MARSBUGS:  The Electronic Exobiology Newsletter 
Volume 2, Number 1, February 1995

Co-editors:

David Thomas, Life Sciences Department, Belleville Area College, 
Belleville, IL 62221, USA, marsbugs@delphi.com.

Julian Hiscox, Microbiology Department, BBRB Room 361, University 
of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA,
julian_hiscox@micro.microbio.uab.edu.

MARSBUGS is published on a bimonthly to quarterly basis as 
warranted by the number of articles and announcements.  Copyright 
exists with the co-editors, except for specific articles, in 
which instance copyright exists with the author/authors.  E-mail 
subscriptions are free, and may be obtained by contacting either 
of the editors.  Contributions are welcome, and should be 
submitted to either of the two editors.  Contributions should 
include a short biographical statement about the author(s) along 
with the author(s)' correspondence address.
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INDEX:

1)	ARCHIVAL SITE NEEDED

2)	MARS PROGRAM TO OVERSEE 10 YEARS OF MISSIONS 

3)	WELCOME TO MARS!
	Donna Shirley

4)	WHY SHOULD WE EXPLORE MARS?
	Dr. Matthew Golombek

5)	LAB RESEARCHERS FIND IMPACT SITE LEADING TO DINOSAURS' 
DEMISE
	Karre Marino

6)	AGENCIES FORM JOINT PROGRAM IN PLANT BIOLOGY 
	NASA release: 94-213

7)	NEW SPACELAB SCIENCE MISSION TO FLY IN 1996 
	NASA release:  94-212

8)	1995 ASTRONAUT CANDIDATES SELECTED
	NASA release:  94-205

9)	NASA COMPLETES SHIPMENT OF FIRST STATION HARDWARE TO RUSSIA 
	NASA release:  94-217

10)	THE SNOWS OF OLYMPUS:  A GARDEN ON MARS.  BOOK REVIEW.
	Martyn J. Fogg.

11)	MID-CONTINENT SPACE DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE 

12)	THE NATIONAL SPACE SOCIETY'S 14TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL SPACE 
DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE
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ARCHIVAL SITE NEEDED

At the end of last year, we, the editors, had an unfortunate 
mishap.  Both of our archival disks were corrupted.  This appears 
to be mere coincidence (no viruses were found), but it shows the 
need for some sort of archival system.  We would like to be able 
to keep back issues of Marsbugs at a publicly accessible FTP 
site.  If anyone knows of a possible site, please contact either 
of the editors.

Also, if anyone still has copies of back issues of Marsbugs, we 
would greatly appreciate it if you would send them to 
marsbugs@delphi.com.

--Dave Thomas and Julian Hiscox, eds.
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MARS PROGRAM TO OVERSEE 10 YEARS OF MISSIONS From the "JPL 
Universe"

Request for proposals out to industry for design of 1998 mission 
to red planet

NASA embarked on a decade-long program of Mars exploration in 
1994, establishing at JPL a program office that will oversee all 
Mars missions planned for the next 10 years.  The JPL Mars 
Exploration Office, established in July 1994, was put in place in 
response to NASA's initiative to scale back the cost and 
development time of spaceflight missions and to begin a sustained 
program of Mars exploration. Donna Shirley, manager of the Mars 
Pathfinder rover project, was named in August 1994 to manage the 
newly formed office.

The first two missions of the Mars Exploration Program got under 
way last year and will continue to play prominent roles for about 
350 project personnel until they are launched in November 1996.  
The missions are the Mars Global Surveyor, an orbiter that will 
arrive at Mars in September 1997, and the Mars Pathfinder lander 
and rover, which will land on the planet and place the first 
robotic rover on the surface in July of the same year.

Mars Global Surveyor got off to a running start in July 1994, 
with the selection of Martin Marietta Technologies Inc. of 
Denver, Colo., to build the spacecraft.  Development of the 
spacecraft is on a fast track schedule, with built-in performance 
measurement to assure on-time readiness for launch in just 28 
months from the time the contractor was named last year.  On 
average, the development of planetary spacecraft in the past has 
been about 66 months. The project has been capped at $100 million 
per year.  The Surveyor will be a polar-orbiting spacecraft 
designed to provide global maps of surface topography, 
distribution of minerals and monitoring of global weather.  The 
spacecraft, which will be launched from a Delta II launch 
vehicle, will carry six of the eight scientific instruments 
carried aboard the Mars Observer spacecraft.  The mission will 
rely on an aerobraking technique--developed during the final days 
of the Magellan mission--that will provide a means of minimizing 
the amount of fuel necessary to lower it into a low-altitude 
mapping orbit over Mars.

Mars Pathfinder received a fiscal year 1994 start by NASA's 
Office of Space Science, with a cost cap of $150 million in 
fiscal year 1992 dollars. The project reported excellent progress 
in all aspects of development during 1994.  Integration of 
prototype models of the rover, imager, flight system and ground- 
data system was accomplished.  Conceptual testing of components 
of the innovative entry, descent and landing subsystems was also 
finished, including testing of air bag inflation and retraction 
mechanisms, testing of the heat shield material and testing of 
the rocket-assisted deceleration mechanism.  Flight hardware and 
software will be completed this year and delivered to start the 
assembly and testing of the flight system in June.

In the meantime, a request for proposals has been issued to 
industry for design of the 1998 mission to Mars.  Industry 
responses were expected to be returned by April 1.  International 
participation, collaboration and coordination will be a 
cornerstone of all new missions to Mars, and each pair of 
spacecraft launched during the next decade will build on the 
experience of its predecessors.  For instance, landers in future 
years--1998, 2001, 2003 and 2005--will capitalize on the 
experience of the Mars Pathfinder lander mission.  By the same 
token, progressively smaller, streamlined orbiters will allow 
smaller and less expensive launch vehicles to be used as NASA's 
armada of spacecraft is readied to explore and act as data relay 
stations for international missions of the future.
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WELCOME TO MARS!
by Donna Shirley, Mars Exploration Program Manager
From "The Martian Chronicle"

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is going back to Mars for the 
first time since 1976 with a small "fleet" of missions: orbiters, 
landers, rovers, and maybe balloons and sample returns. And we 
are going in partnership with other countries like Russia, 
France, Germany, Italy, and Japan. Our plan is to fly at least 
two robotic missions to Mars every opportunity (that is about 
every two years) from 1996 through 2005.

