What is evil.
A force that opposes
GOD and His work of righteousness in the world. Read Rom 7:8-18-19: But sin, taking occasion by the commandment, wrought in me all manner of concupiscence. For without the law sin was dead. For I know that in me (that is, in my flesh,) dwelleth no good thing: for to will is present with me; but how to perform that which is good I find not. For the good that I would I do not: but the evil which I would not, that I do.You can look at
"EVIL" as also the diseases of the world. Read Ps 41:8: An evil disease, say they, cleaveth fast unto him: and now that he lieth he shall rise up no more. The more we sin against GOD the more disease there will be in the world. Disease is a physical evil. Evil began with the fall of "ADAM AND EVE" in the Garden of Eden. Gen 3:1Through 19: Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the field which the LORD God had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden? And the woman said unto the serpent, We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden: But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden. God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it,lest ye die. And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die: For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil.
1
And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat. And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons. And the
LORD GOD said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life: Unto the woman he said, I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children; and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee. And unto Adam he said, Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life; Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field; In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.The main source of evil in the world is
"SATAN," also called the "DEVIL." Read Luke 8:12: Those by the way side are they that hear; then cometh the devil, and taketh away the word out of their hearts, lest they should believe and be saved.2
Also called
"THE WICKED ONE." Read Matt 13:19: When any one heareth the word of the kingdom, and understandeth it not, then cometh the wicked one, and catcheth away that which was sown in his heart. This is he which received seed by the way side. What I believe as a Christian and what most christian believe is that JESUS CHRIST will triumph at the end of time, satan will be cast into a lake of fire and brimstone and evil will be overcome. Read Rev 20:10: And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever.Evil can also come from the hearts of mankind It cannot come from
GOD for GOD cannot be tempted by evil. Read Mark 7:20-21-22-23: And he said, That which cometh out of the man, that defileth the man. For from within, out of the heart of men, proceed evil thoughts, adulteries, fornications, murders, Thefts, covetousness, wickedness, deceit, lasciviousness, an evil eye, blasphemy, pride, foolishness: All these evil things come from within, and defile the man. And GOD gave us free will GOD does not tempt anyone. Read James 1:13: Let no man say when he is tempted, I am tempted of God: for God cannot be tempted with evil, neither tempteth he any man: There is another part of evil it is called "EVILDOER." They are people who do evil acts against another people. "WORKERS OF INIQUITY." Read Ps 37:1: Fret not thyself because of evildoers, neither be thou envious against the workers of iniquity.The word evildoers is applied to the enemies of
GOD and His people. Ps 37:1 Fret not thyself because of evildoers, neither be thou envious against the workers of iniquity. Also if you read. Jer 20:13: Sing unto the LORD, praise ye the LORD: for he hath delivered the soul of the poor from the hand of evildoers. 1 Pet 2:12: Having your conversation honest among the Gentiles: that, whereas they speak against you as evildoers, they may by your good works, which they shall behold, glorify God in the day of visitation."DEMONS"
also are a part of evil. They are the fallen angels that joined satan in rebellion against GOD. If you read the New Testament it speaks of the fall and imprisonment of the angels that fell from heaven. Read 1 Pet 3:19: By which also he went and preached unto the spirits in prison; 1 Pet 3:20: Which sometime were disobedient, when once the longsuffering of God waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was a preparing, wherein few, that is, eight souls were saved by water. 2 Pet 2:4: For if God spared not the angels that sinned, but cast them down to hell, and delivered them into chains of darkness, to be reserved unto judgment; Jude 1:6: And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day.4
The number one fallen angel is satan the first demon. He is the god of the earth. The fallen angels or demons took place before
"GOD'S CREATION" of the world leaving satan and hisdemons to tempt the human race and contaminate them. Read Matt 25:41: Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels: Rev 12:9: And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him. Satan stands for all that is monstrous and evil. He is the disease and pain, themurderer, and butcher of the human race Only some of the fallen angels took part of all of the sin and wickedness of the time of the flood that covered the whole world. Read Gen 6:12-13-14-17: And God looked upon the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth. And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth. Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch. And, behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven; and every thing that is in the earth shall die.GOD destroyed or placed in prison part of the fallen angels. GOD left the rest to try to undermine those who have righteousness in the world. The dragon a symbol for satan,
"DREW A THIRD OF THE STARS OF HEAVEN," a symbol for angels and " THREW THEM TO THE EARTH" means satan has his own angels, also known as demons. Jews believed GOD'S power was unlimited, the Old Testament shows very little about demons the uncivilized way looking at what demons were. Read 1 Sam 16:15-16-23: And Saul's servants said unto him, Behold now, an evil spirit from God troubleth thee. Let our lord now command thy servants, which are before thee, to seek out a man, who is a cunning player on an harp: and it shall come to pass, when the evil spirit from God is upon thee, that he shall play with his hand, and thou shalt be well. And it came to pass, when the evil spirit from God was upon Saul, that David took an harp, and played with his hand: so Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him. It was a evil spirit that was lying to Saul from the LORD about whom Micaiah, the prophet of the LORD spoke. Read IKings 22:21-22-23: And there came forth a spirit, and stood before the LORD, and said, I will persuade him. And the LORD said unto him, Wherewith? And he said, I will go forth, and I will be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets. And he said, Thou shalt persuade him, and prevail also: go forth, and do so. Now therefore, behold, the LORD hath put a lying spirit in the mouth of all these thy prophets, and the LORD hath spoken evil concerning thee.Pagan worship is also part of satan as well is shows demon activity in the Old Testament Read Lev 17:7
:And they shall no more offer their sacrifices unto devils, after whom they have gone a whoring. This shall be a statute for ever unto them throughout their generations. Ps 106:37: Yea, they sacrificed their sons and their daughters unto devils. Demons love pain it gives them strength and power they also enjoy when the pagan makes idols of stone, it is there way of keeping many souls from a most loving GOD. Satan is there to steal them and in turn the pagan will worship him as a god. But their is a way out for the souls of the most evil of all "SATAN" He is called "JESUS CHRIST." The "SON OF GOD" He will speak in these cases of the ones that look to GOD for salvation. JESUS will acts as the representative.It would be a good thing to learn about satan and his angels of pain the demons that live in the world. There are different kinds of demons. If you read in the Old and New Testament. Most times they are called "unclean spirit."
Read Matt 10:1:
And when he had called unto him his twelve disciples, he gave them power against unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal all manner of sickness and all manner of disease. Mark 6:7: And he called unto him the twelve, and began to send them forth by two and two; and gave them power over unclean spirits;Lucifer is a Hebrew word A another form of evil meaning helel Vulgate. The name of Lucifer indicate the planet Venus, emphasizing its brilliancy. The Vulgate employs the also for the light of the morning. Read Isa 14:12:
How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! how art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations!WHAT IS EVIL ?
