MARSBUGS:  
The Electronic Astrobiology Newsletter
Volume 5, Number 19, 3 September 1998.

Editors:

Dr. David Thomas, Department of Biological Sciences, University of 
Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA.  Marsbugs@aol.com or 
davidt@uidaho.edu.

Dr. Julian Hiscox, Division of Molecular Biology, IAH Compton 
Laboratory, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, UK.  Julian.Hiscox@bbsrc.ac.uk

Marsbugs is published on a weekly to quarterly basis as warranted 
by the number of articles and announcements.  Copyright of this 
compilation exists with the editors, except for specific articles, 
in which instance copyright exists with the author/authors.  E-
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ftp.uidaho.edu/pub/mmbb/marsbugs or at the official Marsbugs web 
page at http://members.aol.com/marsbugs/marsbugs.html.

The purpose of this newsletter is to provide a channel of 
information for scientists, educators and other persons interested 
in exobiology and related fields.  This newsletter is not intended 
to replace peer-reviewed journals, but to supplement them.  We, 
the editors, envision Marsbugs as a medium in which people can 
informally present ideas for investigation, questions about 
exobiology, and announcements of upcoming events.

Astrobiology is still a relatively young field, and new ideas may 
come out of the most unexpected places.  Subjects may include, but 
are not limited to:  exobiology and astrobiology (life on other 
planets), the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), 
ecopoeisis and terraformation, Earth from space, planetary 
biology, primordial evolution, space physiology, biological life 
support systems, and human habitation of space and other planets.
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CONTENTS

1)	EARTH MICROBES ON THE MOON
From MSFC Space Science News

2)	EARTH WAS COMPLETELY COVERED BY ICE, GEOLOGISTS SAY FIRST 
LARGE ANIMALS APPEARED AFTER MELTING
By William J. Cromie

3)	1998 MARS SURVEYOR PROJECT STATUS REPORT
By John McNamee

4)	STARDUST STATUS REPORT
By Ken Atkins

5)	SPACE FRONTIER CONFERENCE VII--"SPACE:  THE REVOLUTION IS 
NOW!" 
Space Frontier Foundation
------------------------------------------------------------------

EARTH MICROBES ON THE MOON
From MSFC Space Science News

1 September 1998

Three decades after Apollo 12, a remarkable colony of lunar 
survivors revisited.  For a human, unprotected space travel is a 
short trip measured in seconds.

What could be worse for would-be space travelers than a 
catastrophic breach in their protective spacesuits, the high-tech, 
multilayered fabric blanket that balloons under the pressure of a 
life-saving flow of oxygen and insulates against the frozen 
harshness of deep-space vacuum?

But for some kinds of microbes, the harshness of space travel is 
not unlike their everyday stressful existence, the successful 
execution of ingenious survival tricks learned over billions of 
years of Earth-bound evolution.

Forthcoming anniversary

Space historians will recall that the journey to the stars has 
more than one life form on its passenger list:  the names of a 
dozen Apollo astronauts who walked on the moon and one inadvertent 
stowaway, a common bacterium, Streptococcus mitis, the only known 
survivor of unprotected space travel.  As Marshall astronomers and 
biologists met recently to discuss biological limits to life on 
Earth, the question of how an Earth bacterium could survive in a 
vacuum without nutrients, water and radiation protection was less 
speculative than might first be imagined.  A little more than a 
month before the forthcoming millennium celebration, NASA will 
mark without fanfare the thirty-year anniversary of documenting a 
microbe's first successful journey from Earth.

In 1991, as Apollo 12 Commander Pete Conrad reviewed the 
transcripts of his conversations relayed from the moon back to 
Earth, the significance of the only known microbial survivor of 
harsh interplanetary travel struck him as profound:

"I always thought the most significant thing that we ever found on 
the whole...Moon was that little bacteria who came back and lived 
and nobody ever said [anything] about it."

Although the space-faring microbe was described in a 1970 Newsweek 
article, along with features in Sky and Telescope and Aviation 
Week and Space Technology, the significance of a living organism 
surviving for nearly three years in the harsh lunar environment 
may only now be placed in perspective, after three decades of the 
biological revolution in understanding life and its favored 
conditions.