Robot spacecraft from the United States and Russia have been 
flying to Mars since 1964. The last time we visited Mars with a 
fully successful mission was with the Viking, which flew two 
orbiters and two landers in 1975 and 1976. The orbiters took 
pictures of the surface that were sharp enough in some areas to 
see objects the size of a football field. The landers took close- 
up images of two spots on the surface and did experiments to 
search for life. While Viking did not find any life, the 
possibility that life once existed on Mars is still there. But we 
now know that finding evidence of life that exists now or in the 
past is harder than we thought. Missions to Mars have been 
attempted since Viking, but none have made all the scientific 
observations that were planned.

On top of that, all the Mars missions that have so far flown have 
not found out exactly what Mars is made out of. Do the rocks have 
carbon in them? Oxygen? How much iron and aluminum? Another key 
question is: Where did all the water go?  Mars used to have a lot 
of surface water. We know that because the orbiter pictures show 
river valleys and channels. But it all disappeared a few billion 
years ago, except for a little bit frozen into the polar ice 
caps. If people are ever to live on Mars, we will need to find 
out if we can get water and other materials from the Martian 
soil, air, or underground.

And we will have to answer these kinds of questions with a 
program that costs much, much less than the previous Mars 
missions. For instance, Viking cost, if we were buying it today, 
almost $4 billion. The first two of our new missions, an orbiter 
and a lander, will cost less than 10% of that. And every two 
missions after that (which will fly to Mars every two years) will 
cost less than 5% of the cost of Viking.

The Martian Chronicle will keep you posted on the work of the 
Mars Exploration Program. We will tell you about our missions, 
what we hope to find, and what we do find when we get there. And 
we will tell you what is going to be happening and ways for you 
to get involved as we build and fly our spacecraft. Other 
articles in the Chronicle will tell you about our plans for 
educational outreach and public involvement.

Please e-mail me at donna.shirley@jpl.nasa.gov with your ideas on 
how we can involve you and other people in exploring Mars.  (The 
Martian Chronicle is also available on the World Wide Web at 
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/mars.)
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WHY SHOULD WE EXPLORE MARS?
by Dr. Matthew Golombek, Mars Pathfinder Project Scientist
From "The Martian Chronicle"

Mars is the most Earth-like of the five terrestrial planets and 
will be the first other planet humans will visit. Why? The Moon 
and Mercury are dry airless bodies. Venus has suffered a runaway 
greenhouse effect, developing a very dense carbon dioxide 
atmosphere that has resulted in the escape of all its water and 
uninhabitable surface temperatures of 750K. Mars, on the other 
hand, has everything necessary to support life, including an 
atmosphere with polar caps and large amounts of water. Mars is, 
in fact, the only other terrestrial planet with abundant water 
(and liquid water is absolutely required for life as we know it).  
So eventually humans will visit Mars not only because it is the 
only other planet with reasonable surface conditions, but for the 
potential of what it might become in the much more distant 
future--another home for people.

Mars is also the only other place were we can begin to address 
the question - "Are we alone in the universe?" Is life a cosmic 
accident or does life develop anywhere the proper environmental 
conditions are met? A number of studies have shown that the 
likelihood of humans hearing from possible advanced civilizations 
in other solar systems is extremely remote given the enormous 
distances (and long time delays) involved. Mars is our neighbor 
and, unlike any other planet in our solar system, substantial 
evidence indicates that early environmental conditions may have 
been similar to those on the young Earth. On Earth, evidence for 
life can be found in some of the oldest rocks, dating from the 
end of terminal bombardment around 4 billion years ago. Surfaces 
on Mars that are of this age show remains of ancient lakes, 
implying that liquid water was in equilibrium with the atmosphere 
at that time and that the climate was both wetter and 
substantially warmer. If this is true, then we can learn, through 
further exploration, whether life did develop on Mars, or if not 
why not. If life did develop on Mars what has happened to it, 
given that Viking found no evidence present-day life at the two 
landing sites? We could even begin to explore whether life that 
began early on could still survive in some specialized niches, 
such as hydrothermal systems near volcanoes.

Finally, exploring Mars provides a way of better understanding 
significant issues that face humankind in the future, namely the 
factors involved in natural changes in a planet's climate. On the 
Earth, one of the most important questions now being studied is 
whether or not humans are contributing to global warming (if it 
is occurring via industrial emissions). We do not know if we are, 
or if these changes could produce negative environmental changes 
such as sea level rise due to melting of the ice cap (most of the 
world's largest cities are at elevations very close to sea 
level). Mars, on the other hand, provides a natural laboratory 
for studying climatic changes on a variety of time scales. If 
Mars was warmer and wetter with a thicker atmosphere in the past, 
why did it change?

In addition, layered deposits near the martian polar caps suggest 
climatic fluctuations on a shorter time scale. If we can learn 
the important factors controlling climatic changes on another 
planet, we may be better capable of understanding the 
consequences of human-influenced changes on Earth. Lastly, Mars 
is an excellent laboratory to engage in such a study, given that 
its geologic activity has produced rocks on the surface of 
virtually all ages to study. Unlike the overactive Earth and 
Venus, where most of the surface is covered by young rocks, and 
the inactive Mercury and Moon, where only ancient rocks are 
present, Mars has had an intermediate level of geological 
activity, which has produced rocks on the surface that preserve 
the entire history of the solar system. Sedimentary rocks 
preserved on the surface contain a record of the environmental 
conditions in which they formed and thus any climatic changes 
that have occurred through time.
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LAB RESEARCHERS FIND IMPACT SITE LEADING TO DINOSAURS' DEMISE by 
Karre Marino
From the "JPL Universe"

The Earth's dinosaurs may have been on the decline some 65 
million years ago, but according to a team of JPL researchers, it 
was an asteroid that struck a geologically unique area in Mexico 
that ultimately did them in.

"We believe that an asteroid, 10 to 30 kilometers (about six to 
18 miles) in diameter, impacted a sulfur-rich site in a region of 
the Yucatan Peninsula," according to Adriana Ocampo, planetary 
geologist in the Space and Earth Science Division 32.

A paper detailing the results of the researchers' findings was 
published this month in the journal Earth and Planetary Sciences 
Letters and was co-authored by Ocampo; Kevin Baines, also in 
Division 32; Kevin Pope of Geo Eco Arc Research in La Canada; and 
Boris Ivanov of Moscow's Russian Academy of Science.

"Several lines of evidence have prompted the scientific community 
to believe that this crater--called Chicxulub--(which means tail 
of the devil in Maya) caused the extinction of more than 50 
percent of the Earth's species," Ocampo added.

That theory was first aired in 1980, when University of 
California, Berkeley, geology professor Walter Alvarez and his 
colleagues proposed that dinosaurs disappeared due to a large 
impact. The main evidence was the high concentration of iridium 
found in the clay layer in Italy in the Cretaceous/Tertiary 
boundary, which marks the time transition between these two 
geological periods. Iridium, an element rare on Earth, is found 
in high concentrations in asteroids and comets, and in rocks that 
date to the mass extinction.

