1. Latency Stage (5-6)

·        Mostly identify and associate with people of your own gender

  1. GENITAL STAGE (11- )

·        Erogenous zone – genital

·        Sign of true maturity

·        Sexual energy is transformed into socially constructive activities

Contributions

·        Emphasis on unconscious mind

·        Emphasis on childhood experience

Criticisms

·        Too pessimistic about human nature

·        Cannot test it

§         Oedipus complex (attracted to mother jealous of dad girls = Electra complex)

§         In unconscious mind

Learning Approach

·        Different form Psychoanalytic theory

·        Does not recognize unconscious influence

·        Place grater emphasis on learning

§         Especially important – modeling (watch other people to see what works.)

·        But, the model is also influenced by us

§         Learning is based on “reciprocal determinism”

Humanistic theory

·        Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow (proponents)

·        Agree with Psychoanalysis that there is an internal force

·        But, internal force is “positive”

·        We all are striving or “self-actualization.”

§         Peak experience – sense of self satisfaction

Carl Rogers

·        Also, how we react to various situation is based on self-concepts

§         Self – who we think we are.

§         Ideal self – who we want to be (internalized ideal)

·        Problems

§         Excessive discrepancy between the two

§         Inaccurate perception of self

Traits Theory

·        Emphasis on description rather than explanation

·        How doe we describe personality?

·        Collection of stable characteristics – traits

·        What kind?

Gordon Allport

·        Cardinal – Traits that dominate one’s life

§         E.g., Quest for knowledge – Einstein

§         “Drive to be successful” – me

§         Relatively few people have these

·        Central Traits

§         Common traits that organize behavior

§         “Kind”

·        Secondary

§         Less important

§         Situation specific

Raymond Cattel

§         Used a factor-analysis to reduce the number of traits.

§         Which traits are independent of which

§         Identified 16 source traits that give rise to other surface traits

Personality Tests

·        Eight types

§         Interview and observational methods

§         Projective tests

§         Objective tests

Interview and Observational methods

·        Psychologists often conduct interviews

§         But, very subjective

§         Also, it may bring out atypical behaviors

·        Observations

§         Can be more objective

§         Use rating scale

·        E.g., “friendliness” 1,2,3,4,5

Projective Tests

·        Bring out unconscious conflicts

·        Two tests

§         Rorschach inkblot tests

§         Thematic apperception tests

Rorschach inkblot test

·        10 symmetrical inkblot

·        You will interpret what they are

·        Psychologists interpret what you said

Thematic Apperception test

·        Ambiguous scene

·        You crate a story

·        Psychologists will interpret our story

Objective tests

·        Multiple choice or true-false

·        Better reliability

·        E.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

§         566 True-false statements

§         “Sometimes I hear voices telling me to do bad things”

Problem with personality tests

·        Often they don’t distinguish between those with and without psychological problems

·        It is often believable even though it si completely hoax

§         “Fortune cookie”

·        Very believable