What is evil ? Evil is to mislead a person who is lost, evil is to say its OK to commit a sin, evil is to see death without a caring heart. Evil is to give credit to satan and the dark side, or give credit to yourself. Evil is to take credit for the gifts
GOD has giving you. Evil is to take away materially from a person seeking your help. Evil is to give into temptation and not caring. Evil is thinking of your own selfishness non-committal way, not caring enough to help another. At the beginning evil was flesh, brought by the sin of Adam and Eve. Evil is part of sin and sin is a barrier against the Creator. Adam and Eve were spirit originally, not flesh. Only when they became curious, encouraged by satan, did they become flesh. Satan's image and spirit still dwells in heaven, but his influence is in this world. He is the tempter of the third dimension. Also wherever there is destruction in the universe, planets ending and comets destroying other planets, wherever there is suffering his influence is there. But your concern is earth, where humans live and where flesh provides his existence. Your soul and spirit dwell within that shell of evil, "YOUR FLESH."The flesh is a potential demon itself, with unfamiliar spirits. Anytime there is a decline in your spirituality there is a unclean spirit whichdeclines in your walk with
GOD. Every human is a soul mate with GOD but as they decline they lessen in degrees. Many great people in history, throughout the decline of mankind have contributed greatly to the kingdom of satan.Genghis Khan and Adolph Hitler were the perfect images of satan. Nero and Alexander the Great, Stalin, Mussolini, Tojo of Japan, the emperors of Russia and the Kaisers of Gemany were the images of what satan's essence is. This is what evil is. Here is what is called pure
"EVIL" "ADOLF HITLER'S MEIN KAMPF."One of the most important political tracts of the 20th century, Mein Kampf (My Battle, 1924 and 1926; Eng. trans., 1939) is considered the bible of NAZISM. Written by Adolf HITLER while he served a sentence in Landsberg Prison, the book presents Hitler's major ideas on anti-Semitism, anti-Communism, superiority of the Aryan race, German nationalism, the state's superiority over the individual, and Hitler's feelings of hostility for democracy and miscegenation. The importance of the book, which calls for German domination of Europe, is derived from the notoriety of its author rather than from his logical presentation of National Socialist ideas. Herbert M. Levine. Who and what was Adolf Hitler ? He was the closesHuman to a image of satan there every was here is some of his story. Adolf Hitler was the ruler of Germany from 1933 to 1945. Guiden by concepts of elitism and racism, he established a brutal totalitarian regime under the ideological banner of National Socialism, or NAZISM. His drive for empire resulted in the devastation of World War II, culminating in Germany's defeat and the reordering of world power relationships. Early Life Hitler was born on Apr. 20, 1889, in the Austrian town of Braunau am Inn, the son of Alois, a customs official, and Klara Hitler. Alois, who was illegitimate, used his mother's name, Schicklgruber, until 1876, when he adopted the name Hitler. He was very stern with his son and abhorred Adolf's dreamy ways. His death, in 1903, came as a relief to Adolf. Adolf idealized his mother, however, whose death in 1907 had a traumatic effect on him. Hitler failed as a student in the classical secondary schools, a situation that contributed to his desire to become an artist. He went to Vienna in 1907 but was unable to gain admission to the Academy of Fine Arts. He lived a shadowy, alienated existence in multiracial Vienna until 1913. His years there were characterized by melancholy, aimlessness, and racial hatred--in Vienna he developed his lifelong obsession with the "danger" that world Jewry posed to the "Aryan race."In 1913, Hitler went to Munich, partly to evade conscription into the Austrian army.
There, however, he answered the call to colors at the outbreak (August 1914) of World War I. Serving in the Bavarian Sixteenth Regiment on the western front, he distinguished himself for bravery and was awarded the Iron Cross, First Class. For the first time in his life Hitler had found a home; he glorified the raw majesty of life under ire, the beauty of comradeship, and the nobility of the warrior. His soldierly dreams of victory
and fulfillment were shattered, however, by Germany's defeat. He became convinced that Germany had been "stabbed in the back" by Jews and Marxists. Political Rise Hitler's rise to power paralleled the unstable course of the Weimar Republic, which replaced the fallen Hohenzollern monarchy. The abortive Communist revolution in Germany and the dictated Peace of Versailles determined Hitler's decision to enter politics. In 1919 he joined a small political faction in Munich and within the next year formed the National Socialist German Workers' party (NSDAP). He directed the organization with an iron hand and used its meetings to deliver forceful rhetorical assaults on Germany's "enemies." In 1923 he led the party into the ill-fated MUNICH PUTSCH. This action resulted in his imprisonment. While in prison at Landsberg, Hitler wrote MEIN KAMPF, which became the standard work of Nazi political philosophy. He defined the enemy as world Jewry, international communism, effete liberalism, and decadent capitalism. Hitler offered instead pure Aryan blood and the renewal of German nationalism under a fighting elite. Germany would once more become the leading power on the Continent and gain its living space (Lebensraum) in central Europe and
Russia. Released after serving 9 months of a 5-year sentence, Hitler reemerged as the NSDAP's leader in 1925. He moved swiftly to reshape the party and neutralize Gregor STRASSER, who had built a Nazi power base for himself in the industrial north. Hitler gathered around him a devoted cadre of lieutenants, including the air ace Hermann GOERING, the propagandist Joseph GOEBBELS, the police technician Heinrich tic journalist Julius Streicher. The Great Depression opened the way for Hitler' HIMMLER, and the rabid anti-Semi s success. Mass unemployment, Communist insurgency, and an alliance between the Nazis and the industrialist Alfred Hugenberg's Nationalist party all contributed to the NSDAP's electoral breakthrough in September 1930. It increased its seats in the Reichstag from 12 to 107, becoming the second largest party. Hitler capitalized on the violent political climate by employing the SA (Sturmabteilung, or Brownshirts), the Nazi paramilitary arm, in the battle for the streets. His strategy worked. In April 1932 he only narrowly lost the presidential election to the incumbent Paul von HINDENBURG, and elections in July made the Nazis the largest party in the Reichstag, with 37% of the vote. The party retained this position despite a decline in its vote in the November elections. Finally, Hindenburg, having failed to gain stability under the regimes of Heinrich BRUNING, Franz von PAPEN, and Kurt von SCHLEICHER, named Hitler as chancellor on Jan. 30, 1933.Consolidation of Power Hitler's consolidation of power was a gradual process that involved both the assumption of dictatorial authority and the elimination of opposition outside and within the Nazi party. The REICHSTAG fire of Feb. 27, 1933, provided a pretext for outlawing the Communist party and arresting its leaders. The real breakthrough, however, came with the Reichstag's passage of the Enabling Act on Mar. 23, 1933, giving Hitler 4 years of dictatorial powers. Having won a commanding lead in the last free elections, held in March, Hitler proceeded to dismantle all parties except the NSDAP. All federal and state institutions and organizations were "coordinated," purged of Jewish influence, and brought under party control. On June 30, 1934, Hitler liquidated Ernst ROEHM, commander of the SA, along with hundreds of other Nazi radicals. With the death of Hindenburg in August 1934, Hitler also assumed the functions of the presidency. He adopted the title of Fuhrer, or supreme leader, of the THIRD REICH. Institutional supremacy was reinforced by an elaborate terror apparatus, established by Reichsfuhrer Himmler, leader of the SS (Schutzstaffel, or Blackshirts), the paramilitary organization that supplanted the SA. The SS and GESTAPO instituted the notorious system of CONCENTRATION CAMPS.