The scientific community found this notion to be highly 
controversial, Ocampo explained. "It was hard for people to 
conceive that the Earth had been so catastrophically transformed 
by the impacts of an asteroid or comet," she said.

In order to be convinced, scientists had to find the actual 
impact site.  It took them a decade to do so. In 1989, Pope and 
Charles Duller, of NASA's Ames Research Center, discovered a 170- 
kilometer-diameter (105-mile) semi-circle of sinkholes at 
Chicxulub, Mexico. After Ocampo studied the gravity, magnetic and 
stratigraphic data and correlated them with the sinkholes, she 
recognized that the area had the classic characteristics of an 
impact crater.

These results were published in 1991, the same year Ocampo and 
Pope discovered an unusual deposit of large boulders at the 
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in Belize in Central America, 360 
kilometers (223 miles) south of the Chicxulub crater.  The 
boulders, some the size of a Volkswagen bug, were spewed out of 
the crater upon impact, and flew 320 kilometers (200 miles) to 
land in Belize, she said. Fragments of glass, created by the 
melting of rock upon impact, were found with the boulders.  
Spherical fragments known as tektites, which were formed as the 
molten glass flew through the air and cooled, were also found.

"These tektites have been found in Haiti, Mexico, Texas and 
Alabama," Ocampo noted, "but the large boulders are only known in 
Belize, because it's so close to the crater."

Along with the tektites, spherical pieces of calcium carbonate, 
some with an unusual radial structure, were found.  The formation 
of these "spherules" remains a mystery, but the scientists 
speculate that they may have formed from the residue of vaporized 
carbonates and sulfates.

Another important find in the boulder deposit was limestone with 
fossils dating to the early part of the Cretaceous, when the 
Yucatan platform first appeared. "Fossils of this age don't 
belong in northern Belize," Ocampo observed. "Early Cretaceous 
fossils are known from deep down in the platform, recorded in the 
drilling records of a Mexican petroleum company."

The scientists suggest that the limestone found in Belize was 
excavated by the impact, which probably blew a hole more than 15 
kilometers (nine miles) deep in the Yucatan platform.  Results of 
the Belize research by Ocampo, Pope and Alfred Fischer of the 
University of Southern California are scheduled to appear with 
other works in a special paper of the Geological Society of 
America, detailing recent research on major catastrophes in 
Earth's history.

Now that the crater had been found, "The real challenge was to 
show how it killed the dinosaurs," Pope said.

In studying the site and modeling the resulting changes in the 
biosphere, the scientists believed that what proved lethal to 
life on Earth was where the asteroid hit.

"The target area was rich in salts and sulfur, because the Gulf 
of Mexico was cut off from the sea for much of the Cretaceous.  
The evaporites produced by the evaporation of sea water were rich 
in sulfur," Ocampo explained.

Had the celestial body impacted somewhere else--in the Sierra 
Nevada, for instance--"The extinctions may not have occurred," 
she maintained.

"The impact created a melange of sulfuric acid, dust and soot 
that exploded from the crater to the highest levels of the 
atmosphere, distributing the materials worldwide," Ocampo added.  
"Initially, the Earth experienced a total blackout due to soot 
and debris wafting into the atmosphere as a result of the impact.  
Photosynthesis was shut down for approximately six months, after 
which the sky partially cleared."

From related work on the sulfuric-rich atmosphere of Venus and a 
sophisticated computer model of the impact, the team determined 
that "Sulfuric acid clouds, such as those that perpetually cover 
Venus, blanketed the Earth for more than a decade," Baines said.  
"The shielding effect of these high-altitude chemical hazes 
cooled the surface to near freezing across the face of the 
planet."

The researchers concluded that winter-like conditions lasted long 
enough to cool the ocean, as well as the atmosphere, even in 
formerly balmy tropical seas on the other side of the globe.  The 
scientists speculate that after the sulfuric acid cloud 
precipitated, dousing the Earth with acid rain, a greenhouse 
effect may have taken over, caused by the carbon dioxide also 
released by the impact. Nevertheless, it was the duration and 
worldwide extent of the cold period that caused such devastating 
effects and ended the era of the dinosaurs.

This research was funded by the NASA Exobiology Program in the 
Solar System Exploration Division, and by the Planetary Society 
in Pasadena.
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AGENCIES FORM JOINT PROGRAM IN PLANT BIOLOGY 
NASA release: 94-213

A joint government research program has been established which 
activities may result in the development of plants that can 
withstand drought, unseasonable temperatures, salinity in the 
soil, and other adverse growth conditions.  Supported by NASA and 
the National Science Foundation, this collaborative program, 
called the Research Network on Plant Sensory Systems (RNPSS), 
will foster interactions among scientists that will increase 
human understanding of how plants sense and respond to various 
environmental signals, such as light, temperature and gravity.

The program includes the awarding of nine science grants totaling 
more than $5 million over five years.  The program also was 
selected as NASA's ninth Specialized Center of Research and 
Training (NSCORT), continuing a program dedicated to space life 
sciences begun in 1990.

Plants are vital to humankind's existence.  From providing the 
oxygen we breathe to the foods we eat, plants are a renewable 
resource upon which our existence depends.  The results of the 
research supported by this joint program will contribute to the 
long-term health of the environment and humans.  Plants, unlike 
animals, have not developed specific organs that see, hear, and 
feel various environmental stimuli.  Nor can they move to avoid 
adverse environmental conditions.  Yet, plants respond to various 
environmental stimuli and survive significant fluctuations in 
environmental conditions.  Many plant species have evolved to 
take advantage of specific environments they live in.

When the environment becomes extremely harsh, some plants shut 
down certain functions and preserve only the bare minimum set of 
functions to wait for a better growing condition.  There are some 
indications that common mechanisms might be operating in plants' 
perception of and response to different environmental signals.  
How plants perceive and respond to the environmental signals is 
one of the major unanswered questions in biological sciences.  
Recent advances in biotechnology provide scientists an 
unprecedented opportunity to find answers to this long-standing 
question.

The nine research projects awarded grants were selected based on 
their scientific excellence from 35 applicants.  All nine 
projects focus on the question of how plants perceive 
environmental signals and how those signals bring about growth 
and development of plants.  An additional objective of the grants 
is to enhance opportunities for university students to receive 
research training in multidisciplinary and collaborative 
activities.

Awards under this program are exclusively for ground- based 
research.  If research requires a microgravity environment for 
concept verification it will be considered for flight 
opportunities by NASA's Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences 
and Applications at a later date on a competitive basis.


