gonz�lez Navero
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1934)
25 Nov 1910 - 17 Jan 1911 Manuel Gondra (1st time) (b. 1871 - d. 1927)
17 Jan 1911 - 5 Jul 1911 Albino Jara (provisional) (b. 1877 - d. 1912)
5 Jul 1911 - 28 Feb 1912 Liberato Marcial Rojas (b. 1870 - d. 1922)
(provisional)
28 Feb 1912 - 22 Mar 1912 Pedro Pablo Pe�a (provisional) (b. 1864 - d. 1943)
22 Mar 1912 - 15 Aug 1912 Emiliano Gonz�lez Navero
(2nd time) (provisional) (s.a.)
15 Aug 1912 - 15 Aug 1916 Eduardo Schaerer (b. 1873 - d. 1941)
15 Aug 1916 - 5 Jun 1919 Manuel Franco (b. 1871 - d. 1919)
5 Jun 1919 - 15 Aug 1920 Jos� Pedro Montero (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1927)
15 Aug 1920 - 7 Nov 1921 Manuel Gondra (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Nov 1921 - 12 Apr 1923 Eusebio Ayala (1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 1942)
(provisional)
12 Apr 1923 - 17 Mar 1924 Eligio Ayala (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1930)
(provisional)
17 Mar 1924 - 15 Aug 1924 Luis Alberto Riart (provisional) (b. 1880 - d. 1953)
15 Aug 1924 - 15 Aug 1928 Eligio Ayala (2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Aug 1928 - 15 Aug 1932 Jos� Patricio Guggiari (b. 1884 - d. 1957)
15 Aug 1932 - 17 Feb 1936 Eusebio Ayala (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Feb 1936 - 20 Feb 1936 Federico Wenman Smith
(Commander-in-Chief)
20 Feb 1936 - 15 Aug 1937 Rafael Franco (provisional) (b. 1896 - d. 1973)
16 Aug 1937 - 15 Aug 1939 F�lix Paiva (b. 1877 - d. 1965)
(provisional to 12 Oct 1938)
15 Aug 1939 - 7 Sep 1940 Jos� F�lix Estigarribia (b. 1888 - d. 1940)
7 Sep 1940 - 8 Sep 1940 Alejandro Mar�n Iglesias (b. ... - d. 1988)
(president of the Council of Ministers)
8 Sep 1940 - 3 Jun 1948 Higinio Mor�nigo (b. 1897 - d. 1983)
(provisional to 15 Aug 1943)
3 Jun 1948 - 15 Aug 1948 Juan Manuel Frutos (provisional) (b. 1879 - d. 1960)
15 Aug 1948 - 30 Jan 1949 Juan Natalicio Gonz�lez (b. 1897 - d. 1966)
30 Jan 1949 - 26 Feb 1949 Raimundo Rol�n (provisional) (b. 1903 - d. 1981)
27 Feb 1949 - 11 Sep 1949 Felipe Molas L�pez (b. 1901 - d. 1954)
(provisional to 14 May 1949)
11 Sep 1949 - 8 May 1954 Federico Chaves (b. 1882 - d. 1978)
(provisional to 15 Aug 1953)
8 May 1954 - 15 Aug 1954 Tom�s Romero Pereira (provisional) (b. 1886 - d. 1982)
15 Aug 1954 - 3 Feb 1989 Alfredo Stroessner (b. 1912 - d. 2006)
3 Feb 1989 - 15 Aug 1993 Andr�s Rodr�guez (b. 1923 - d. 1997)
(provisional to 15 May 1989)
15 Aug 1993 - 15 Aug 1998 Juan Carlos Wasmosy (b. 1938)
15 Aug 1998 - 28 Mar 1999 Ra�l Cubas Grau (b. 1943)
28 Mar 1999 - 15 Aug 2003 Luis �ngel Gonz�lez Macchi (b. 1947)
15 Aug 2003 - 15 Aug 2008 Nicanor Duarte Frutos (b. 1956)
15 Aug 2008 - Fernando Lugo (b. 1951)
1542 (Spanish) Viceroyalty of Peru
28 Jul 1821 independence (Peru)
3 Aug 1821 State of Peru
19 Dec 1822 Peruvian Republic (in sporadic official use also
Republic of Peru)
Viceroys
Aug 1689 - 15 Sep 1705 Melchor Portocarrero Lasso de la
Vega, conde de Monclova (b. 1636 - d. 1705)
Sep 1705 - 22 May 1707 Audiencia
22 May 1707 - 24 Apr 1710 Manuel Oms de Santa Pau Olim de
Sentamanat y Lanuza, marqu�s de
Castell dos Rios (b. 16... - d. 1710)
Apr 1710 - Sep 1710 Miguel N��ez de Sanabria
(president of the Audiencia)
1710 - 21 Feb 1716 Diego Ladr�n de Guevara (b. 1641 - d. 1718)
21 Feb 1716 - Aug 1716 Mateo de la Mata Ponce de Le�n