Although other groups and institutions suffered persecution by the Nazis because of their political unacceptability, the Jews were abused solely because of their racial identity. One decree after another eliminated them from their positions in the professions and bureaucracy. The Nuremberg Racial Laws of 1935 deprived them of their citizenship. Propaganda went hand in hand with terror. Goebbels adroitly orchestrated themes that were synchronized with Hitler's successes in both domestic and foreign affairs. Germany's economic recovery reinforced the widespread support Hitler enjoyed throughout the Reich during in the 1930s. The Road to War Hitler's economic policies were initially geared to recovery from the depression; thereafter, they were tied to his foreign-policy goals. By appointing Hjalmar SCHACHT, the architect of Germany's financial recovery in the 1920s, as his economics minister, Hitler reaffirmed his support of conservative economic policies. He undertook a vast program of public works, including construction of a network of superhighways (Autobahnen), which both returned the unemployed to work and primed the economy. By naming Goering director of the Four Year Plan in 1936, however, Hitler focused the entire economy on preparations for war. Hitler's foreign-policy goals were spelled out in Mein Kampf: to overturn the Versailles settlement and unite all Germans in a single Greater Germany, to destroy Bolshevism, and to conquer and colonize eastern Europe.
At first he proceeded cautiously. He withdrew Germany from the League of Nations as early as October 1933, but he offset criticism by repeated declarations of his peaceful intentions and by concluding a series of bilateral agreements, including a nonaggression pact with Poland (1934). As the indecisiveness of his opponents became clear, Hitler acted more forcefully. In March 1935 he announced the rearmament of Germany in open violation of the Treaty of Versailles. He was rewarded by Britain's concurrence in the form of an Anglo-German Naval Pact (June 1935). The following year, without warning, he remilitarized the Rhineland,
and France remained immobile. The two major European democracies, fearful of war, seemed set on the course of appeasement. Bolstered by the formation (1936) of the Rome-Berlin AXIS and the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan, Hitler outlined his war plans to the German military leaders in a secret meeting in November 1937. Several of them objected and were promptly dismissed. In March 1938 he annexed Austria (the Anschluss). Later that year, after an international crisis over alleged abuses to ethnic Germans in the Sudeten area of western Czechoslovakia, Britain and France joined Italy in signing the Sudeten land over to Germany at the MUNICH CONFERENCE. In March 1939, German troops completed the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. Belatedly, Britain and France moved to guarantee Poland's integrity.
Hitler, undeterred, concluded (August 1939) the
NAZI-SOVIET PACT, which cleared the way for his attack on Poland on September 1. He was surprised but prepared when France and Britain declared war on September 3. The pact with the USSR provided him the opportunity to crush his enemies in the west piecemeal. World War IIHitler became overconfident during the BLITZKRIEG campaigns of 1939-40, when he was lionized as the "greatest military commander of all times." With victories in Poland (1939) and France (1940) he avenged the alleged injustices of Versailles. By June 1940, Axis control stretched from the Arctic to North Africa, from France to central Europe. Hitler received his first reversal in the BATTLE OF BRITAIN (fall 1940), forcing him to abandon his plan to invade Britain. The Fuhrer lost no time in establishing the "New Order" in occupied Europe, a system based on terror, forced labor, and concentration camps. Under the cover of war, he began the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question," which involved the liquidation of European Jewry (see HOLOCAUST). In June 1941, Hitler cast aside the Nazi-Soviet Pact and invaded the USSR, as he had always planned. He was rewarded with several major victories in classic battles of encirclement. The Soviets, however, turned the tide--first at Moscow (December 1941) and later at Stalingrad (winter 1942-43). Moreover, in December 1941, the United States--a factor that Hitler had barely considered--entered the war.By mid-1943, Hitler's time of trial had begun.The bloody retreat from Russia had commenced, North Africa was lost, his Italian ally
Benito MUSSOLINI had fallen, and German cities were being demolished by Allied bombing. In June 1944 the Allies landed on the coast of France, opening the long-awaited second front. Hitler was the victim of an assassination attempt by a group of his own officers on July 20, 1944, but he miraculously survived. A physical wreck, he became increasingly bitter and isolated. With German defenses crumbling in the east and west, Hitler finally realized that his fate was sealed. Having appointed Adm. Karl DOENITZ as his successor and married his long-time companion Eva BRAUN, he committed suicide in Berlin on Apr. 30, 1945. This signaled the disintegration of the Third Reich and the end of the Fascist era.Here is another true image of what "EVIL" is satan comes in many forms.The "MONGOL" leader "Genghis Khan" was one of the great conquerors in the history of the world. Born c.1167, he was the son of Yesugei, leader of a small tribe in northeastern Mongolia. Yesugei was poisoned when Temujin (Genghis Khan's name as a youth) was about 10 years old, and the orphaned boy later entered the service of Toghril Khan, the most powerful Mongol ruler of the time. Struggle and bloodshed characterized the succeeding years until 1206, when Temujin united the warring Mongol tribes and was proclaimed Genghis Khan ("universal ruler") of the Mongol chieftains. (The name also appears as Jenghiz Khan.) In 1207, Genghis Khan led the Mongols on the first of the series of destructive, bloody invasions that would result in the conquest of much of the Asian mainland. After defeating the CHIN empire in northern China, the Mongols occupied Peking in 1215.Extending their expeditions to the shores of the Caspian Sea, the Mongol warriors penetrated the steppes of Russia and totally defeated the Russian army by 1223. They did not, however, follow up their victory with a conquest of the cities to the west; instead they returned eastward. The empire established by Genghis Khan eventually extended from the Pacific Ocean in the east to the Black Sea in the west. Its north-south extent was no less impressive, reaching from Siberia to the northern borders of mainland Southeast Asia. Genghis Khan's success as soldier, conqueror, and ruler resulted largely from his military organization, strategy, and mobility, all of which gave him a consistent advantage over opponents who were often weaker, less well
organized, and divided. Although he never learned to read, he left behind a system of law that probably represented more than a mere codification of existing practices. He died on Aug. 18, 1227, and was buried in a secret location in Mongolia.The
USA is part of the evil. Their bombs with bacteria and genetic enginering of humans without souls is pure evil. Satan is a very big part of the human race he will appea. Here is another evil image of satan The notorious mass killer Charles Manson, b. Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 12, 1934, was convictedof the murders of actress Sharon Tate and six of her friends near Bel Air, Calif. The bloody rampage on the night of Aug. 9, 1969, was the culmination of Manson's cult philosophy based on the worship of both God and the devil. He exerted total control over the so-called Manson family,mostly women, through repetitious preaching, drugs, and fear. His control was such that the Tate murders were committed at his direction but without his presence. After a widely publicized trial in Los Angeles, Manson was sentenced (Apr. 9, 1971) to death, but the sentence was later reduced to life imprisonment in keeping with the change in California law eliminating the death penalty. As you can see that mankind can be and in many cases is evil like Jim Jones WHO said he was "GOD." This is pure evil. Jonestown, an agricultural commune in northwestern Guyana, was the site, in 1978, of the mass suicide of more than 900 members of an American religious cult called the People's Temple, led by James Warren "Jim" Jones (1931-78). A native of Indiana, Jones founded his church, at first called the Christian Assembly of God, in Indianapolis, Ind., in the late 1950s. He preached a gospel of social and racial equality to his integrated congregation, at the same time presenting himself as the only source of survival in a hostile and soon-to-be-destroyed world. In 1965, Jones and his followers moved to California, first to Redwood Valley and later to San Francisco. There his revival-style meetings drew large crowds, and the group's membership swelled to several thousand. The temple also attracted attention by its programs to help the poor, and in 1976, Jones was appointed chairman of the San Francisco Housing Authority. Within a year, however, allegations were heard that the charismatic Jones exercised a sinister power over his followers, extorting money from them, encouraging sexual promiscuity, and enforcing discipline by beatings and blackmail. As these stories--soon to be proved true--broke in the press, Jones and 800 followers fled to Guyana, where Jones had acquired the Jonestown site in 1974. In Jonestown the cult members were cut off from the outside world. Guarded by armed security forces, they received inadequate food, worked as many as 11 hours a day, and were constantly harangued by their leader. In November 1978, California congressman Leo Ryan visited the commune to investigate the charges against Jones. On November 18, Ryan and several of his party were murdered, after which Jones ordered his followers to commit suicide with him by drinking a concoction of apowdered fruit drink and cyanide. Although some were forced, many apparently followed the order without question. Bibliography: Hall, J.R., Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History (1987); Kilduff, Marshall, and Javers, Ron, The Suicide Cult (1978); Naipaul, Shiva, Journey to Nowhere: A New World Tragedy (1981); Reston, James, Jr., Our Father Who Art in Hell (1981).