FY 1994 List of Research Grant Recipients

Investigator/Institution

Sarah Assmann, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 
Ronald Davis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA Michael Evans, 
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Jeffrey Harper, Scripps 
Research Institute, La Jolla, CA Joseph J.  Keiber, University of 
Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL Barbara Pickard, Washington 
University, St. Louis, MO Dieter Soll, Yale University, New 
Haven, CT Edgar Spalding, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 
Fedora Sutton, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
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NEW SPACELAB SCIENCE MISSION TO FLY IN 1996 
NASA release:  94-212

NASA has begun planning for a new multidisciplinary life and 
microgravity sciences Spacelab research mission to be flown on 
the Space Shuttle in mid-1996.  The 16-day mission is scheduled 
for launch aboard the orbiter Columbia on Shuttle flight STS-78.  
The flight, carrying a crew of seven, will involve 21 
investigations:  fifteen in life sciences and six in microgravity 
sciences.

The life sciences experiments will continue studies probing the 
changes and adaptive mechanisms of living systems including 
plants, animals and humans under weightless conditions.  Human 
and animal studies are focused on the effects of microgravity on 
the musculoskeletal system and on sleep and performance.  Life 
sciences experiments will investigate changes in the 
musculoskeletal system (bone and muscle deterioration), 
neurovestibular system (balance disorders), cardiopulmonary 
(heart and lungs) and regulatory physiology (changes in body 
chemistry, fluid regulation and immune system).

The microgravity science investigations will focus on protein 
crystallization, fluid physics and materials science.  In 
addition, vibration measurement instruments will support these 
experiments by characterizing in detail the microgravity 
environment aboard the Spacelab.  Microgravity experiments will 
include protein crystal growth, electrohydrodynamics, fluids 
interface studies, high temperature directional solidification of 
multi-phase materials and solidification with particle pushing 
and engulfment.

The Life and Microgravity Spacelab (LMS) mission, as the flight 
has been designated, is being managed by the Marshall Space 
Flight Center in Huntsville, AL, for the Office of Life and 
Microgravity Sciences and Applications at NASA Headquarters, 
Washington, DC.

Mark Boudreaux of the Payload Projects Office at Marshall has 
been named mission manager and Dr. James P.  Downey of the 
Center's Space Sciences Laboratory is the mission scientist.  
Principal investigators selected to date for the LMS mission 
include:

Dr. J. Barry Andrews, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.  
Dr. Christopher Cann, University of Calif. at San Francisco, CA.  
Dr. Paolo Cerretelli, Universite de Geneve, Centre Medical 
Universitaire, Geneve, Switzerland.
Professor Pietro E. di Prampero, Universita deglie Studi di 
Udine, Udine, Italy.
Dr. Y. Reggie Edgerton, U. of Calif. at Los Angeles, CA.  Dr. 
Robert Fitts, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI.  Dr. Adrian 
LeBlanc, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.  Dr. Norman 
Lewis, Wisconsin State University, Pullman, WI.  Dr. Alexander 
McPherson, Jr., University of Calif. at Riverside, CA.
Timothy Monk, University of Pittsburgh, PA.
Dr. Shunji Nagaoka, National Space Development Agency of Japan.  
Sam Schiflett, USAF Armstrong Laboratory, Brooks AFB, TX.  Dr. 
Doru M. Stefanescu, University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa, AL.  Dr. 
T. Peter Stein, U. of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 
Stratford, NJ.
Dr. Peter A. Tesch, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Dr. 
Douglas Watt, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.  Dr. John B. 
West, University of California, La Jolla, CA.  Dr. Thomas J. 
Wronski, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
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1995 ASTRONAUT CANDIDATES SELECTED
NASA release:  94-205

Nineteen new astronaut candidates have been selected for the 
Space Shuttle program.  The 1995 group consists of 10 pilots and 
9 mission specialists, including 6 civilians and 13 military 
officers.

The candidates were chosen from among 2,962 applicants.  NASA 
brought 122 of the applicants to the Johnson Space Center, 
Houston, for interviews and medical evaluations in June, July and 
August.  The candidates will report to Johnson in March 1995 to 
begin a year of training and evaluation, followed by technical 
assignments within the Astronaut Office to further prepare them 
for assignment to Shuttle flight crews.  The 1995 Astronaut 
Candidate class also will eventually include international 
participation.  These international candidates will be announced 
at a later date.

A listing of the astronaut candidates and biographical data 
follows.

1995 astronaut candidates:


Lt. Commander Scott D. Altman, U.S. Navy, Pilot
Major Michael P. Anderson, U.S. Air Force, Mission Specialist 
Commander Jeffrey S. Ashby, U.S. Navy, Pilot 
Major Michael J. Bloomfield, U.S. Air Force, Pilot 
Kalpana Chawla, Ph.D., Civilian, Mission Specialist 
Lt. Commander Robert L. Curbeam, Jr., U.S. Navy, Mission 
Specialist
Lt. Commander Joe F. Edwards, Jr.,U.S. Navy,Pilot 
Commander Dominic L. Gorie,U.S. Navy,Pilot
Kathryn P. Hire,Civilian,Mission Specialist 
Major Rick D. Husband U.S. Air Force Pilot
Janet L. Kavandi, Ph.D.,Civilian,Mission Specialist 
Major Steven W. Lindsey, U.S. Air Force, Pilot 
Edward T. Lu, Ph.D.,Civilian, Mission Specialist 
Major Pamela A. Melroy, U.S. Air Force, Pilot
Major Carlos I. Noriega, U.S. Marine Corp, Mission Specialist 
James F. Reilly, Civilian, Mission Specialist 
Stephen K. Robinson, Ph.D., Civilian, Mission Specialist
Lieutenant Susan L. Still,U.S. Navy, Pilot
Captain Frederick W. Sturckow, U.S. Marine Corps, Pilot

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

NAME:  Scott D. Altman, Lieutenant Commander, USN, Pilot 
BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  August 15, 1959 - Lincoln, IL RESIDENCE:  San 
Diego, CA
EDUCATION:  Pekin Community High School, Pekin, IL 1977 B.S. 
Aeronautical/Astronautical Engineering, Univ. of Illinois 1981
M.S. Aeronautical Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School 1990 
CURRENT POSITION:  Operations Officer, Fighter Squadron 31 NAS 
Miramar, San Diego, CA
PARENTS:  Fred and Sharon Altman, Pekin, IL
MARITAL STATUS:  Married to the former Jill Shannon Loomer

