Emotional Social Development

· Neonates are only capable of three emotional expressions (First two weeks of life)

§ Surprise

§ Pleasure

§ Distress

· Then after 2 months

§ First social behavior – smile

· 4 months – add one more expression – anger

· 6 to 9 months

§ add shyness, fear of stranger, fear of separation

· By 2 years old – show stronger attachment to caregivers

§ Child Attachment Kind of Parenting

§ Secure (best kind of attachment) = Authoritative

§ Anxious = Authoritarian

§ Avoidant = Permissive

§ Disorganized (angry when mother leaves) = Indifferent

Early Childhood

· Emotional expression becomes richer

· Social behavior – play

§ Solitary play (2 years old)

§ Parallel Play (2-5)

§ Cooperative play (end of preoperational period)

· By 2 years old, they become aware of their gender

Middle Childhood

· Not much change

· Very strong ties with parents

· After 7 years old, friendships become more important

· Most of the friendship – the same sex

Adolescence

· Girls 12 years old Boys around 14 enter adolescent

· Coming earlier and earlier

· Relationship with peers become very important

· Friendship and romantic relationship become intense

· Distance themselves from parents

· In Terms of emotion

§ 80% - relatively happy

Time for identity crisis

· Different styles (James Marcia)

§ Foreclosure – quick to form identity (premature?)

§ Identity diffusion – few commitments to goals or values

§ Negative identity – reject what is expected, rebel

§ Moratorium – put it off

Adulthood

· Do we go through stages?

· Some think we do.

· Erikson – life is a series of crisis

· Levinson – development of life structure

· But, adulthood stages are different

§ Dictated by social clock

§ Not as universal

Early Adulthood

· Erikson – “Intimacy versus Isolation”

§ Seek intimacy to break ties with parents

· Levision – several stages

§ Entry to early adulthood (up to 28)

§ Age 30 transition (28-30)

§ Culmination of early adulthood (30-40)

o Settling down

Middle Adulthood

· Erikson – “Generativity versus Stagnation” (Scrooge)

§ Be productive

§ Guide next generation

· Levinson

§ Middle life transition (early 40s)

§ Entry to middle adulthood (45 – 50)

§ Age 50 transition (55 – 60)

Late Adulthood

· Erikson – “Ego integrity versus Despair”

§ Ego-integrity – sense of satisfaction

§ Despair – too late to do anything about it

Death and Dying

· Kübler –Ross

· 5 stages

§ Denial

§ Anger

§ Bargaining

§ Depression

§ Acceptance

Motivation

· What is?

· Reason for action

· E.g., Killings in E. Timor. Why??

· Many reasons

· Some are biological and others are not

Variations of biological theories

· Instinct theory

§ We have innate tendencies

§ Automatic, involuntary, and unlearned

§ Released by particular stimulus

§ E.g., killer instinct

§ Problems

· Naming does no explain the action

· Too easy to create another instinct

· Drive reduction

§ We are motivated by homeostasis.

§ As need increases, drive increases

§ We are motivated to reduce drive

· Primary drive – related to biology

· Secondary drive – associated with primary drives

· Incentive theory

§ Some stimuli have greater incentive values

§ E.g., a capsule or a steak dinner?

§ We are motivated to seek incentives

Cognitive and Social factors

· Cognitive

§ Perceptions, beliefs, and anticipations (saving child and giving up own life)

§ E.g., I can risk my life if I really believe in it

· Social

§ Often socio-cultural factors are very strong

§ E.g., Kamikaze pilots – why?