Satan is becoming a creator in the third dimension. Mechanical geniuses, your computers, are part of the evil. The flesh is not part of
GOD'S kingdom, but is the evil of the third dimension. All flesh, no matter who dwells within is evil. Diseases such as "AIDS," "CANCER," "DIABETES, "MS," "ARTHRITIS are all part of mans creation and his imperfections. And what are demons ? The fallen angels of satan in different forms. They walk in the bodies of many good men, and many more demons will function as humans. They will take over the bodies of government officials, religions icons, until the return of JESUS. Man seeks forgiveness. On one side he is the image of GOD and on the other is an image of satan. Are there any souls on the earth in flesh who arepure ? "NO," and that is why the Son of GOD died on the cross, because the flesh cannot overcome the temptations of the satan. He is the earthly god.Satan sneaks in on the storms, hurricanes and tornadoes, he thrives on volcanoes, he gorges himself on the suffering. There are millions of fleshly beings who are children of
GOD, and thus not protected from the suffering and pain of there own elements and the demons of disease. The children of GOD suffer but it does not touch their spirits or souls. They are the Jobs of the world, and made their choice before this life. The greatest gift is to give your life to a stranger. So, when satan touches these children of GOD he makes a terrible mistake, and he declines in his power.Evil is the devils and demons, the wars man, the destruction of GOD'S beautiful land and oceans, the bombs and missiles, the rockets, ships and planes of destruction. Satan grows fat on them Everytime a gun fires , or a knife penetrates a human body, or a bomb drops, satan's power grows stronger. Every time a child is abused or molested, everytime a family beats on each other and creates an evil vibration in the home, satan possesses that person with more anguish.
That is evil. Everytime the oceans are polluted and sea creatures are destroyed by man's waste and polluted atmosphere, satan grows stronger. Satan is not only on earth, but everywhere in the dimension of flesh. Read about what the
"ANTICHRIST IS." A false prophet and evil being who will set himself up against Christ and the people of God in the last days before the SECOND COMING. The term is used only in the writings of John in the New Testament. It refers to one who stands in opposition to all that Jesus Christrepresents. Read 1John 2:18,22; 4:3; 2 John 7.
I Jn 2:18-22: Little children, it is the last time: and as ye have heard that antichrist shall come, even now are there many antichrists; whereby we know that it is the last time. Who is a liar but he that denieth that Jesus is the Christ? He is antichrist, that denieth the Father and the Son. John wrote that several antichrists existed already in his day-false teachers who denied the deity and the incarnation of Christ-- but that the supreme Antichrist of history would appear at some future time.
The Antichrist's primary work is deception, which also characterizes SATAN in his attempts to undermine the work of
GOD in the world. Satan's deception began in the Garden of Eden <Genesis 3> and will continue until the end of time. The DRAGON (or serpent) of. Revelation 12> is Satan, the Serpent mentioned in. Read Genesis 3. Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the field which the LORD GOD had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath GOD said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden? Thus the thread of Satan's deceptive work may be traced from Genesis through Revelation. That work reaches its climax in the Antichrist, who receives his authority and power from the dragon, Satan. Read Rev. 13:4: And they worshipped the dragon which gave power unto the beast: and they worshipped the beast, saying, Who is like unto the beast? who is able to make war with him? The work of Satan through the Antichrist is clearly rooted in the prophecies of Daniel. Daniel spoke of a dreadful beast with ten horns and one little horn Read Dan. 7:7-8: After this I saw in the night visions, and behold a fourth beast, dreadful and terrible, and strong exceedingly; and it had great iron teeth: it devoured and brake in pieces, and stamped the residue with the feet of it: and it was diverse from all the beasts that were before it; and it had ten horns. I considered the horns, and, behold, there came up among them another little horn, before whom there were three of the first horns plucked up by the roots: and, behold, in this horn were eyes like the eyes of man, and a mouth speaking great things. The Ancient of Days will kill the beast and throw it in the fire. Read Dan. 7:11: I beheld then because of the voice of the great words which the horn spake: I beheld even till the beast was slain, and his body destroyed, and given to the burning flame.Then, according to Daniel, one like the Son of Man will receive the everlasting kingdom. Read Dan. 7:13-14.
I saw in the night visions, and, behold, one like the Son of man came with the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient of days, and they brought him near before him. And there was given him dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that all people, nations, and languages, should serve him: his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed.The Antichrist will be the sum total of the beasts referred to in <Daniel 7> <Rev. 13:1-4>. He will speak arrogant, boastful words; and he will be aided by a
FALSE PROPHET, who will make the entire earth worship him and receive the mark Read Rev. 13:11-12: And he exerciseth all the power of the first beast before him, and causeth the earth and them which dwelltherein to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed.
The number of the beast, says John, is 666--a mysterious code name. Those who worship the Antichrist will experience certain doom through the wrath of GOD And the third angel followed them, saying with a loud voice, If any man worship the beast and his image, and receive his mark in his forehead, or in his hand, The same shall drink of the wine of the wrath of GOD, which is poured out without mixture into the cup of his indignation; and he shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb: And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever: and they have no rest day nor night, who worship the beast and his image, and whosoever receiveth the mark of his name.The Antichrist makes war against Christ and His army, but he is captured and is "cast alive into the lake of fire burning with brimstone" Read Rev. 19:20>.