NAME:  Michael P. Anderson, Major, USAF, Mission Specialist 
BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  December 25, 1959 - Plattsburgh, NY RESIDENCE:  
Plattsburgh, NY
EDUCATION:  Cheney High School, Cheney, WA 1977 B.S. 
Physics/Astronomy, University of Washington 1981 M.S. Physics, 
Creighton University 1990
CURRENT POSITION:  Tactics Officer, 380 Operations Support 
Squadron, Plattsburgh AFB, NY
PARENTS:  Bobbie and Barbara Anderson, Spokane, WA MARITAL 
STATUS:  Married to the former Sandra Lynn Hawkins


NAME:  Jeffrey S. Ashby, Commander, USN, Pilot BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  
June 16, 1954 - Dallas, TX RESIDENCE:  Lemoore, CA
EDUCATION:  Evergreen High School, Evergreen, CO 1972 B.S. 
Mechanical Engineering, University of Idaho 1976 M.S. Aviation 
Systems, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville 1993 CURRENT POSITION:  
Commanding Officer, Strike Fighter Squadron 94 NAS Lemoore, CA
PARENTS:  Elizabeth Shears Ashby, Evergreen, CO, John Benjamin 
Ashby, Pine Bluffs, WY
MARITAL STATUS:  Married to the former Diana Christene 
Merriweather

NAME:  Michael J. Bloomfield, Major, USAF, Pilot BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  
March 16, 1959 - Flint, MI RESIDENCE:  Edwards Air Force Base, CA
EDUCATION:  Lake Fenton High School, Fenton, MI 1977 B.S. 
Engineering Mechanics, U.S. Air Force Academy 1981 M.S. 
Engineering Management, Old Dominion Univ. 1993 CURRENT POSITION:  
Flight Commander, 416th Flight Test Squadron Edwards Air Force 
Base, CA
PARENTS:  Roger & Maxine Bloomfield, Linden, MI MARITAL STATUS:  
Married to the former Lori Ann Miller

NAME:  Kalpana Chawla, Ph.D., Mission Specialist BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  
July 1, 1961 - Karnal, India RESIDENCE:  Sunnyvale, CA
EDUCATION:  Tagore School, Karnal, India, 1976
B.S. Aeronautical Engineering, Punjab Engineering College 1982 
M.S. Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas 1984 Ph.D. 
Aerospace Engineering, University of Colorado 1988 CURRENT 
POSITION:  Research Scientist/Vice President Overset Methods, 
Inc.  Los Altos, CA
PARENTS:  Syongita and Banarsi Lal Chawla, New Delhi, India 
MARITAL STATUS:  Married to Jean-Pierre Harrison

NAME:,Robert L. Curbeam, Jr., Lt Commander, USN, Mission 
Specialist
BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  March 5, 1962 - Baltimore, MD RESIDENCE:  
Annapolis, MD
EDUCATION:  Woodlawn High School, Baltimore County, MD 1980 B.S.  
Aerospace Engineering, United States Naval Academy 1984 M.S. 
Aeronautical Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School 1990 Degree 
of Aeronautical & Astronautical Engineering, Naval Postgraduate 
School 1991
CURRENT POSITION:  Instructor United States Naval Academy 
Annapolis, MD
PARENTS:  Robert and Yvonne Curbeam, Quinton, VA MARITAL STATUS:  
Married to the former Julie Dawn Lein

NAME:  Joe F. Edwards, Jr., Lieutenant Commander, USN, Pilot 
BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  February 3, 1958 - Richmond, VA RESIDENCE:  
Fairfax, VA
EDUCATION:  Lineville High School, Lineville, AL 1976 B.S. 
Aerospace Engineering, United States Naval Academy 1980 M.S. 
Aviation Systems, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville 1994 CURRENT 
POSITION:  Operations Officer, The Joint Staff, The Pentagon, 
Washington, D.C.
PARENTS:  Joe and Jane Edwards, Roanoke, AL
MARITAL STATUS:  Married to the former Janet Leigh Ragan

NAME:  Dominic L. Gorie, Commander, USN, Pilot BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  
May 2, 1957 - Lake Charles, LA RESIDENCE:  Orange Park, FL
EDUCATION:  Miami Palmetto High School, Miami, FL 1975 B.S. Ocean 
Engineering, United States Naval Academy 1979 M.S. Aviation 
Systems, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville 1990 CURRENT POSITION:  
F/A-18 Pilot, Strike Fighter Squadron 106 NAS Cecil Field, FL
PARENTS:  The late Paul Louis Pudwill (father), Shirley Pudwill, 
Casselberry, FL William Gorie, Palm City, FL (stepfather) MARITAL 
STATUS:  Married to the former Wendy Lu Williams

NAME: Kathryn P. Hire, Mission Specialist
BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  August 26, 1959 - Mobile, AL
RESIDENCE:  Merritt Island, FL
EDUCATION:  Murphy High School, Mobile, AL 1977 B.S. Engineering 
Management, U.S. Naval Academy 1981 M.S. Space Technology, 
Florida Institute of Tech. 1991 CURRENT POSITION:  Supervisor, 
Orbit Mechanisms and Swing Arms, Lockheed Space Operations 
Company, Kennedy Space Center, FL PARENTS:  Robert and Kathryn 
Hire, Orange Beach, AL MARITAL STATUS:  Unmarried

NAME:  Rick D. Husband, Major, USAF, Pilot
BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  July 12, 1957 - Amarillo, TX
RESIDENCE:  Amesbury, England
EDUCATION:  Amarillo High School, Amarillo, TX 1975 B.S. 
Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University 1980 M.S. 
Mechanical Engineering, California State Univ.  1990 CURRENT 
POSITION:  Chief of Flight Test, Tornado GR1 Exchange Program 
with Royal Air Force, Boscombe Down, England PARENTS:  The late 
Doug Husband, Jane Husband, Amarillo, TX MARITAL STATUS:  Married 
to the former Evelyn Neely

NAME:  Janet L. Kavandi, Ph.D., Mission Specialist 
BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  July 17, 1959 - Springfield, MO RESIDENCE:  
Renton, WA
EDUCATION:  Carthage Senior High School, Carthage, MO 1977 B.S. 
Chemistry, Missouri Southern State College, 1980 Ph.D. Chemistry, 
University of Washington 1990
CURRENT POSITION:  Principal Engineer, Energy Storage, Boeing 
Defense and Space Group, Seattle, WA.
PARENTS:  The late William and Ruth Sellers Niece of Edward and 
Mary England (Guardians) Carthage, MO
MARITAL STATUS:  Married to John Kavandi