(president of the Audiencia)
Aug 1716 - 26 Jan 1720 Carmino Nicol�s Caracciolo,
pr�ncipe de Santo Buono (b. 1671 - d. 1727)
26 Jan 1720 - 14 May 1724 Diego Morcillo Rubio de Au��n (b. 1642 - d. 1730)
14 May 1724 - 4 Jan 1736 Jos� de Armend�riz, marqu�s de
Castelfuerte (b. 1670 - d. 1740)
4 Jan 1736 - 12 Jul 1745 Jos� Antonio de Mendoza Caama�o
y Sotomayor, marqu�s de
Villagarc�a, vizconde de Barrantes (b. 1667 - d. 1746)
12 Jul 1745 - 12 Oct 1761 Jos� Antonio Manso de Velasco,
(from 1748) conde de Superunda (b. 1688 - d. 1767)
12 Oct 1761 - 17 Jul 1776 Manuel de Amat y Junient (b. 1704 - d. 1790)
17 Jul 1776 - 21 Jul 1780 Manuel de Guirior y Portal de
Huarte y Edozain (b. 1708 - d. 1788)
21 Jul 1780 - 3 Apr 1784 Agust�n de J�uregui y Aldecoa (b. 1708 - d. 1784)
6 Apr 1784 - 25 Mar 1790 Teodoro de Croix (b. 1730 - d. 1791)
25 Mar 1790 - 6 Jun 1796 Francisco Gil de Taboada y Lemos (b. 1736 - d. 1809)
6 Jun 1796 - 1801 Ambrosio O'Higgins, marqu�s de
Osorno (b. 1716 - d. 1801)
1801 - 5 Nov 1801 Manuel de Arredondo y Pelegrin
(president of the Audiencia)
5 Nov 1801 - 20 Aug 1806 Gabriel de Avil�s y del Fierro,
marqu�s de Avil�s (b. 1730 - d. 1810)
20 Aug 1806 - 7 Jul 1816 Jos� Fernando Abascal y Sousa (b. 1743 - d. 1827)
7 Jul 1816 - 29 Jan 1821 Joaqu�n de la Pezuela, marqu�s
de Viluma (b. 1761 - d. 1830)
29 Jan 1821 - Dec 1824 Jos� de la Serna e Hinojosa (b. 1770 - d. 1832)
(acting)
Dec 1824 - 23 Jan 1826 P�o de Trist�n (acting) (b. 1773 - d. 1859)
General-in-Chief
28 Jul 1821 - 3 Aug 1821 Jos� de San Mart�n (b. 1778 - d. 1850)
Protector
3 Aug 1821 - 20 Sep 1822 Jos� de San Mart�n (s.a.)
President of the Constituent Congress
20 Sep 1822 - 22 Sep 1822 Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro (b. 1780 - d. 1855)
President of the Supreme Governing Junta
22 Sep 1822 - 27 Feb 1823 Jos� La Mar (b. 1778 - d. 1830)
Interim Administrator
27 Feb 1823 - 28 Feb 1823 Jos� Bernardo de Tagle y
Portocarrero, marqu�s de Torre
Tagle, marqu�s de Trujillo (b. 1779 - d. 1825)
Presidents
28 Feb 1823 - 23 Jun 1823 Jos� de la Riva Ag�ero (b. 1783 - d. 1858)
(continues, in revolt, after deposition to 25 Nov 1823)
23 Jun 1823 - 17 Jul 1823 Antonio Jos� de Sucre (b. 1795 - d. 1830)
(Supreme Military Chief)
17 Jul 1823 - 17 Feb 1824 Jos� Bernardo de Tagle y
Portocarrero (s.a.)
(Supreme Chief to 16 Aug 1823)
17 Feb 1824 - 28 Jan 1827 Sim�n Bol�var (b. 1783 - d. 1830)
(Acting Dictator to 10 Feb 1825, Liberator to 9 Dec 1826,
then President-for-Life)
28 Jan 1827 - 9 Jun 1827 Andr�s de Santa Cruz (acting) (b. 1792 - d. 1865)
9 Jun 1827 - 22 Aug 1827 Manuel Salazar y Baqu�jano (b. 1777 - d. 1850)
(acting)
22 Aug 1827 - 7 Jun 1829 Jos� La Mar (s.a.)
7 Jun 1829 - 1 Sep 1829 Antonio Guti�rrez de La Fuente (b. 1796 - d. 1878)
(Provisional Supreme Chief)
1 Sep 1829 - 20 Dec 1833 Agust�n Gamarra (1st time) (b. 1785 - d. 1841)
20 Dec 1833 - 21 Dec 1833 Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro (s.a.)
(President of National Convention)
21 Dec 1833 - 11 Aug 1836 Luis Jos� Orbegoso (provisional) (b. 1795 - d. 1847)
4 Jan 1834 - 24 Apr 1834 Pedro Pablo Berm�dez (b. 1793 - d. 1852)
(Provisional Supreme Chief, in rebellion)
23 Feb 1835 - 7 Feb 1836 Felipe Santiago de Salaverry (b. 1806 - d. 1836)
(Supreme Chief, in rebellion)
17 Mar 1836 South-Peruvian State (also styled Republic of the South of
Peru, or South-Peruvian Republic)