As the lunar voyagers answered a similar question more                      
than a century ago, in Jules Verne's classic, From the Earth to 
the Moon, "To those who maintain that the planets are not 
inhabited one may reply:  you might be perfectly in the right, if 
you could only show that the earth is the best possible world."  
The remarkable lunar survivor from Apollo 12 thus gives scientific 
pause.  

Three decades, the biological revolution

To a biologist, freeze-drying microbes for harsh space travel 
conjures up rather mundane kitchen science, a simple reenactment 
of how a yeast packet taken from the freezer can make bread dough 
rise prior to baking.  But to a new breed of biologist exploring 
the harshest conditions on Earth, how a delicate microbe manages 
to counteract vacuum, boiling temperatures, burning radiation, and 
crushing pressures deep in the frozen icecaps is the study of life 
itself.

For example, only now after 30 years of biological progress can 
scientists begin to scan down the genetic script underlying the 
causes of malaria, syphilis, cholera and tuberculosis.  Within a 
few years, it is estimated that 50 to 100 complete genomes of 
living organisms will be entirely deciphered, presenting the first 
opportunities for deep evolutionary comparisons and insights into 
exactly the remarkable means by which the common Streptococcus 
bacterium could revive itself after 2.6 years on the moon.

The deep sleep

The Surveyor probes were the first U.S. spacecraft to land safely 
on the Moon.  In November, 1969, the Surveyor 3 spacecraft's 
microorganisms were recovered from inside its camera that was 
brought back to Earth under sterile conditions by the Apollo 12 
crew.

The 50-100 organisms survived launch, space vacuum, 3 years of 
radiation exposure, deep-freeze at an average temperature of only 
20 degrees above absolute zero, and no nutrient, water or energy 
source.  (The United States landed 5 Surveyors on the Moon; 
Surveyor 3 was the only one of the Surveyors visited by any of the 
six Apollo landings.  No other life forms were found in soil 
samples retrieved by the Apollo missions or by two Soviet unmanned 
sampling missions, although amino acids--not necessarily of 
biological origin--were found in soil retrieved by the Apollo 
astronauts.)

How this remarkable feat was accomplished only by Streptococcus 
bacteria remains speculative, but it does recall that even our 
present Earth does not always look as environmentally friendly as 
it might have 4 billion years ago when bacteria first appeared on 
this planet.

Recent biological progress

May 1995:  Deciphering of the first complete gene of a living 
organism (1,749 genes of the Hemophilus influenzae bacteria).  In 
the New York Times, Nobel Laureate and co-discoverer of the DNA 
double helix, James Watson said, "I think it's a great moment in 
science."

September 1995:  Deciphering of the smallest known viable genome 
on the planet, Mycoplasma genitalium, giving the first genetic 
script of what separates life from non-life.

July 1996:  Deciphering of the first genome from the third "super 
kingdom" of life, the Archea, and the organism Methanococcus 
jannaschii, a deep-sea hot vent microbe, separating bacteria and 
eukaryotes (such as plants and animals).

1997:  Deciphering the genome of the human pathogen, Helicobacter 
pylori, the ulcer-causing bacteria that dwells in the stomachs of 
half of the people on Earth.

1998:  Deciphering the entire microbial genome of the cause of 
Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi.

1998:  Deciphering the entire microbial genome of the sulfur-
metabolizing Archea, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, the industrial cause 
of "souring" oil wells.

1998:  Deciphering the microbial genome, Deinococcus radiodurans, 
having the remarkable capacity to withstand massive space-scale 
doses of over 1.5 million rads of radiation--3000 times the dose 
that would kill a human in space.

Extremophiles:  life on the edge

When the first bacteria colonized the earth, there was no free 
oxygen to breathe and no ozone to block out the sun's damaging 
ultraviolet radiation.  Oxygen was a poison gas.  Nuclear 
radiation came from decaying uranium-235, which was about 50 times 
more abundant then than now.  Appropriately referred to as the 
Hadean Eon (after the Greek underworld), the air was hot and full 
of noxious chemicals such as sulfurous gases released by 
volcanoes.  However, there are bacteria that can live, even 
thrive, in a very wide variety of conditions that seem unfriendly 
to humans.  Bacteria can survive unlikely changes of environment, 
including the growing list of space-hardiness conditions.

Vacuum conditions, with bacteria taken down to near zero pressure 
and temperature, provided suitable care is exercised in the 
experimental conditions.