NAME:  Steven W. Lindsey, Major, USAF, Pilot BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  
August 24, 1960 - Arcadia, CA RESIDENCE:  Niceville, FL
EDUCATION:  Temple City High School, Temple City, CA 1978 B.S. 
Engineering Sciences, U.S. Air Force Academy 1982 M.S. Aero 
Engineering, Air Force Institute of Tech. 1990 CURRENT POSITION:  
Test Pilot, Air Force Seek Eagle Office, Eglin Air Force Base, FL
PARENTS:  Arden & Lois Lindsey, Arcadia, CA
MARITAL STATUS:  Married to the former Diane Renee Trujillo

NAME:  Edward T. Lu, Ph.D., Mission Specialist BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  
July 1, 1963 - Springfield, MA RESIDENCE:  Honolulu, HI
EDUCATION:  R.L. Thomas High School, Webster, NY 1980 B.S. 
Electrical Engineering, Cornell University 1984 Ph.D. Applied 
Physics, Stanford University 1989 CURRENT POSITION:  Postdoctoral 
Fellow, Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii-Manoa, 
Honolulu, HI PARENTS:  Charlie and Snowlily Lu, Fremont, CA 
MARITAL STATUS:  Unmarried

NAME:  Pamela A. Melroy, Major, USAF, Pilot BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  
September, 17, 1961 - Palo Alto, CA RESIDENCE:  Edwards, CA
EDUCATION:  Bishop Kearney High School, Rochester, NY 1979 B.A. 
Physics and Astronomy, Wellesley College 1983 M.S. Earth & 
Planetary Sciences, MIT 1984
CURRENT POSITION:  C-17A Developmental Test Pilot, Edwards Air 
Force Base, CA
PARENTS:  David and Helen Melroy, Pittsford, NY MARITAL STATUS:  
Married to Christopher Wallace Wank

NAME:  Carlos I. Noriega, Major, USMC, Mission Specialist 
BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  October 8, 1959 - Lima, Peru RESIDENCE:  Camp 
Foster, Okinawa, Japan
EDUCATION:  Wilcox High School, Santa Clara, CA 1977 B.S. 
Computer Science, Univ. of Southern California 1981 M.S. Computer 
Science, Naval Postgraduate School 1990 M.S. Space Systems 
Operations, Naval Postgraduate School 1990 CURRENT POSITION:  G1 
Operations Officer, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, Camp Butler, 
Okinawa, Japan
PARENTS:  Rodolfo and Nora Noriega, Gilbert, AZ
MARITAL STATUS:  Married to the former Wendy Louise Thatcher

NAME:  James F. Reilly, Mission Specialist
BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  March 18, 1954 - Mountain Home AFB, ID
RESIDENCE:  Mesquite, TX
EDUCATION:  Lake Highlands High School, Dallas, TX 1972 B.S. 
Geosciences, University of Texas-Dallas 1977 M.S. Geosciences, 
University of Texas-Dallas 1987 Ph.D. Geosciences, Univ. of 
Texas-Dallas 1995 (expected) CURRENT POSITION:  Chief Geologist-
Offshore Enserch Exploration, Inc., Dallas, TX
PARENTS:  Ken and Billie Reuthers, Tyler, TX James Francis 
Reilly, Rockwall, TX
MARITAL STATUS:  Married to the former Jo Ann Strange

NAME:  Stephen K. Robinson, Ph.D., Mission Specialist 
BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  October 26, 1955 - Sacramento, CA RESIDENCE:  
Grafton, VA
EDUCATION:  Campolindo High School, Moraga, CA 1973 B.S. 
Mechanical/Aeronautical Engineering, University of California 
1978
M.S. Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University 1985 Ph.D. 
Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University 1991 CURRENT 
POSITION:  Research Scientist, Fluid Dynamics & Acoustics 
Division, NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA PARENTS:  
William & Joyce Robinson, Moraga, CA
MARITAL STATUS:  Unmarried

NAME:  Susan L. Still, Lieutenant, USN, Pilot BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  
October, 24, 1961 - Augusta, GA RESIDENCE:  Virginia Beach, VA
EDUCATION:  Walnut Hill High School, Natick, MA 1979 B.S. 
Aeronautical Engineering, Embry-Riddle Univ. 1982 M.S. Aerospace 
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology 1985 CURRENT 
POSITION:  F-14 Pilot, Fighter Squadron 101, NAS Oceana, Virginia 
Beach, VA
PARENTS:  The late Jean Ann Batho Still, Joseph and Sue Still, 
Martinez, GA
MARITAL STATUS:  Unmarried

NAME:  Frederick W. Sturckow, Captain, USMC, Pilot 
BIRTHDATE/PLACE:  August 11, 1961 - La Mesa, CA RESIDENCE:  
Leonardtown, MD
EDUCATION:  Grossmont High School, La Mesa, CA 1978 B.S. 
Mechanical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University 
1984
CURRENT POSITION:  F/A-18 E/F Project Pilot, Naval Air Test 
Center, Patuxent River, MD
PARENTS:  Janette Sturckow, La Mesa, CA Karl H. Sturckow, 
Lakeside, CA
MARITAL STATUS:  Married to the former Michele A. Street
-----------------------------------------------------------------

NASA COMPLETES SHIPMENT OF FIRST STATION HARDWARE TO RUSSIA 
NASA release:  94-217

NASA has completed the second of two shipments of solar panel 
modules, marking delivery of the first U.S.  Space Station flight 
hardware for NASA's cooperative space endeavors with Russia.  The 
hardware shipments each consisted of 45 solar panel modules that 
were developed for the Mir cooperative solar array project, an 
effort that brings together NASA's advanced photovoltaic 
technology with Russia's proven structures and mechanisms.  The 
second set of solar panel modules left Lockheed Missiles and 
Space Company's manufacturing facility in Sunnyvale, CA, on Dec.
16.	The first shipment was sent in mid-November.  Prototypes of 
the arrays were shipped to Russia in May for verification of the 
design and assembly procedures.

Each panel module consists of 80 solar cells.  One panel measures 
approximately 51 inches long by 17 inches wide, and is capable of 
generating about 80 watts.  Eighty-four of the modules will be 
integrated with Russian-made frames in 42 hinged pairs.  After 
the modules are installed in the frames, the completed array will 
be shipped back to the U.S. to be readied for launch.  The 
complete six kilowatt joint array will be taken to the Mir Space 
Station on the Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-74 mission, scheduled 
for October 1995.

The program objective is to augment Mir's power by replacing an 
existing degraded array with the new, jointly- developed array.  
The power from the new array, and a second all-Russian array, is 
needed to extend the lifetime of the Mir Space Station and 
support experiments conducted at the Station by the U.S.  The Mir 
cooperative solar array project is managed by NASA's Lewis 
Research Center, Cleveland, OH, for the Space Station Program 
Office, Houston.  Team members include Lockheed; Rockwell 
International, Rocketdyne Division, Canoga Park, CA; and RSC- 
Energia, Kaliningrad, Russia.
-----------------------------------------------------------------

THE SNOWS OF OLYMPUS:  A GARDEN ON MARS.
by Arthur C. Clarke.
120 pp., Victor Gollancz, London, 1994.
BOOK REVIEW, by Martyn J. Fogg.