23 Feb 1839 state extinguished
Supreme Protector
17 Mar 1836 - 23 Feb 1839 Andr�s de Santa Cruz (s.a.)
Provisional Presidents
17 Sep 1837 - 12 Oct 1838 Ram�n Herrera (b. 1799 - d. 1882)
12 Oct 1838 - 23 Feb 1839 P�o de Trist�n (s.a.)
11 Aug 1836 North-Peruvian State (also styled Republic of the North of
Peru, or North-Peruvian Republic)
24 Jan 1839 state extinguished
Supreme Protector
11 Aug 1836 - 24 Jan 1839 Andr�s de Santa Cruz (s.a.)
Provisional Presidents
21 Aug 1837 - 30 Jul 1838 Luis Jos� Orbegoso (s.a.)
(declares secession of North-Peruvian Republic from the
Peru-Bolivian Confederation 30 Jul 1838 and continues as
Provisional President to 1 Sep 1838)
11 Aug 1838 - 24 Jan 1839 Jos� de la Riva Ag�ero (s.a.)
25 Aug 1838 Peruvian Republic (in sporadic official use also Republic
of Peru)
28 Sep 1881 - 23 Oct 1883 Chilean occupation
28 Jul 1980 Republic of Peru
Presidents
25 Aug 1838 - 18 Nov 1841 Agust�n Gamarra (2nd time) (s.a.)
(provisional to 11 Jul 1840)
18 Nov 1841 - 16 Aug 1842 Manuel Men�ndez (1st time) (b. 1793 - d. 1847)
(acting)
16 Aug 1842 - 17 Oct 1842 Juan Cris�stomo Torrico (b. 1808 - d. 1875)
(Supreme Chief)
17 Oct 1842 - 15 Mar 1843 Juan Francisco de Vidal (b. 1800 - d. 1869)
(acting; in rebellion from 12 Aug 1842)
16 Mar 1843 - 20 Mar 1843 Justo Figuerola (1st time) (b. 1771 - d. 1854)
(acting)
20 Mar 1843 - 17 Jun 1844 Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco (b. 1806 - d. 1873)
(Supreme Director, in rebellion from 20 Feb 1843 and
continuing to 22 Jul 1844)
3 Sep 1843 - 17 Feb 1844 Domingo Nieto (b. 1803 - d. 1844)
(President of the Provisional Supreme Governing Junta
of the "Free Departments," in rebellion)
17 Feb 1844 - 11 Dec 1844 Ram�n Castilla (b. 1797 - d. 1867)
(ditto)
17 Jun 1844 - 10 Aug 1844 Domingo El�as (b. 1805 - d. 1867)
(Political and Military Chief)
10 Aug 1844 - 11 Aug 1844 Manuel Men�ndez (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
11 Aug 1844 - 7 Oct 1844 Justo Figuerola (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
7 Oct 1844 - 20 Apr 1845 Manuel Men�ndez (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
20 Apr 1845 - 20 Apr 1851 Ram�n Castilla (1st time) (s.a.)
20 Apr 1851 - 5 Jan 1855 Jos� Rufino Echenique (b. 1808 - d. 1887)
5 Jan 1855 - 24 Oct 1862 Ram�n Castilla (2nd time) (s.a.)
(provisional [in rebellion from 1 May 1854] to 25 Oct 1858)
24 Oct 1862 - 3 Apr 1863 Miguel de San Rom�n (b. 1802 - d. 1863)
3 Apr 1863 - 9 Apr 1863 Ram�n Castilla (3rd time) (acting) (s.a.)
9 Apr 1863 - 5 Aug 1863 Pedro Diez Canseco (1st time) (b. 1815 - d. 1893)
(acting)
5 Aug 1863 - 8 Nov 1865 Juan Antonio Pezet (acting) (b. 1809 - d. 1879)
25 Apr 1865 - 24 Jun 1865 Mariano Ignacio Prado (b. 1826 - d. 1901)
(Provisional Supreme Chief, in rebellion)
8 Nov 1865 - 28 Nov 1865 Pedro Diez Canseco (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting, in rebellion from 24 Jun 1865)