Pressure, with viable bacteria after exposure to pressures as high 
as 10 tons per square centimeter (71 tons/square inch).  Colonies 
of anaerobic bacteria have recently been recovered from depths of 
7 km (4.2 mi) or more in the Earth's crust.

Heat.  Bacteria survive after flash heating under dry conditions 
at temperatures up to 600 degrees C (1112 degrees F).  
Archaebacteria that can withstand extreme heat have been found 
thriving in deep-sea hydrothermal vents and in oil reservoirs a 
mile underground

Radiation, including viable bacteria recovered from the interior 
of an operating nuclear reactor.  In comparison to space, each 
square meter on Earth is protected by about 10 tons of shielding 
atmosphere.

Long preservation, including bacteria revived and cultured after 
some 25 million years of encapsulation in the guts of a resin-
trapped bee.

Hitchhiking across the solar system

The Streptococcus bacteria on Surveyor 3 might not be the only 
interplanetary microbial hitchhikers.  In 1996, researchers at 
NASA's Johnson Space Center announced that they had found evidence 
of microfossils in a Mars meteorite recovered from a field of blue 
ice in the Antarctic.  The presence of polycyclic aromatic 
hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules in the Allan Hills meteorite was taken 
as one sign that objects in the rock are microfossils.  Critics 
claim that the PAHs are contamination from the ice.  The recent 
discovery of a 13th meteorite, apparently from Mars, might help is 
resolving the issue.

"The fact that it was found in the Sahara means that it can't 
possibly be contaminated with PAHs from ice," said Richard Hoover, 
an X-ray astronomer at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.

Hoover is part of two investigations that will develop tools and 
techniques to prepare and examine specimens that may have life 
forms. He also is planning a trip to Antarctica to look for 
samples of life thriving under extreme conditions.

"We don't know how long this 13th rock has been in the Sahara," 
Hoover said, "but finding another SNC [Mars meteorite] is a very 
exciting result."

While long associated with rocket propulsion, NASA's Marshall 
Space Flight Center also is deeply involved in space science 
research.  Recently, this has expanded to include astrobiology, 
the study of life outside the Earth.  In addition to Hoover's 
work, Dr. David Noever, author of this article, is developing a 
"D'Arcy machine," a program to help computers recognize life forms 
in electron microscope and other images.

[This article came from 
http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast01sep98_1.htm]
------------------------------------------------------------------

EARTH WAS COMPLETELY COVERED BY ICE, GEOLOGISTS SAY FIRST LARGE 
ANIMALS APPEARED AFTER MELTING
By William J. Cromie, Harvard Gazette Staff

27 August 1998

Seven hundred million years ago, Earth's oceans were completely 
frozen over.  No rivers flowed; no rain or snow fell.  Life, 
limited to simple plants and bacteria at the time, became severely 
depleted.  But inside Earth, the activity that leads to surface 
volcanism continued.  Volcanoes belched carbon dioxide and other 
gases into the air.  Carbon dioxide accumulated for millions of 
years, preventing heat from escaping into space (the greenhouse 
effect), and producing a global warming that eventually melted the 
ice.

Between 750 million and 570 million years ago, this icehouse to 
greenhouse cycle occurred several times.  Glaciers turned Earth 
into a "snowball" that stayed unmelted for millions of years until 
volcanic gases finally freed it.

At least that's what the rocks in southwest Africa tell Harvard 
geologists.  "It's staggering to think that such events are not 
only possible in theory, but actually occurred at a critical 
turning point in Earth's history," says Paul Hoffman, Sturgis 
Hooper Professor of Geology.  "The first diverse fossils of large 
animals appear soon after the last snowball glaciation.  There are 
reasons to believe that this is no mere coincidence."

For three billion years preceding the snowball glaciations, life 
was confined to algae, bacteria, and other simple organisms. Only 
the most adaptable of these creatures survived the global 
freezeovers.  Soon after the last ice ages ended, about 565 
million years ago, large animals with cells formed into tissues 
and organs suddenly began to appear.  They included the ancestors 
of many groups of animals still alive.

Hoffman spent six summers examining rock formations in Namibia, 
Africa, where the rock record of ice ages and global warmings is 
clearly preserved.  "Things didn't start falling into place until 
last December," he recalls.  "What excites me about the snowball 
idea is that it provides a common explanation for many notable 
geological features in that period of Earth history, any one of 
which is puzzling when approached in isolation."

