Laboratory 3                                                                                                     Zoology 1121
                                Kingdom Protista/Anamalia
 

- Syllabus : must know all not just in parentheses
- Skip phylum Apicomplexa (parasites) but know basic idea. . .learn review chart on parasite
- We will get down to class level but not order level in this class

I. Introduction to two kingdoms
a. Review taxonomic hierarchies
    1. Kingdom Protista
    2. Kingdom Animalia
b. Review phyla tree and that this is what we do all semester

1. Kingdom Protista
a. Distinguishing characteristics of kingdom
    1. Unicellular
    2. Presence of subcellular organelles
b. all live in hydrostatic environment
c. fluid medium is constantly in motion
    - i.e., food comes to them
d. Distinguishing characteristics of the Phyla
    1. Phyla based on means of locomotion
            a. pseudopodia/flagella
            b. cilia
            c. lack locomotion organelles (parasitic)
Cilia/Flagella – not just this phyla –e.g., sperm
        - Both composed of microtubules [ 9pairs + 1pair organization]
        - Similar structures
        - Flagella : 1 big one
        - Cilia : many small ones beating together
        - Both anchored by kinetisome

e. Phylum Sarcomastigophora [aka sarcodines]
1. Amoebae is best representative example
2. Locomotion by pseudopodia or flagella
3. Shape is “amorphous” –w/o true form since constantly changing
4. Structures
    a. Plasma Membrane
    b. Nucleus
    c. Cytoplasm
    d. Pseudopodia
    e. Contractile vacuoles
        1. This is main osmoregulator of the cell
        2. Some marine some fresh water
        3. Hyper -   Hypo -  Iso
    f. Food vacuoles –
        1. Come from the plasma membrane.  Thus, inside out, food   never really enters into cytoplasm.
        2. Digestive enzymes cross into it from cytoplasm, degrade  material into soluble pieces that
            diffuse into the  cytoplasm [phagocytosis]
    g. Reproduction by binary fission - mitosis

II. Phylum Ciliaphora [ciliates]
1. Representative example is the paramecium (Paramecium caudatum)
2. Major characteristic is the distinct cilia and 2 nuclei
3. Structures
    a. oral groove
    b. cytopharynx
    c. Pellicle
    d. Cilia – line both oral groove and outer
    e. 2 Contractile vacuole
    f. Food vacuole
    g. Macronucleus – make digestive stuff
    h. Micronucleus – holds genetic material;
4. 2 types of reproduction
    a. Asexual – mitotic binary fission
        - Note, macronucleus divides amitotically
    b. Sexual – fusion of 2 sets of genetic material (gametes)
        - reduced through meiosis (reduction division)
5. Many other examples...added all the time

Amoebae Mount – draw in lab manual
Paramecium Mount – draw in lab manual

Lab: wet-mount an amoebae: cotton
Lab: wet-mount a paramecium…. Small amount Congo red stain Protoslo
- Congo red is pH indicator…pH: log scale of hydrogen ions
 

III Kingdom Animalia
 Subkingdom Parazoa [vs. Eumetazoa]
  Phylum Porifera
a. Distinguishing characteristics
    1. multicellular
    2. composed of loosely aggregated cells
    3. no organs
b. Three classes – based on basis of their spicules
    1. Class Calcarea
        - Calcium carbonate spicules
    2. Class Hexactinellida [Hex-act-tin-nah-lidda]
        - Silica spicules
    3. Class Demospongiae
        - Skeleton based on a protein called spongin (or silica spicules)
c.  All 3 have an osculum
c. Three basic body forms

-Draw pictures with increasing complexity
    1. Ascon body type
    2. Sycon body type
    3. Leucon body type
d. Four different Cell types
    1. Choanocyte – also known as “collar-cells”
    2. Porocyte – basically a pore
    3. Amoebacyte – middle layer
    4. Pinacocyte – cells that make up the outer covering 1 cell layer deep
 

IV Modeling Meiosis  Bead Lab
1. Sexual reproduction
    a. two cells combine (M & F) : gametes
    b. once combined called a zygote
    c. With mitosis you’d have 2x the genetic material, I.e., accumulation of genes, 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x.
    d. So have to rip down to get 1 cell w/ 1 x genetic material.
    e. Specialized tissue to accomplish this…in gonadal tissue
    f. These cells called : Haploid [i.e., think H in haploid = half the diploid number]
    g. Diploid :contains 2x material.  Fertilization joins 2 haploid’s to form diploid

2. Sex and sponges
    a. choanocyte are either M or F type. . . lose their collars and flagella
    b. Move to the middle layer.
        1. If M…then produce sperm to leave through osculum
        2. If F…then produce eggs...stays there
    c. Sperm caught by collar cells and brought into egg
    d. Fertilized into larva which leave through pores with cilia : thus motile

3.   Meiosis
a. Limited to reproductive organs only [gonads]
b. Similar to mitosis
c. Different to mitosis
    1. 2 successive stages of mitosis
    2. thus get 4 daughter cells instead of 2 as in mitosis
    3. 1st round produces homologous pairs 9diploid)
    4. 2nd round produces the haploid’s

4.Stages
1. Interphase 1- growth, duplication
2. Prophase 1 –  two sister chromatids come together and line up [tetrad]
    - Cross-over occurs [further mixing of genetic material = alleles]
3. Metaphase 1 – tetrads lineup
4. Anaphase 1 – homologues separate
5. Telophase 1 – cleavage into 2 daughter cells
6. Interphase 2 – Abbreviated interphase.  NO new duplication
7. Prophase 2 – nuclear membrane disintegrates and centrioles duplicate /move
8. Metaphase 2 – line up in middle
9. Anaphase 2 - separation
10. Telophase 2 – cleavage
 

Important Terms:
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Phylum Ciliophora
plasma membrane
nucleus
nuclear membrane
nucleolus
cytoplasm
contractile vacuole
food vacuole
phagocytosis
oral groove
cytostome
cilia
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera
spicules
gametes
zygotes
meiosis
asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction
crossing over
metaphase I & II
anaphase I & II
telophase I & II