28 Nov 1865 - 7 Jan 1868 Mariano Ignacio Prado (1st time) (s.a.)
(Provisional Supreme Chief to 15 Feb 1867,
provisional to 31 Aug 1867)
7 Jan 1868 - 8 Jan 1868 Luis La Puerta (b. 1811 - d. 1896)
(President of the Council of Ministers)
8 Jan 1868 - 2 Aug 1868 Pedro Diez Canseco (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting, in rebellion from 11 Sep 1867)
2 Aug 1868 - 22 Jul 1872 Jos� Balta (b. 1814 - d. 1872)
22 Jul 1872 - 26 Jul 1872 Tom�s Guti�rrez (Supreme Chief) (b. ... - d. 1872)
26 Jul 1872 - 27 Jul 1872 Francisco Diez Canseco (acting) (b. 1820 - d. 1884)
27 Jul 1872 - 2 Aug 1872 Mariano Herencia Zevallos (acting) (b. 1820 - d. 1873)
2 Aug 1872 - 2 Aug 1876 Manuel Pardo (b. 1834 - d. 1878)
2 Aug 1876 - 23 Dec 1879 Mariano Ignacio Prado (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1879 - 12 Mar 1881 Nicol�s de Pi�rola (1st time) (b. 1839 - d. 1913)
(Supreme Chief, continuing in rebellion to 31 Jul 1881
and then as President to 28 Nov 1881)
12 Mar 1881 - 28 Sep 1881 Francisco Garc�a Calder�n (b. 1834 - d. 1905)
(provisional)
17 May 1881 - 23 Oct 1883 Patricio Lynch Solo de Zald�var (b. 1824 - d. 1886)
(Chilean governor)
In opposition to Chilean occupation, two insurrectionary governments develop:
(A)
15 Nov 1881 - 28 Oct 1883 Lizardo Montero (acting) (b. 1832 - d. 1905)
28 Oct 1883 - 3 Dec 1885 Andr�s Avelino C�ceres (acting) (b. 1833 - d. 1923)
(B)
31 Aug 1882 - 3 Dec 1885 Miguel Iglesias (b. 1830 - d. 1909)
(Supreme Chief to 30 Dec 1882, "Regenerator President"
30 Dec 1882 - 2 Mar 1884, then provisional)
3 Dec 1885 - 3 Jun 1886 Antonio Arenas (b. 1808 - d. 1891)
(President of the Council of Ministers)
3 Jun 1886 - 10 Aug 1890 Andr�s Avelino C�ceres (1st time) (s.a.)
10 Aug 1890 - 1 Apr 1894 Remigio Morales Berm�dez (b. 1836 - d. 1894)
1 Apr 1894 - 10 Aug 1894 Justiniano Borgo�o (acting) (b. 1836 - d. 1921)
10 Aug 1894 - 20 Mar 1895 Andr�s Avelino C�ceres (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Mar 1895 - 8 Sep 1895 Manuel Candamo (1st time) (b. 1841 - d. 1904)
(President of Governing Junta)
8 Sep 1895 - 8 Sep 1899 Nicol�s de Pi�rola (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Sep 1899 - 8 Sep 1903 Eduardo L�pez de Roma�a (b. 1847 - d. 1912)
8 Sep 1903 - 7 May 1904 Manuel Candamo (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 May 1904 - 24 Sep 1904 Serapio Calder�n (acting) (b. 1843 - d. 1922)
24 Sep 1904 - 24 Sep 1908 Jos� Pardo y Barreda (1st time) (b. 1864 - d. 1947)
24 Sep 1908 - 24 Sep 1912 Augusto B. Legu�a y Salcedo
(1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1932)
24 Sep 1912 - 4 Feb 1914 Guillermo E. Billinghurst (b. 1851 - d. 1915)
4 Feb 1914 - 18 Aug 1915 �scar Raymundo Benavides Larrea
(1st time) (b. 1876 - d. 1945)
(junta chairman to 15 May 1914)
18 Aug 1915 - 4 Jul 1919 Jos� Pardo y Barreda (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Jul 1919 - 25 Aug 1930 Augusto B. Legu�a y Salcedo
(2nd time) (s.a.)
(provisional to 12 Oct 1919)
25 Aug 1930 - 27 Aug 1930 Manuel Mar�a Ponce Brousset (b. 1874 - d. 1966)
(chairman military junta)
27 Aug 1930 - 1 Mar 1931 Luis M. S�nchez Cerro (1st time) (b. 1889 - d. 1933)
(chairman [to 29 Aug 1930, military] junta)
1 Mar 1931 (hours) Mariano Holgu�n Maldonado (b. 1860 - d. 1945)
(chairman Transitional Junta)
1 Mar 1931 - 5 Mar 1931 Ricardo Leoncio El�as Arias (b. 1874 - d. 1951)
(chairman Transitional Junta)
5 Mar 1931 - 11 Mar 1931 Gustavo A. Jim�nez (b. 1886 - d. 1933)
(chairman Transitional Junta)
11 Mar 1931 - 8 Dec 1931 David Samanez Ocampo (b. 1866 - d. 1947)
(chairman National Junta)
8 Dec 1931 - 30 Apr 1933 Luis M. S�nchez Cerro (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Apr 1933 (hours) Jos� Mat�as Manzanilla Barrientos (b. 1867 - d. 1947)
(acting)
30 Apr 1933 - 8 Dec 1939 �scar Raymundo Benavides Larrea
(2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Dec 1939 - 28 Jul 1945 Manuel Prado y Ugarteche
(1st time) (b. 1889 - d. 1967)
28 Jul 1945 - 29 Oct 1948 Jos� Luis Bustamante y Rivero (b. 1894 - d. 1989)
29 Oct 1948 - 1 Jun 1950 Manuel A. Odr�a (1st time) (b. 1897 - d. 1974)
(provisional to 31 Oct 1948, then chairman military junta)
1 Jun 1950 - 28 Jul 1950 Zen�n Noriega Ag�ero (b. 1900 - d. 1957)
(chairman military junta)
28 Jul 1950 - 28 Jul 1956 Manuel A. Odr�a (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Jul 1956 - 18 Jul 1962 Manuel Prado y Ugarteche
(2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Jul 1962 - 20 Jul 1962 Ricardo P�o P�rez Godoy (b. 1905 - d. 1982)
+ Nicol�s Lindley L�pez (b. 1908 - d. 1995)
+ Juan Francisco Torres Matos
+ Pedro Vargas Prada Peirano (b. 1912 - d. 1997)
(commanders-in-chief)