What do other scientists think about Hoffman's reading of the 
rocks? "They either love it, or they hate it," he replies.  "We've 
had both support and stiff challenges, both of which have led to a 
stronger theory.  At this point, the remaining questions appear 
minor compared to all the things that the idea explains."

A detailed report of the theory and evidence that supports it 
appears in Friday's issue of the journal Science.  It was written 
by Hoffman; along with Alan Kaufman, a former Harvard post-
doctoral fellow now at the University of Maryland; Galen 
Halverson, a graduate student working with Hoffman; and Harvard 
geochemist Daniel Schrag.

Do Worms Keep Us Warm?

Earth started to freeze over, Hoffman says, due to a lack of 
carbon dioxide in the air combined with a dimmer sun.  Once ice 
and snow covered much of the land and ocean, a process called the 
albedo effect--wherein ice and snow reflect the sun's energy back 
into space--kicked in.  The more ice and snow, the higher the 
albedo and the colder it gets.

"Albedo tends to drive global change to one extreme [all ice] or 
the other [no ice], causing catastrophic change in either 
direction," Hoffman explains.  But for albedo-driven glaciation to 
start, it must first get cold enough for polar sea ice to expand 
to the latitude of Boston.  During the most recent ice age, 18,000 
years ago, land ice reached Cape Cod, but during summers the 
Atlantic stayed open as far north as Iceland.

The sun also radiated less energy 750 million years ago than it 
does now.  Our star works like a nuclear reactor, converting 
hydrogen to helium and releasing energy.  As the proportion of 
helium grows, the sun produces more heat.  Some 750 million years 
ago, the solar furnace was an estimated 6-7 percent cooler than at 
present.

The sun, however, did not operate alone.  "Over most of geological 
time, varying amounts of carbon dioxide in the air have regulated 
Earth's climate through the greenhouse effect," Hoffman notes.  
The gas acts like glass in a greenhouse; it lets light in but 
prevents heat from escaping into space.  Carbon dioxide along with 
other gases coming from smokestacks, vehicle exhausts, and burning 
of tropical forests make a major contribution to the present 
global warming.

During the icehouse part of the greenhouse-icehouse transitions, a 
severe shortage of carbon dioxide in the air came from a loss of 
carbon, which entered the ocean and got buried with muddy 
sediments on the ocean floor.  These sediments, which were later 
heated, compressed and uplifted by the shifting of continents and 
ocean floors, are beautifully preserved as rock layers in Namibia.

Chemical testing of these rocks reveals evidence for rapid removal 
of carbon from the atmosphere before the ice ages, then virtually 
no removal during the warmings.  "At no time since the last 
snowball event do we observe carbon shifts of such magnitude," 
Hoffman comments.

How come there have been no snowball glaciations since that time? 
"We think we have worms and snails to thank," laughs Hoffman.  
They and many other animals that live on the sea bottom constantly 
churn muddy sediments searching for bits of food.  This 
contributes to the breakdown of organic forms of carbon and its 
release into the water, then into the air.

"With the advent of bottom-dwelling animals, burial of organic 
carbon became seriously impeded by their feeding activities," 
Hoffman points out.  Before the advent of animals, the rocks in 
Namibia show thin layers of undisturbed sediment on the sea 
bottom.  After animals appeared, feeding trails, burrows, and 
other signs of grazing activity disrupted the fossil sediments.

But what caused the sudden appearance of such animals? Hoffman 
notes that a leading theory for the creation of new species 
involves mass mortality of organisms, disorganization of genetic 
material among the survivors, then renewed population growth in a 
different environment.  "This is just what happened in the 
icehouse-greenhouse transitions," Hoffman says.  "A succession of 
global glaciations, each terminated by intense warming conditions, 
may be just what the biologists ordered" for a sudden evolution of 
new forms of life.

If he is right, that explains one of the greatest mysteries of 
life on Earth:  what caused the first appearance of animal life.

Snowball in Hell

"Whenever we see the top of deposits laid down by glaciers in 
Namibia, they are capped with layers of pure carbonate rock," says 
Hoffman, pointing to a chunk of such rock on his desk.  These 
limestone caps consist of carbon and calcium that precipitated out 
of seawater.  They appear all over the world and have always been 
a mystery to geologists.