And the beast was taken, and with him the false prophet that wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived them that had received the mark of the beast, and them that worshipped his image. These both were cast alive into a lake of fire burning with brimstone. He is later joined by the DEVIL; together they "will be tormented day and night forever and ever" Read Rev. 20:10: And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever. The devil, the BEAST (or Antichrist), and the false prophet form a kind of unholy trinity, counterfeiting Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. After much wickedness and suffering has been loosed against Christ and His people, the satanic rebellion will be crushed by the power of GOD. Although the apostle Paul does not use the term Antichrist, he surely had the Antichrist in mind when he wrote of the great apostasy, or falling away, that would occur before the return of Christ.Read 2 Thes. 2:1-2-3-4-5-10-11-12:Now we beseech you, brethren, by the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, and by our gathering together unto him, That ye be not soon shaken in mind, or be troubled, neither by spirit, nor by word, nor by letter as from us, as that the day of Christ is at hand. Let no mandeceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God. Remember ye not, that, when I was yet with you, I told you these things? And with all deceivableness of unrighteousness in them that perish; because they received not the love of the truth, that they might be saved. And for this cause God shall send them strong delusion, that they should
believe a lie: That they all might be damned who believed not the truth, but had pleasure in unrighteousness.
The Antichrist is also called the lawless one who, empowered and inspired by Satan, will lead the final rebellion against GOD , (NEB), but will be destroyed at the coming of the Lord. Paul urges believers to stand firm in the faith and not be deceived by the Antichrist who willdisplay "
ALL KINDS OF COUNTERFEIT MICACLES, SIGNS AND WONDER." Read 2 Thes. 2:9. Even him, whose coming is after the working of Satan with all power and signs and lying wonders. The main reason the Bible discusses the Antichrist is not to encourage idle speculation, but to warn believers not to be misled by his deceit. Read Matt. 24:4-5,23-24. And Jesus answered and said unto them, Take heed that no man deceive you. For many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and shall deceive many. Then if any man shall say unto you, Lo, here is Christ, or there; believe it not. For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and shall shew great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect.The times when the Antichrist will appear will be very hard for the faithful. They need to be prepared with special instructions on how to deal with this unsettling event.
"SIN IS A BIG PART OF EVIL."
Sin is a theological term for evil behavior, individual or corporate. It is to be distinguished from crime, a legal term applied to a breach of the rules that society imposes on its members, and from vice, a moral term applied to a practice or habit that is injurious to a person's moral nature. Sin specifically refers to conduct that involves a wrong attitude toward
GOD and results in alienation from him. All the major religions have a concept of sin, although they differ widely in their interpretation of its meaning.Hinduism, for example, in the doctrine of
KARMA, presents a system by which human action works itself out in retribution or reward by rebirth in another existence. Good action loosens the grip of the world of the senses; bad action degrades and binds its victim more fully to the TRANSMIGRATION cycle of karma and the OF SOULS. Final deliverance from the round of rebirths comes only when the soul ceases to desire or to act and is absorbed into the divine source from which it came.Judaism, Islam, and Christianity teach that sin is an offense against a personal GOD. In the Old Testament, or Hebrew Bible, sin is seen as transgression against the command or law of GOD. The first sin was committed by Adam and Eve, and the effects of that sin have passed on to their descendants. In Christian theology this "ORIGINAL SIN" is understood to have resulted in a change in the souls of individuals so that they are born as sinners and the tendency to sin is rooted in their nature. Islamic teaching on sin derives from the ethical and religious injunctions of the Koran and traditions (hadith). It has much in common with the Old Testament concept of sin. Islam also recognizes the power of GOD to forgive the repenting sinner through his infinite mercy. A sin, in Christian theology, is not only a deed, but also a thought, motive, or desire in opposition to the eternal law of GOD. This is illustrated by the traditional teaching of the Seven Deadly Sins: pride, avarice, lust, envy, gluttony, anger, and sloth. Pride is regarded as the sin that most surely separates a sinner from the grace of GOD. Deliverance is possible only through JESUS CHRIST, whose sacrificial death redeems the repentant sinner from the penalty and power of sin. dee'-muhn} A demon is an evil spirit. The word is derived from the Greek daimon, which in ancient times signified various kinds of spirits or semi-divine beings, most of which were not specificallyevil. In the writings of Plato, daimones are intermediate between the gods and humans. Daimon came to mean an evil spirit in Jewish and Christian usage. It was given that meaning in the Septuagint (c.275-100 BC), the earliest Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. In the Latin Vulgate (5th century AD), daemon was used to refer to idols and pagan gods in general, as well as to spirits that might take possession of human beings. In traditional belief, such spirits were thought to be responsible for sickness, and could be expelled by means of
EXORICISM. The word demon is often synonymous with devil, which comes from the Greek diabolos ("deceiver"). Diabolos also refers to SATAN, the prince of demons.Belief in evil spirits is widespread in traditional cultures all over the world. In many tribal societies they are held to be the ghosts of dead ancestors who are hostile to the living and must be placated by magical rites. Various kinds of demons figure in the Hindu tradition. The asuras are spirits associated with drought. The raksasas (goblins who take the form of animals and deformed humans) are believed to devour corpses. Vritra, the adversary of the god Indra, is the Hindu counterpart of Satan. Mara, The Buddhist Satan, leads an army of demons depicted in Buddhist art as hideous monsters similar to the devils that torment the damned in medieval European portrayals of hell. The demons that are a common subject of Tibetan iconography were originally nature spirits connected with the shamanistic Bon religion of pre-Buddhist Tibet, who have been tamed by the power of Buddhist saints.The jinni of Islamic folklore is a desert spirit that may be either benign or malicious. Foremost among the latter is Iblis, an angel who rebelled against God and was driven out of paradise. Demons represented in the Jewish tradition include Azazel, a desert spirit connected with the rites of atonement (Lev. 16.8),
And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one lot for the LORD, and the other lot for the scapegoat. and LILITH, the first wife of Adam, who was believed to steal and kill children. Prominent in the folklore of eastern European Jewry since the 17th century is the dibbuk, a demon that takes possession of people and speaks through them, causing them to behave in a demented manner. Traditional Jewish literature contains numerous stories describing the exorcism of such spirits.In the Christian West, belief in demons was a major element in the religion of medieval and early modern Europe. One of its chief manifestations was the WITCHCRAFT craze of the 16th and 17th centuries, in which thousands of supposed sorcerers, chiefly women, were burned at the stake, charged with consorting with the devil.