20 Jul 1962 - 3 Mar 1963 Ricardo P�o P�rez Godoy (s.a.)
(junta chairman)
3 Mar 1963 - 28 Jul 1963 Nicol�s Lindley L�pez (s.a.)
(junta chairman)
28 Jul 1963 - 3 Oct 1968 Fernando Bela�nde Terry (1st time) (b. 1912 - d. 2002)
3 Oct 1968 (hours) Revolutionary Junta
- Juan Velasco Alvarado (b. 1910 - d. 1977)
- Mario Castro de Mendoza
- Alberto L�pez Causillas
3 Oct 1968 (hours) Revolutionary Junta
- Ernesto Montagne S�nchez (b. 1916)
- Ra�l R�os Pardo de Zela
- Alberto L�pez Causillas
3 Oct 1968 - 30 Aug 1975 Juan Velasco Alvarado (s.a.)
30 Aug 1975 (hours) Revolutionary Junta
- �scar Vargas Prieto (b. 1917)
- C�sar Podest� Jim�nez
- Jorge Parodi Galliani
30 Aug 1975 - 28 Jul 1980 Francisco Morales Berm�dez (b. 1921)
28 Jul 1980 - 28 Jul 1985 Fernando Bela�nde Terry (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Jul 1985 - 28 Jul 1990 Alan Garc�a (1st time) (b. 1949)
28 Jul 1990 - 22 Nov 2000 Alberto Fujimori (b. 1938)
22 Nov 2000 - 28 Jul 2001 Valent�n Paniagua (b. 1936 - d. 2006)
28 Jul 2001 - 28 Jul 2006 Alejandro Toledo (b. 1946)
28 Jul 2006 - Alan Garc�a (2nd time) (s.a.)
Prime ministers (presidents of the Council of Ministers)
1861 - 1863 Juan Antonio Pezet (s.a.)
1863 - 1864 Juan Antonio Ribeyro (b. 1810 - d. 1886)
Aug 1864 - 11 Apr 1865 Manuel Cortas
11 Apr 1865 - Sep 1865 Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco (s.a.)
Sep 1865 - 9 Nov 1865 Pedro Jos� Calder�n (b. 1832 - d. 1885)
9 Nov 1865 - Jun 1867 Mariano Ignacio Prado (s.a.)
Jun 1867 - Jan 1868 Pedro J. Saavedra
Jan 1868 Luis La Puerta (s.a.)
Jan 1868 - Aug 1868 Antonio Arenas (1st time) (s.a.)
1868 - 1871 Jos� Balta (s.a.)
2 Aug 1871 - 1872 Jos� Allende (b. 1793 - d. 1873)
1872 Jos� Jorge Loayza (1st time) (b. 1827 - d. 1904)
2 Aug 1872 - 1873 Jos� Miguel Medina (b. 1804 - d. 1884)
1873 - 1874 Jos� de la Riva-Ag�ero y Looz
Corswaren (b. 1827 - d. 1881)
1874 Jos� Eusebio S�nchez (b. 1823 - d. 1903)
1875 Nicol�s Freyre (b. 1810 - d. ...)
2 Aug 1876 - 26 Aug 1876 Antonio Arenas (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Aug 1876 - 4 Jun 1877 Teodoro La Rosa (b. 1818 - d. 1882)
4 Jun 1877 - 18 Jun 1878 Juan Buend�a Noriega (b. 1816 - d. 1895)
18 Jun 1878 - 17 Dec 1878 Jos� Jorge Loayza (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1878 - 19 May 1879 Manuel Irigoyen Larrea (1st time) (b. 1830 - d. 1912)
19 May 1879 - 16 Oct 1879 Manuel de Mendiburu Bonet (b. 1805 - d. 1885)
16 Oct 1879 - 23 Dec 1879 Manuel C. de La Cotera
Mar 1881 - Nov 1881 Aurelio Denegri (1st time)