Daniel Schrag, the Harvard geochemist, maintains that this unique 
combination of glacial deposits, sharply capped by carbonates laid 
down in warm water, can be neatly accounted for by the snowball 
theory.  The high concentrations of carbon dioxide would break the 
ice's long grip.  As the ice receded, rapid precipitation of 
carbonate from the water would occur.

"It was the most extreme and rapid change on record," says Schrag.  
"Organisms surviving the deep freeze would immediately have to 
face the heat."

But how did the snowballs get rolling in the first place? "For 300 
million years before the cycles began," Hoffman explains, "all 
land was gathered together in a single supercontinent called 
'Rodinia.'  The name comes from the Russian word, rodit, which 
means 'to beget.'  When Rodinia began to breakup about 750 million 
years ago, it begot smaller continents which created many new 
continental margins.  These margins are where most of organic 
matter, including carbon, settles to the ocean bottom and gets 
buried.  The burials speeded up withdrawal of carbon dioxide from 
the air and begot the whole previously unimagined chain of 
events."

PHOTO CAPTION:  
[http://www.news.harvard.edu/science/current_stories/ 
27.Aug.98/geology.082798.html]
The rock held by geologist Paul Hoffman shows that the Earth went 
from a severe ice age to global warming about 700 million years 
ago.  Glaciers deposited the large, smooth pebbles at the bottom.  
Thin layers of limestone capping the glacial deposits were laid 
down later in warm ocean water.  Photo by Jon Chase.
------------------------------------------------------------------

1998 MARS SURVEYOR PROJECT STATUS REPORT
By John McNamee, Mars Surveyor '98 project manager

28 August 1998

Mars Climate Orbiter:
Orbiter integration and test activities continue to proceed on 
schedule.  Mission System Testing of the launch/initialization 
phase was repeated very successfully on August 26 with a fault 
protection case causing a side swap inserted.  The Mapping phase 
test conducted on August 22 was halted midway through the test due 
to a computer reset.  This fault has now been duplicated in the 
Spacecraft Test Lab for the first time which provides promise that 
the root cause of this and previous resets will be determined.  
The orbiter is on schedule for shipment to Kennedy Space Center 
(KSC) on September 10.  The only remaining work on the orbiter 
prior to ship is the dry spin balance in vacuum scheduled for 
September 5.

Mars Polar Lander:
The lander is being assembled into the cruise configuration and is 
on schedule to begin cruise thermal vacuum testing on September 2.  
The backshell and cruise stage are installed and the spacecraft is 
scheduled to move to the thermal vacuum chamber on August 29.  The 
lander pre-ship review is planned for September 15.  Shipment to 
KSC is planned for October 12.

For more information on the Mars Surveyor 98 mission, please visit 
our website at http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/
------------------------------------------------------------------

STARDUST STATUS REPORT
By Ken Atkins, STARDUST project manager

The ATLO team completed the electromagnetic (EM) testing, stray 
voltage testing, and solar array deployment shock tests.  No 
radiated emissions problems were observed in the EM tests.  That 
means the electrical system will be "quiet" without static causing 
problems with other things on board.  The solar array test was to 
exercise the components that allow the arrays to unfold 
automatically in space.  Everything worked fine!  After the 
testing, the solar arrays were removed and the spacecraft moved to 
its handling fixture to start preparations for system thermal 
vacuum test (STV).  That's the picture on the webcam at this 
writing.  The flight system remains very healthy with no 
functional problems going into environmental test.

Launch Vehicle:  
You may have seen on the news that the inaugural flight of the 
Delta III rocket failed on August 26.  Boeing has initiated a 
failure investigation.  STARDUST is not manifested to ride on the 
Delta III.  We're slated for the Delta II, a rocket system with 
more than one hundred successful launchings.  However, even though 
STARDUST is manifested on the Delta II launch vehicle, Boeing and 
NASA must consider and review everything about the Delta II in the 
context of this failure to ensure exoneration of all Delta II 
elements before allowing continuation of the Delta II launch 
schedule.  Seven Delta II launches are scheduled ahead of 
STARDUST.