DEMON POSSESSION
An affliction of persons in the New Testament who were possessed or controlled by demons <Matt. 4:24; 8:33>;
And his fame went throughout all Syria: and they brought unto him all sick people that were taken with divers diseases and torments, and those which were possessed with devils, and those which were lunatick, and those that had the palsy; and he healed them. And they that kept them fled, and went their ways into the city, and told every thing, and what was befallen to the possessed of the devils.(demoniac, NASB) The New Testament gives graphic descriptions of the effect of demons on people. Some of the diseases which they caused included muteness <Matt. 12:22;
Then was brought unto him one possessed with a devil, blind, and dumb: and he healed him, insomuch that the blind and dumb both spake and saw.Mark 9:17,25>,
And one of the multitude answered and said, Master, I have brought unto thee my son, which hath a dumb spirit; And wheresoever he taketh him, he teareth him: and he foameth, and gnasheth with his teeth, and pineth away: and I spake to thy disciples that they should cast him out; and they could not. He answereth him, and saith, O faithless generation, how long shall I be with you? how long shall I suffer you? bring him unto me. And they brought him unto him: and when he saw him, straightway the spirit tare him; and he fell on the ground, and wallowed foaming. And he asked his father, How long is it ago since this came unto him? And he said, Of a child. And ofttimes it hath cast him into the fire, and into the waters, to destroy him: but if thou canst do any thing, have compassion on us,and help us. Jesus said unto him, If thou canst believe, all things are possible to him that believeth. And straightway the father of the child cried out, and said with tears, Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief. When Jesus saw that the people came running together, he rebuked the foul spirit, saying unto him, Thou dumb and deaf spirit, I charge thee, come out of him, and enter no more into him.
DEAFNESS
<Mark 9:25>, blindness <Matt. 12:22>, and bodily deformity <Luke 13:10-17>. And he was teaching in one of the synagogues on the sabbath. But demons were not responsible for all physical ailments. The gospel writers frequently distinguished between sickness and demon possession <Matt. 4:24; And his fame went throughout all Syria: and they brought unto him all sick people that were taken with divers diseases and torments, and those which were possessed with devils, and those which were lunatick, and those that had the palsy; and he healed them.Mark 1:32;
And at even, when the sun did set, they brought unto him all that were diseased, and them that were possessed with devils. Luke 6:17-18>. And he came down with them, and stood in the plain, and the company of his disciples, and a great multitude of people out of all Judaea and Jerusalem, and from the sea coast of Tyre and Sidon, which came to hear him, and to be healed of their diseases; And they that were vexed with unclean spirits: and they were healed.Sometimes a problem caused by demons appears to have another cause in another situation <Matt. 15:30>.
And great multitudes came unto him, having with them those that were lame, blind, dumb, maimed, and many others, and cast them down at Jesus' feet; and he healed them:In New Testament times demons were also responsible for some mental problems <Matt. 8:28; Acts 19:13-17>.
Then certain of the vagabond Jews, exorcists, took upon them to call over them which had evil spirits the name of the Lord Jesus, saying, We adjure you by Jesus whom Paul preacheth. And there were seven sons of one Sceva, a Jew, and chief of the priests, which did so. And the evil spirit answered and said, Jesus I know, and Paul I know; but who are ye? And the man in whom the evil spirit was leaped on them, and overcame them, and prevailed against them, so that they fled out of that house naked and wounded. And this was known to all the Jews and Greeks also dwelling at Ephesus; and fear fell on them all, and the name of the Lord Jesus was magnified.The ranting and raving that they produced probably should be included with mental disorders <Mark 1:23-24;
And there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit; and he cried out, Saying, Let us alone; what have we to do with thee, thou Jesus of Nazareth? art thou come to destroy us? I know thee who thou art, the Holy One of God. John 10:20>. And many of them said, He hath a devil, and is mad; why hear ye him? Uncontrolled fits were another form of demonic affliction. <Luke 9:37-42; And it came to pass, that on the next day, when they were come down from the hill, much people met him. And, behold, a man of the company cried out, saying, Master, I beseech thee, look upon my son: for he is mine only child. And, lo, a spirit taketh him, and he suddenly crieth out; and it teareth him that he foameth again,and bruising him hardly departeth from him. And I besought thy disciples to cast him out; and they could not. And Jesus answering said, O faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I be with you, and suffer you? Bring thy son hither. And as he was yet a coming, the devil threw him down, and tare him. And Jesus rebuked the unclean spirit, and healed the child, and delivered him again to his father.
Mark 1:26>.
And when the unclean spirit had torn him, and cried with a loud voice, he came out of him. Sometimes a demon also caused a person to behave in an antisocial manner <Luke 8:27,28> And when he went forth to land, there met him out of the city a certain man, which had devils long time, and ware no clothes, neither abode in any house, but in the tombs. When he saw Jesus, he cried out, and fell down before him, and with a loud voice said, What have I to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of God most high? I beseech thee, torment me not. Luke 8:29,35: (For he had commanded the unclean spirit to come out of the man. For oftentimes it had caught him: and he was kept bound with chains and in fetters; and he brake the bands, and was driven of the devil into the wilderness.) And Jesus asked him, saying, What is thy name? And he said, Legion: because many devils were entered into him. And they besought him that he would not command them togo out into the deep. And there was there an herd of many swine feeding on the mountain: and they besought him that he would suffer them to enter into them. And he suffered them. Then went the devils out of the man, and entered into the swine: and the herd ran violently down a steep place into the lake, and were choked. When they that fed them saw what was done, they fled, and went and told it in the city and in the country. Then they went out to see what was done; and came to Jesus, and found the man, out of whom the devils were departed, sitting at the feet of Jesus, clothed, and in his right mind: and they were afraid.The method of
JESUS and His disciples in casting out demons differed radically from the magical methods so often used in that time. Through His simple command JESUS expelled them <Mark 1:25; And Jesus rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and come out of him. Mark 5:8: For he said unto him, Come out of the man, thou unclean spirit. Mark 9:25: When Jesus saw that the people came running together, he rebuked the foul spirit, saying unto him, Thou dumb and deaf spirit, I charge thee, come out of him, and enter no more into him. His disciples simply added the authority of His name to the command <Luke 10:17; And the seventy returned again with joy, saying, Lord, even the devils are subject unto us through thy name. Acts 16:18>. And this did she many days. But Paul, being grieved, turned and said to the spirit, I command thee in the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her. And he came out the same hour.Even some people who were not His followers invoked His power <Luke 9:49;
And John answered and said, Master, we saw one casting out devils in thy name; and we forbad him, because he followeth not with us. Acts 19:13>. Then certain of the vagabond Jews, exorcists, took upon them to call over them which had evil spirits the name of the Lord Jesus, saying, We adjure you by Jesus whom Paul preacheth. In some instances prayer was necessary before a demon could be cast out <Mark 9:29>. And he said unto them, This kind can come forth by nothing, but by prayer and fasting. By casting out demons, Jesus showed that the KINGDOM OF GOD-- GOD'S rule in the affairs of mankind-- was a present reality. This was also a clear demonstration of His power over Satan and the demonic forces of sin and evil in the world.INCEST
is prohibited sexual relations between members of the same KINSHIP group. It is almost universally proscribed between unmarried members of the NUCLEAR FAMILY (between siblings or between parents and children). In many cultures the definition of incest includes other relatives also, although which ones varies from society to society.Most social scientists believe that the primary purpose of the prohibition, often called the incest TABOO, is to protect the nuclear family from the consequences of sexual rivalry and jealousy. The taboo is linked with the rule of EXOGAMY,which requires marriage outside of one's family. Besides reinforcing the incest prohibition, this rule prevents families from becoming culturally ingrown and encapsulated through perpetual ENDOGAMY, or marriage within specified segments of a society. Marriage to relatives outside the nuclear family is common in a number of cultures, however, and it is no longer widely believed that the incest prohibition serves principally to guard against inbreeding as a negative biological consequence of incest.