The advice I would give to anybody about to read this book is not 
to judge it by the blurb on its cover which boldly states:  
"Arthur C. Clarke's unique vision, accompanied by stunning 
computer-generated images, shows how the planet Mars could be 
made habitable for humanity."

The concept of terraforming Mars, to suit it for terrestrial 
life, is not a "unique" vision at all; this book hardly discusses 
anything worthwhile about the "how" of terraforming; and--yes, 
I'm sorry--I just didn't find those garish computer pictures at 
all "stunning".

The publisher's hyperbolae aside, I did enjoy perusing "The Snows 
of Olympus".  A truer description would be to say that the book 
illustrates the terraforming of a virtual reality Mars created by 
the Vistapro software running on Arthur's Amiga personal 
computer.  This is at once more and less impressive than it 
sounds.  The computer is acting solely as an art generator and is 
not simulating any of the physical processes relevant to the 
transformation being shown.  However where Arthur comes close to 
being "unique" is that he is presaging the time when virtual 
reality paint programs become so powerful that authors of coffee 
table books can do all their own artwork and dispense with 
artists completely (although perhaps the coffee table book itself 
might become obsolete too).  This said, I must admit that I much 
preferred the more traditional airbrush-rendered pictures that 
were also included.  Computer-aided amateur illustration has 
evidently still a long way to go before it catches up with 
professional quality.

The text, whilst sparse and superficial, is highly readable.  At 
a cracking pace, Arthur covers the history of Mars in fact and 
fiction; the politics of space exploration; how to travel to 
Mars; how to live there; and even a few words on what the book is 
ostensibly about--terraforming.  Clarke's skills as a writer are 
still light years ahead of his new found talent of computerised 
landscape painting.  There are a few quite hilarious passages 
well worth waiting for, such as where he jokes about the 
believers of the 'face on Mars':  "... there is a face on Earth 
too--and not just any old face.  Some years ago a Canadian air 
survey photographed a formation which was, quite unmistakably, a 
profile of George Bernard Shaw--which was promptly named after 
him.  It has been well asked: 'What strange powers did the 
Ancients possess, which enabled them to erect this monument to a 
famous playwright--thousands of years before he was born?'"

The book contains so many pictures, that their captions run like 
a parallel text that seems curiously unconnected with the main 
text.  Future historical dates appear in the captions which seem 
arbitrary.  They are not provided by Vistapro (which knows 
nothing of what it is illustrating save its files of digital 
elevation data and what its algorithms say looks "pretty") and 
yet also are clearly unrelated to any technically-based model of 
the terraforming process.  Some infelicities are quite striking 
due to Vistapro's ignorance of absolute, rather than relative 
scale, and its imperative to produce attractive images.  Thus we 
see trees the size of megaton mushroom clouds drawn on features 
of the Martian landscape that are shrunk into banality by 
comparison.  Equally bizarre are a picture of Olympus Mons with a 
sea lapping around its basal escarpment--which means that most of 
the planet would be underwater!  Or several pictures of a lake 
flooding the caldera of Olympus Mons, surrounded by temperate 
vegetation, which implies that if it is this hot 20 km above the 
planet's mean radius, then down at "sea level" the seas would be 
near boiling!

Pictures and captions together therefore illustrate the main 
problem I have with "The Snows of Olympus":  we have plenty of 
pictures illustrating a scenario of terraforming, but very little 
discussion--and certainly no detailed reasoning--that such a 
scenario is possible.  However, Clarke does provide an escape 
route for readers whose appetite has been whetted.  In his 
"Further Reading" section, three technical papers on terraforming 
are cited--not many compared to the number now published--but 
enough when accessing their reference lists to open up the 
technical study of terraforming to anybody who might be 
interested.

So this is the purpose behind "The Snows of Olympus":  a 
generally accessible, Walt Disney style, tour of a future Mars.  
Don't expect to be edified, but you will be entertained.
-----------------------------------------------------------------

MID-CONTINENT SPACE DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE

The Mid-Continent Space Development Conference will be held 
February 17 & 18, 1995 in Ames, Iowa.  This is the fourth annual 
MCSDC; it is produced by college students for the benefit of 
students, educators and the general public.

Our current speakers list includes, but will not be limited to:

Speaker        Representing         Topic

                                    

Dr. William    McDonnell-Douglas    Delta Clipper

Gaubatz


Dr. Robert     Martin-Marietta      

Zubrin


Dr. Robert     Forward Unlimited    Advanced

Forward                             Propulsion


Dr. Seth       SETI Institute       SETI

Shostak


?              Jet Propulsion       

               Laboratory


Dr. Robert     Idaho Nat. Energy    Space/Water

Zuppero        Lab                  Resources


Thomas         International Space  

Kessler        Enterprises


Seth Potter    New York University  Solar Power

                                    Sattelites


?              NASA Lewis           ?


Frank Hughes   NASA-Johnson         Astronaut

                                    Training



We will eventually have 15 speakers.

A WWW/Mosaic site for the MCSDC has been set up; it contains 
further information, including maps, hotel information and our 
registration form.  More will be added as it becomes available.  
http://www.public.iastate.edu/~selowthe/mcsdc.html

Prices:
Adults:
one day:	  	$18
both days:  	$30
Children, K-12:
one day:  	$9
both days:  	$15
College students and educators:
one day:  	$13
both days:  	$22

For more information, contact:
Jeanette Ramsey: (515)292-2619
Tomas Gonzalez: (515)296-3096
mcsdc@iastate.edu
-----------------------------------------------------------------

THE NATIONAL SPACE SOCIETY'S 14TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL SPACE 
DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE

Cleveland, Ohio May 18-21, 1995 Holiday Inn Independence Held one 
week earlier than Memorial weekend.