A new STARDUST fact sheet was added to the Web Site at 
http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/welcome/factsheetnew.pdf

University of Washington's Professor Don Brownlee, the STARDUST 
Principal Investigator, completed "STARDUST:  The Story", a 
background account of how the project came about.  The story was 
added to the Captain Comet (Kids) page at 
http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/captaincomet/storyofstardust.html

For more information on the STARDUST mission--the first ever comet 
sample return mission--please visit the STARDUST home page at 
http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov
------------------------------------------------------------------

SPACE FRONTIER CONFERENCE VII--"SPACE:  THE REVOLUTION IS NOW! " 
Space Frontier Foundation

October 9-11, 1998
Sheraton Gateway Hotel
Los Angeles International Airport, CA

There is a revolution underway in the opening of the greatest 
human frontier of all time!  If you want to know what's really 
happening, then join the players who are opening the space 
frontier this Columbus Day weekend in Los Angeles.  This 
conference is THE EVENT for anyone who wants to understand or 
become a part of the human breakout into space.

This is your chance to hear from a cross-range of NASA and other 
government representatives, entrepreneurs, financiers, scientists 
and space media leaders, and to then decide what YOUR role will be 
in opening the space frontier.

The conference is presented by the Space Frontier Foundation and 
is co-sponsored by:  The Foundation for the Non-Governmental 
Development of Space (FINDS); ProSpace, the citizen's space lobby; 
and Rotary Rocket Company, an entrepreneurial space transportation 
company.

A selected list of confirmed speakers includes:

"The Washington Connection"
* Congressman Dana Rohrabacher:  Chairman of the House Space & 
Aeronautics Subcommittee
* Joe Rothenberg:  NASA Associate Administrator for Space Flight * 
James Asker:  Aviation Week and Space Technology, Washington 
Bureau Chief 
* Ralph Moslener:  Manager of Space Station Commercialization for 
Boeing

"The Entrepreneurs and Financiers"
* Dr. Buzz Aldrin:  CEO of Starcraft Boosters Inc.  and Apollo 11 
Astronaut
* Shubber Ali:  KPMG Peat Marwick
* Joe Carroll:  Tether Applications, Inc.
* Mitchell Burnside Clapp:  Executive Vice President of Pioneer 
Rocketplane 
* Charles "Pete" Conrad:  Chairman of Universal Space Lines and 
Apollo 12 Astronaut
* Gary Hudson:  CEO of Rotary Rocket Company
* Mike Kelly:  Chairman, Kelly Space and Technology
* Richard Smithies:  Barclays Capital

"The Scientists"
* Dr. Alan Binder:  Principal Investigator, Lunar Prospector 
Mission
* Dr. Tom Gehrels:  Director of Space Watch
* Dr. Eleanor Helin:  NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Mount 
Palomar Observatory
* Dr. John Lewis:  University of Arizona & author of "Rain of Iron 
and Ice" & "Mining the Sky"
* Dr. Harrison Schmitt:  University of Wisconsin and Apollo 17 
Astronaut 
* Dr. William "Red" Whittaker:  Carnegie Mellon University Tele-
Robotics

"The Storytellers"
* David Brin:  Hugo Award winner, author of "The Postman" and 
"Startide Rising"
* Dave Brody:  "Inside Space, the Sci-Fi Channel
* Rene Echevaria:  Producer, Deep Space Nine, Paramount Studios 
* Allen Steele:  Hugo Award winner, author of "Clarke County, 
Space", and "Lunar Descent"
* Robert Weiss:  Broadway Pictures, Paramount Studios

THE CUT-OFF DATE FOR DISCOUNT ADMISSION IS SEPTEMBER 10, 1998.  
Full price details are:

Admission			before Sept. 10	after Sept. 10
General Admission*			$90			$120
General Admission (student)*	$70			$90
Friday luncheon			$25			$25
Saturday luncheon			$25			$25
Sunday luncheon			$25			$25
Saturday Awards banquet		$50			$50
Full Registration **		$180			$220

* includes receptions
** includes all events (a $35 and $25 savings, respectively)

For a complete list of our speakers and agenda, and to register 
on-line, see our WWW page at <http://www.space-frontier.org>
For other info:  send email to conference@space-frontier.org or 
call 1-800-78-SPACE.  Thank you.
------------------------------------------------------------------

End Marsbugs Vol. 5, No. 19