Some societies permit explicit, rare exceptions to the incest prohibition for cultural reasons. Such exceptions have included brother-sister marriage among the royal families in ancient Egypt, among the INCA, and in traditional Hawaiian society. Unpermitted violations occur with varying frequency in all societies, and incest in the form of CHILD ABUSE is a major social concern
VOODOO
is a religious system with followers predominantly in Haiti, the West Indies. Developed by slaves brought to Haiti by the French between the 17th and 19th centuries, it combines features of African and native West Indian religion along with some of the Roman Catholic liturgy and sacraments. The voodoo deities, called loa, are closely related to African gods and may be spirits of natural phenomena--such as fire, water, or wind--or of the dead, including eminent ancestors. A feature of the cult is that at special ceremonies the loa have the power to make their presence known. They temporarily displace the astral body of a living person and occupy his or her physical body. The individual thus possessed is said to be mounted by the loa and behaves and acts as the loa directs, usually in a manner characteristic of the loa itself. Priests called houngans preside over these ceremonies.Two main groups constitute the loa: the rada, often mild and helping, and the petro, dangerous and often deadly. Graveyards, coffins, shrouds, bones, and skulls figure prominently in the symbolism of the petro cult. The bocor, or priest, is especially dreaded for his supposed ability to create the zombie, a newly dead body that he reanimates by causing it to be possessed by an elemental spirit under his control.{in-kwi-zish'-uhn}
The Inquisition
was a medieval church court instituted to seek out and prosecute heretics. The term is applied to the institution
itself, which was episcopal or papal, regional or local; to the personnel of the tribunal; and to the judicial procedure followed by the court. Notoriously harsh in its procedures, the Inquisition was defended during the Middle Ages by appeal to biblical practices and to the church father
Saint AUGUSTINE, who had interpreted Luke 14:23: And the lord said unto the servant, Go out into the highways and hedges, and compel them to come in, that my house may be filled. as endorsing the use of force against heretics. Development and Institution Problems with sects like the ALBIGENSES(Cathari) and WALDENSES in the 12th century first led to the episcopal Inquisition. Often at the instigation of secular rulers, bishops were urged to investigate and deal locally with heretics, since they were seen as a threat to both the ecclesiastical and the social order. Papal documents as well as the Second, Third, and Fourth
LATERAN COUNCILS (1139, 1179, 1215) prescribed imprisonment and confiscation of property as punishment for heresy and threatened to excommunicate princes who failed to punish heretics.The papal Inquisition was formally instituted by Pope GREGORY IX in 1231. Following a law of Holy Roman Emperor FREDERICK II, enacted for Lombardy in 1224 and extended to the entire empire in 1232, Gregory ordered convicted heretics to be seized by the secular authorities and burned. Like Frederick, Gregory also mandated that heretics be sought out and tried before a church court. For this purpose, he first appointed special inquisitors (for example, Conrad of Marburg in Germany and Robert le Bougre in Burgundy) and later entrusted the task to members of the newly established DOMINICAN and FRANCISCAN orders of friars. The independent authority of the inquisitors was a frequent cause of friction with the local clergy and bishops. Procedures During the 13th century, the typical procedure began with the arrival of the inquisitors in a specific locality. A period of grace was proclaimed for penitent heretics, after which time denunciations were accepted from anyone, even criminals and other heretics. Two informants whose identity was unknown to the victim were usually sufficient for a charge.The court then summoned the suspect, conducted an interrogation, and tried to obtain the confession that was necessary for conviction. In order to do this, assisting secular authorities frequently applied
physical torture. This practice probably started in Italy under the impact of rediscovered Roman civil law and made use of such painful procedures as stretching of limbs on the rack, burning with live coals, squeezing of fingers and toes, or the strappado, a vertical rack. At the beginning of the interrogation, which was recorded summarily in Latin by a clerk, suspects and witnesses had to swear under oath that they would reveal everything. Unwillingness to take the oath was interpreted as a sign of adherence to heresy. If a person confessed and was willing to submit, the judges prescribed minor penances like flogging, fasts, prayers, pilgrimages, or fines. In more severe cases the wearing of a yellow "cross of infamy," with its resulting social ostracism, or imprisonment could be imposed. Denial of the charges without counterproof, obstinate refusal to confess, and persistence in the heresy resulted in the most severe punishments: life imprisonment or execution accompanied by total confiscation of property. Since the church was not permitted to shed blood, the sentenced heretic was surrendered to the secular authorities for execution, usually by burning at the stake. When the Inquisition had completed its investigations, the sentences were pronounced in a solemn ceremony, known as the sermo generalis ("general address") or, in Spain, as the auto-da-fe ("act of faith"), attended by local dignitaries, clergy, and towns people. Here the penitents abjured their errors and received their penalties; obstinate heretics were solemnly cursed and handed over to be burned immediately in public.Several inquisitors' manuals have survived, among them those of Bernard Gui and Nicolas Eymeric. Other sources include checklists of standard questions and numerous official minutes of local inquisitions. Some of these materials have been published, but most exist in manuscript only.
The first inquisitors worked in central Europe (Germany, northern Italy, eastern France). Later centers of the Inquisition were established in the Mediterranean regions, especially southern France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. The tribunal was used in England to suppress the LOLLARDS (followers of the 14th-century reformer John WYCLIFFE). Queen Mary I of England (r. 1553-58) used the tribunal in her effort to reverse the Protestant REFORMATION. The Inquisition's long survival can be attributed to the early inclusion of offenses other than heresy: sorcery, alchemy, blasphemy, sexual aberration, and infanticide. The number of witches and sorcerers burned after the late 15th century appears to have been far greater than that of heretics. Spanish Inquisition The Inquisition underwent special development in Portugal and Spain and their colonies. At the insistence of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, Pope SIXTUS IV endorsed (1483) the creation of an independent Spanish Inquisition presided over by a high council and grand inquisitor. Legend has made the first grand inquisitor, Tomas de TORQUEMADA, a symbol of
ultimate cruelty, bigotry, intolerance, and religious fanaticism. The truth is that the Spanish Inquisition was particularly severe, strict, and efficient because of its strong ties with the crown. Its major targets were the Marranos (converts from Judaism) and Moriscos (converts from Islam), many of whom were suspected of secretly adhering to their original faiths. During the 16th century, Protestants and Alumbrados (Spanish mystics) seemed to be the major danger. Often serving political ends, the inquisitors also exercised their dreaded functions among the converted Indian populations of the Spanish colonies in America. The Inquisition was finally suppressed in Spain in 1834 and in Portugal in 1821. Roman Inquisition At the time of the Reformation, Pope PAUL III created a cardinals' commission at the curia as the final court of appeal in matters of heresy. This Roman Inquisition was solidified (1588) by SIXTUS V into the Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, also known as the Holy Office, whose task was to watch over the correct doctrine of faith and morals for the whole Roman Catholic church.