3 Jan 1883 - 27 Aug 1883 Lorenzo Iglesias Pino
27 Aug 1883 - 7 Apr 1884 Manuel Antonio Barinaga (1st time)
7 Apr 1884 - 14 May 1885 Mariano Castro Zald�var
14 May 1885 - 2 Dec 1885 Joaqu�n Iglesias
2 Dec 1885 - 3 Jun 1886 Antonio Arenas (3rd time) (s.a.)
3 Jun 1886 - 6 Oct 1886 Pedro Alejandrino del Solar Gabans
(1st time) (b. 1829 - d. 1909)
6 Oct 1886 - 22 Nov 1886 Jos� Aran�bar
22 Nov 1886 - 22 Aug 1887 Pedro Alejandrino del Solar Gabans
(2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Aug 1887 - 12 Sep 1887 Mariano Santos �lvarez Villegas (b. 1823 - d. 1893)
12 Sep 1887 - 5 Oct 1887 Carlos M. El�as y de la Quintana
(1st time) (b. 1841 - d. 1907)
5 Oct 1887 - 8 Nov 1887 Raymundo Morales Arias (interim)
8 Nov 1887 - 8 Mar 1889 Aurelio Denegri (2nd time)
8 Mar 1889 - 4 Apr 1889 Jos� Mariano Jim�nez (1st time) (b. 1843 - d. 1901)
4 Apr 1889 - 10 Feb 1890 Pedro Alejandrino del Solar Gabans
(3rd time) (s.a.)
11 Feb 1890 - 10 Aug 1890 Manuel Irigoyen Larrea (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Aug 1890 - 24 Jul 1891 Mariano Nicol�s Valc�rcel Salazar (b. 1850 - d. 1921)
24 Jul 1891 - 14 Aug 1891 Alberto Elmore Fern�ndez de
C�rdoba (1st time) (acting) (b. 1844 - d. 1916)
14 Aug 1891 - 24 Aug 1891 Federico Herrera (1st time)
24 Aug 1891 - 14 Oct 1891 Justiniano Borgo�o Casta�eda (s.a.)
14 Oct 1891 - 14 Apr 1892 Federico Herrera (2nd time)
(acting to 27 Nov 1891)
14 Apr 1892 - 30 Jun 1892 Juan Ibarra (acting to 2 May 1892)
30 Jun 1892 - 3 Mar 1893 Carlos M. El�as y de la Quintana
(2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Mar 1893 - 11 May 1893 Manuel Velarde Seoane (b. 1833 - d. 1900)
11 May 1893 - 1 Apr 1894 Jos� Mariano Jim�nez (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Apr 1894 - 10 Aug 1894 Baltasar Garc�a Urrutia
10 Aug 1894 - 16 Nov 1894 Ces�reo Chacaltana Reyes
(1st time) (b. 1845 - d. 1906)
16 Nov 1894 - 21 Mar 1895 Manuel Irigoyen Larrea (3rd time) (s.a.)
8 Sep 1895 - 30 Nov 1895 Antonio Bent�n
30 Nov 1895 - 8 Aug 1896 Manuel Antonio Barinaga (2nd time)
8 Aug 1896 - 25 Nov 1897 Manuel Pablo Olaechea (b. 1843 - d. 1913)
25 Nov 1897 - 16 May 1898 Alejandro L�pez de Roma�a
16 May 1898 - 8 Sep 1899 Jos� Jorge Loayza (3rd time) (s.a.)
8 Sep 1899 - 14 Dec 1899 Manuel Mar�a G�lvez Eg�squiza (b. 1838 - d. 1917)
14 Dec 1899 - 30 Aug 1900 Enrique de la Riva-Ag�ero y Looz
Corswaren (1st time) (b. 1857 - d. 1930)
30 Aug 1900 - 2 Oct 1900 Enrique Coronel Zegarra y Cort�s (b. 1851 - d. 1919)
2 Oct 1900 - 11 Sep 1901 Domingo M. Almenara Butler (b. 1848 - d. 1931)
11 Sep 1901 - 9 Aug 1902 Ces�reo Chacaltana Reyes
(2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Aug 1902 - 4 Nov 1902 Ces�reo Octavio Deustua Escarza (b. 1849 - d. 1945)
4 Nov 1902 - 8 Sep 1903 Eugenio Larrabure y Unanue (b. 1844 - d. 1916)
8 Sep 1903 - 14 May 1904 Jos� Pardo y Barreda (s.a.)
14 May 1904 - 24 Sep 1904 Alberto Elmore Fern�ndez de
C�rdoba (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Sep 1904 - 1 Aug 1907 Augusto B. Legu�a y Salcedo (s.a.)