PROPOSED SPEAKERS		WORKSHOPS
Dr. Guion Bluford		Astronomy
Dr. R. Lynn Bondurant 	Rocketry
Michael Ciancone		Space Frontier Foundation
Charles Walker			Space Materials
Dr. Michael Fulda
Mae Jemison			SPECIAL EVENTS
Gordon Woodcock		NASA Tours
Dr. David Webb			Music of the Heavens Concert
Dr. Robert Zubrin		Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Rainforest 
					Exhibits

FEATURED TOPICS
Student Robotic Lunar Rover Contest
Apollo/Soyuz (Then & Now)
NASA's Space Art Program
Teachers' Seminar
Lunar & Mars Settlements
High School Student Day
Space Law
Star Gazing Party
Nano Technology
Art Exhibit & Auction
Astronaut Training Environment
Simulated Trip to the Moon
Space Medicine
Out of the Foundry into the Frontier
Privitization of Space Program
Many Roads to Space

SESSION SPONSORS
Cuyahoga Valley Space Society; EXITUS, Inc.; Midwest Space 
Development Corporation; NASA Lewis Research Center

CO-SPONSORS
AlliedSignal Aerospace; Cleveland Aerospace Professional 
Representatives Association; Ohio Wing of the Civil Air Patrol; 
Cleveland Museum of Natural History; Great Lakes Industrial 
Technology Center; Institute for the Social Science Study of 
Space; Middleburg Hts. Chamber of Commerce; Parma Philharmonic 
Orchestra; Tal-Cut Company


Hotel Reservations:

Please call Holiday Inn Independence at 1-800-465-4329 (1-800- 
HOLIDAY) or locally at 216-524-8050 to reserve your room at the 
special rate of $82.00 (US) . This is a flat rate, specially 
arranged by ISDC '95.

Air Travel:


Special discount air fares are available from American Airlines - 
the official ISDC-95 airline.  Call 1-800-433-1790 and reference 
Star Number 0655 LN.  Door to door air cargo service also 
available.

ISDC '95

Join the excitement of the NATIONAL SPACE SOCIETY'S 14th Annual 
International Space Development Conference (ISDC '95) to be held 
in Cleveland, Ohio on May 18, 19, 20 & 21, 1995 {One weekend 
before the Memorial Day weekend}.

Tentative Program as of 11 th December 1994 (subject to change 
without notice):

.........THURSDAY May 18th:.........
There will be two tracks running including such topics as NASA 
Spinoffs, Solar Dynamic Power, Advanced Propulsion Systems, High 
Speed Research, the Apollo Program and more.  We will have tours 
to NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) and the Cleveland Metro 
Parks Rain Forest Exhibit.

.........FRIDAY MAY 19TH:.........
There will be three tracks running including a Children's Seminar 
presented by NASA LeRC, Space Craft in Action Now, Galileo, 
Russian Launch Vehicles, Warp Drive, the Environment, Candles in 
Space and more.  We will repeat the tours from Thursday and have 
workshops on Chapter's Assembly and the Foundry.  At 8:00 PM 
there will be the first space concert presented by the Parma 
Philharmonic Orchestra.

.........SATURDAY MAY 20TH:.........
Topics will include Moon Treaty, Space Law, SSI, Russian Space 
Program, A Visit to the Moon, The European Space Program, Space 
Medicine, the Canadian Space Program and more.  Workshops on 
Astronomy, Rocket Engines and Space Materials.  Many Roads to 
Space a session where anyone who wants to make a presentation can 
have fifteen minutes to talk on a subject of their choice.  There 
will be a Star Gazing Party at Baldwin Wallace College later in 
the evening.

.........SUNDAY MAY 21ST:.........
Topics include Lunar/Mars Settlements, Big Ear Radio Astronomy, 
Space Debris, Apollo/Soyuz, Space Cause, Reduced Launch Costs, 
EXITUS-Lunar Settlement, Chapter Activities and more.  Workshops 
on Civil Air Patrol and Astronomy.  The Experimental Spacecraft 
Society will also have a session.

Please call the Holiday Inn Independence at 1-800-465-4329 to 
reserve your room at a flat fee of $82.00 US per night.  PLEASE 
CIRCLE YOUR CHOICE BELOW

Registration is $60.00 until April 15, 1995 $70.00 until May 17, 
1995 $90.00 at the door; Students $25.00

Meals - Thursday Lunch $11.00 Thursday Dinner $19.00 Friday Lunch 
$10.00 Friday Dinner $19.00 Saturday Lunch $12.00 Saturday 
Banquet $35.00 Sunday Lunch $12.00
ALL MEALS $118.00

ISDC '95 Registration

NAME (please print)..............................................

ADDRESS..........................................................

CITY...................................STATE.........ZIP.........

HOME PHONE........................WORK PHONE.....................

AMOUNT INCLUDED: $...............................................

(Please make checks/money orders payable to: MSDC) Mail to:  
MSDC, 6167 Oakwood Circle, North Ridgeville, OH
44039-2663 Phone: (216) 826-0330 - Fax (216)-826-0333 For further 
information email to either:  charles@tranquest.com or 
ff212@cleveland.freenet.edu

YOU, TOO, CAN SPEAK AT THE ISDC 1995

If you have unique perspectives, experiences or ideas on any 
matter relating to space science, technology, development, 
promotional techniques and space policy, but have not had a forum 
in which to pass them on to, or get feedback from, other space 
advocates -- you do NOW!

The Opportunity.  National Space Society's 1995 ISDC in 
Cleveland, Ohio, May 18-21, will create a special track of 
programming throughout the conference -- under the title "Many 
Roads To Space" -- whereby individual registrants may make a 15- 
minute presentation on any of such matters of special importance 
to them and of potential interest to others.

These mini-presentations should help spread the diversity of 
ideas and experiences that abound, which is one of the main 
purposes of an ISDC, where registrants are always seeking new 
ideas and new directions to follow in pushing for accelerated 
space development.  A similar track was well attended at the ISDC 
'89 in Chicago and was introduced again at ISDC '94 in Toronto.

Selection of Speakers.  Only ISDC registrants will be allowed an 
opportunity to make such a presentation, and the Conference 
Committee will give preferences in the order of registration.  To 
apply, a registrant should submit a request in substantially the 
following form, and submit it as soon as possible (and, if you 
have not yet registered, enclose a check for the appropriate 
amount payable to MSDC):


NAME (Print)_______________________Have you registered yet?______

ADDRESS__________________________________________________________

PHONE
(Home)__________________________(Other)__________________________

At ISDC: Likely arrival (Day/time)_______________ Likely 
departure______________

Title of Proposed Presentation:


Summary of Presentation (for Program Book) (about 75 word 
maximum; you may -- in addition -- submit an Abstract of up to 
two 8-1/2" x 11" pages, in case the Conference publishes them):


Information about Speaker (for Program Book) (75 word maximum):


MAIL TO:  Many Roads to Space - ISDC '95, c/o Rick Wills, 7179 
Claybeck Dr., Huber Hts., OH 45424

For further information email to:  charles@tranquest.com or 
ff212@cleveland.freenet.edu
-----------------------------------------------------------------
End Marsbugs Vol. 2, No. 1.