1 Aug 1907 - 9 Oct 1907 Agust�n Tovar
9 Oct 1907 - 24 Sep 1908 Carlos A. Washburn Salas (b. 1854 - d. 192...)
24 Sep 1908 - 8 Jun 1909 Eulogio Romero Salcedo (b. 1855 - d. 1931)
8 Jun 1909 - 14 Mar 1910 Rafael Fern�ndez de Villanueva
Cortez (b. 1839 - d. 1931)
14 Mar 1910 - 3 Aug 1910 Javier Prado y Ugarteche (b. 1871 - d. 1921)
3 Aug 1910 - 3 Nov 1910 Germ�n Schreiber Waddington
(1st time) (b. 18... - d. 1930)
3 Nov 1910 - 27 Dec 1910 Jos� Salvador Cavero (b. 1850 - d. 1940)
27 Dec 1910 - 31 Aug 1911 Enrique C. Basadre Stevenson (b. 1848 - d. 1925)
31 Aug 1911 - 24 Sep 1912 Agust�n G. Ganoza Cavero (b. 1854 - d. 1926)
24 Sep 1912 - 23 Dec 1912 El�as Malpartida (b. 18... - d. 1924)
24 Dec 1912 - 24 Feb 1913 Enrique Varela (1st time) (b. 18... - d. 1914)
24 Feb 1913 - 17 Jun 1913 Federico Luna y Peralta
17 Jun 1913 - 27 Jul 1913 Aurelio Sousa Matute (1st time) (b. 1860 - d. 1925)
27 Jul 1913 - 4 Feb 1914 Enrique Varela (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 May 1914 - 1 Aug 1914 Pedro E. Mu�iz (b. 1862 - d. 1915)
1 Aug 1914 - 22 Aug 1914 Manuel Melit�n Carvajal (b. 1847 - d. 1935)
22 Aug 1914 - 11 Nov 1914 Aurelio Sousa Matute (2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Nov 1914 - 19 Feb 1915 Germ�n Schreiber Waddington
(2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Feb 1915 - 24 Sep 1915 Carlos Isaac Abrill (b. 1863 - d. 19...)
24 Sep 1915 - 27 Jul 1917 Enrique de la Riva-Ag�ero y Looz
Corswaren (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Jul 1917 - 18 Dec 1918 Francisco Tudela y Varela (b. 1876 - d. 1962)
18 Dec 1918 - 26 Apr 1919 Germ�n Arenas y Loayza (1st time) (b. 1870 - d. 1948)
26 Apr 1919 - 4 Jul 1919 Juan Manuel Zuloaga (b. 1862 - d. 1944)
4 Jul 1919 - 7 Oct 1922 Germ�n Legu�a y Mart�nez Jakeway (b. 1861 - d. 1928)
7 Oct 1922 - 12 Oct 1924 Julio Enrique Ego Aguirre (b. 1862 - d. 19...)
12 Oct 1924 - 7 Dec 1926 Alejandrino Magui�a
7 Dec 1926 - 12 Oct 1929 Pedro Jos� Rada y Gamio (b. 1873 - d. 1938)
12 Oct 1929 - 24 Aug 1930 Benjam�n Huam�n de los Heros (b. 1878 - d. 1936)
25 Aug 1930 Fernando Sarmiento
8 Dec 1931 - 28 Jan 1932 Germ�n Arenas y Loayza (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Jan 1932 - 13 Apr 1932 Francisco R. Lanatta (b. 1879 - d. 19...)
13 Apr 1932 - 20 May 1932 Luis A. Flores (b. 1899 - d. 1969)
21 May 1932 - 24 Dec 1932 Ricardo Rivadeneira
24 Dec 1932 - 29 Jun 1933 Jos� Mat�as Manzanilla Barrientos (s.a.)
29 Jun 1933 - 24 Nov 1933 Jorge Prado y Ugarteche (b. 1887 - d. 19...)
24 Nov 1933 - 18 May 1934 Jos� de la Riva-Ag�ero y Osma (b. 1885 - d. 1944)
24 Dec 1934 - May 1935 Carlos Arenas y Loayza (b. 1885 - d. 1955)
May 1935 - 13 Apr 1936 Manuel Esteban Rodr�guez (b. 1883 - d. 19...)
8 Dec 1936 - 12 Apr 1939 Ernesto Montagne Markholz (b. 1885 - d. 1954)
12 Apr 1939 - 8 Dec 1939 Alberto Rey de Castro y Roma�a (b. 1869 - d. 1961)
8 Dec 1939 - 3 Dec 1944 Alfredo Solf y Muro (b. 1872 - d. 1969)
3 Dec 1944 - 28 Jul 1945 Manuel Cisneros S�nchez (1st time) (b. 1904 - d. 1971)
28 Jul 1945 - 31 Jan 1946 Rafael Bela�nde Diez Canseco (b. 1886 - d. 1972)
31 Jan 1946 - 12 Jan 1947 Julio Ernesto Portugal Escobedo (b. 1894 - d. 1972)
12 Jan 1947 - 30 Oct 1947 Jos� Alcamora
27 Feb 1948 - 17 Jun 1948 Roque Augusto Sald�as Maninat
(1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1974)
17 Jun 1948 - 27 Oct 1948 Armando Revoredo Iglesias (b. 1897 - d. 1978)
28 Jul 1950 - 9 Aug 1954 Zen�n Noriega Ag�ero (s.a.)
9 Aug 1954 - 28 Jul 1956 Roque Augusto Sald�as Maninat
(2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Jul 1956 - 9 Jun 1958 Manuel Cisneros S�nchez (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Jun 1958 - 17 Jul 1959 Luis Gallo Porras (b. 1893 - d. 1972)
17 Jul 1959 - 24 Nov 1961 Pedro Gerardo Beltr�n Espantoso (b. 1897 - d. 1979)
24 Nov 1961 - 18 Jul 1962 Carlos Moreyra y Paz Sold�n (b. 1898)
18 Jul 1962 - 28 Jul 1963 Nicol�s Lindley L�pez (s.a.)
28 Jul 1963 - 31 Dec 1963 Julio �scar Trelles Montes (b. 1904 - d. 1990)
31 Dec 1963 - 15 Sep 1965 Fernando Schwalb L�pez Aldana
(1st time) (b. 1916 - d. 2002)
15 Sep 1965 - 6 Sep 1967 Daniel Becerra de la Flor (b. 1906 - d. 1987)
6 Sep 1967 - 17 Nov 1967 Edgardo Seoane Corrales (b. 1903 - d. 1978)
17 Nov 1967 - 30 May 1968 Ra�l Ferrero Rebagliati (b. 1911 - d. 1977)
30 May 1968 - 2 Oct 1968 Oswaldo Hercelles Garc�a (b. 1908 - d. 1969)
2 Oct 1968 - 3 Oct 1968 Miguel Mujica Gallo (b. 1910 - d. 2001)
3 Oct 1968 - 31 Jan 1973 Ernesto Montagne S�nchez (s.a.)
31 Jan 1973 - 1 Feb 1975 Edgardo Mercado Jarr�n (b. 1919)
1 Feb 1975 - 30 Aug 1975 Francisco Morales Berm�dez (s.a.)
30 Aug 1975 - 31 Jan 1976 �scar Vargas Prieto (s.a.)
31 Jan 1976 - 16 Jul 1976 Jorge Fern�ndez Maldonado Solari (b. 1922)
17 Jul 1976 - 30 Jan 1978 Guillermo Arbul� Galliani (b. 1921 - d. 1997)
30 Jan 1978 - 31 Jan 1979 �scar Molina Pallochia (b. 1921)
31 Jan 1979 - 28 Jul 1980 Pedro Richter Prada (b. 1921)
28 Jul 1980 - 3 Jan 1983 Manuel Ulloa El�as (b. 1922 - d. 1992)
3 Jan 1983 - 10 Apr 1984 Fernando Schwalb L�pez Aldana
(2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Apr 1984 - 12 Oct 1984 Sandro Mari�tegui Chiappe (b. 1922)
12 Oct 1984 - 28 Jul 1985 Luis P�rcovich Roca (b. 1931)
28 Jul 1985 - 26 Jun 1987 Luis Alva Castro (b. 1942)
26 Jun 1987 - 17 May 1988 Guillermo Larco Cox (1st time) (b. 1932 - d. 2002)
17 May 1988 - 15 May 1989 Armando Villanueva del Campo (b. 1915)
15 May 1989 - 30 Sep 1989 Luis Alberto S�nchez (b. 1900 - d. 1994)
30 Sep 1989 - 28 Jul 1990 Guillermo Larco Cox (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Jul 1990 - 15 Feb 1991 Juan Carlos Hurtado Miller (b. 1940)
15 Feb 1991 - 6 Nov 1991 Carlos Torres y Torres Lara (b. 1942 - d. 2000)
6 Nov 1991 - 6 Apr 1992 Alfonso de los Heros (b. 1940)
6 Apr 1992 - 28 Aug 1993 �scar de la Puente Raygada (b. 1938)
28 Aug 1993 - 17 Feb 1994 Alfonso Bustamante y Bustamante (b. 1941)
17 Feb 1994 - 28 Jul 1995 Efra�n Goldenberg Schreiber (b. 1929)
28 Jul 1995 - 3 Apr 1996 Dante C�rdova Blanco (b. 1943)
3 Apr 1996 - 4 Jun 1998 Alberto Pandolfi (1st time) (b. 1940)
4 Jun 1998 - 21 Aug 1998 Javier Valle Riestra (b. 1932)
21 Aug 1998 - 3 Jan 1999 Alberto Pandolfi (2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Jan 1999 - 10 Oct 1999 V�ctor Joy Way (b. 1947)
10 Oct 1999 - 29 Jul 2000 Alberto Bustamante Bela�nde (b. 1950 - d. 2008)
29 Jul 2000 - 25 Nov 2000 Federico Salas Guevara (b. 1950)
25 Nov 2000 - 28 Jul 2001 Javier P�rez de Cu�llar (b. 1920)
28 Jul 2001 - 12 Jul 2002 Roberto Da�ino (b. 1951)
12 Jul 2002 - 28 Jun 2003 Luis Solari (b. 1948)
28 Jun 2003 - 15 Dec 2003 Beatriz Merino (f) (b. 1947)
15 Dec 2003 - 16 Aug 2005 Carlos Ferrero Costa (b. 1941)
16 Aug 2005 - 28 Jul 2006 Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (b. 1938)
28 Jul 2006 - 14 Oct 2008 Jorge del Castillo (b. 1950)
14 Oct 2008 - 11 Jul 2009 Yehude Simon (b. 1947)
11 Jul 2009 - Javier Vel�squez (b. 1960)