Reorganized in 1908 under the simpler title Congregation of the Holy Office, it was redefined by Pope PAUL VI in 1965 as the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, with the more positive task of furthering right doctrine rather than censuring heresy. Conclusion Among the inumerable victims of the Inquisition were such famous people as the philosopher Giordano BRUNO, GALILEO, JOAN OF ARC, and the religious order of knights called the TEMPLARS. The institution and its excesses have been an embarrassment to many modern Christians. In anti-Catholic and antireligious polemics since the Enlightenment (for example, Voltaire's Candide), the Inquisition has been cited as a prime example of what is thought to be the barbarism of the Middle Ages. In its day there was some popular sympathy for the Inquisition. Some saw it as a political and economic tool, others, as a necessary defense for religious belief. Nevertheless, despite all efforts at understanding the institution in the light of social, political, religious, and ideological factors, today the Inquisition is generally admitted to belong to the darker side of Christian history. Karlfried Froehlich
Bibliography: Coulton, George G., The Inquisition (1929; repr. 1974); Hauben, Paul J., ed., The Spanish Inquisition (1969); Kamen, Henry A., The Spanish Inquisition and Society in Spain in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (1985); Langdon-Davies, John, The Spanish Inquisition (1938; repr. 1964); Lea, Henry C., A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, 3 vols. (1888; repr. 1988); Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel, Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error, trans. by Barbara Bray (1978). Monter, William, Frontiers of Heresy (1990); O'Brien, John A., The Inquisition (1973); Peters, Edward, Inquisition (1988; repr. 1989); Roth, Cecil, The Spanish Inquisition (1938; repr. 1987); Wakefield, Walter L., Heresy, Crusade, and Inquisition in Southern France, 1100-1250 (1974).
CANNIBALISM
Cannibalism, the eating of human flesh, has been practiced in a wide variety of cultural settings, some dating from Paleolithic times. The term is derived from the Spanish word canibal, referring to the CARIB Indians of the West Indies, whom Christopher Columbus and others reported as eaters of human flesh. Where cannibalism has been socially sanctioned, the reasons for its practice have ranged from a belief in its magico-ritual significance to its necessity as a means of
survival. In the cannibalism traditionally practiced in Sierra Leone, Africa, by the leopard society, members of this
SECRET SOCIETY claimed they turned into leopards, after which they disemboweled their enemies and ate portions of the corpses. In certain religious festivals of the ancient AZTEC people of Mesoamerica, the meat of sacrificial victims was distributed among the crowds congregated around the temples. In North America in the past, among the KWAKIUTL Indians of western Canada, human flesh was eaten ritually by secret-society members. The SHOSHONI Indians of the Great Basin and the ESKIMO of the Far North ate human flesh in cases of near starvation, although both of these peoples feared and hated cannibals. In Fiji in the early 19th century, the introduction of firearms and growing European interference resulted in expanded war making, including cannibalism on a larger scale than was customary.The Australian ABORIGINES traditionally did not kill others for the purpose of eating them, but burial cannibalism was widespread. Usually, this involved cooking and eating parts of a corpse to gain strength. In some areas a mother would eat her stillborn child to reabsorb its spirit and later, it was believed, give birth to it again. Normally only certain relatives were permitted to eat a dead person's flesh.The few cases of ritual cannibalism among the Aborigines were mostly totemic: only persons of the same TOTEM as the deceased could eat his or her flesh to make sure it returned to its rightful totemic source. Aboriginal doctors are supposed to eat a victim's caul, or kidney fat, for purposes generally related to the performance of MAGIC.
Human flesh was also eaten in order to absorb some of the dead person's qualities or to identify publicly with the deceased and so ward off accusations of sorcery.
In PAPUA NEW GUINEA, cannibalism, like HEAD-HUNTING, was formerly widespread, but was not necessarily linked to the latter. Although the Kuni PAPUANS ate only their enemies, the Kiwai Papuans ate only their own dead: they believed that to eat others would spoil their crops. Papuans living in the Purari Delta viewed human meat as a food source. In the eastern highlands, the ritual eating and garden burial of dead kin and lineage members were considered significant for fertility, but only enemy dead could be regarded as food. Some of these people exhumed the body of a dead relative in order to eat it when partially decomposed.
Interdistrict fighting in the eastern highlands of New Guinea involved aggressive and violent behavior toward victims. It was also often accompanied by dancing and singing. In this context cannibalism could be a formal affair, but the situation sometimes exploded into uncontrolled action, including the assault of a corpse and fights over the best portions of meat. By the early 1950s, through administration and mission pressures, open cannibalism in Papua New Guinea had almost entirely ceased.Recently, some scholars have questioned the existence of cannibalistic societies altogether. They claim that an overwhelming majority of historical and anthropological accounts are based upon hearsay and false accusations. This argument is countered by 20th-century anthropologists who claim to have witnessed cannibalistic acts first hand.
The term nuclear weapon refers both to the nuclear warhead, or bomb, and to its delivery system. Long-range nuclear weapons designed to attack an enemy's territory are called strategic nuclear weapons. They include intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs),
submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), and long-range bombers with the bombs and CRUISE MISSILES that they carry. Many strategic ballistic missiles carry multiple warheads, or MIRVs (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles). Tactical nuclear weapons have shorter ranges and are intended for regional or battlefield use. They are sometimes classified as theater, tactical, and battlefield nuclear weapons, in order of decreasing range, and as naval nuclear weapons (see
ATOM BOMB; HYDROGEN BOMB).
The explosive yield of a nuclear weapon is measured in
kilotons (the equivalent of the energy released by the explosion of 1,000 tons of TNT) or megatons (1 million tons of TNT). Strategic warheads may have yields up to a megaton or more; tactical warheads may have yields below a kiloton. Nuclear Weapons Arsenals While good information is available on the number of nuclear weapon delivery systems, estimates of the number of warheads are less certain. There were about 50,000 warheads in the world in 1990. The United States had about 1,000 ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles), 600 SLBMs (submarine-launched ballistic missiles), and 300 intercontinental bombers for delivering nuclear weapons. Warhead estimates totaled about 20,000: 12,000 for strategic weapons and 8,000 for tactical nuclear weapons. The USSR possesses an estimated 1,400 ICBMs, 900 SLBMs, and 150 bombers, with an estimated 30,000 nuclear warheads--about 13,000 for strategic nuclear weapons, 3,000 for strategic air defense, and 13,000 for tactical nuclear weapons. There were also several thousand U.S. and Soviet tactical nuclear weapons for naval use (see
BALLISTIC MISSILE).France, Great Britain, and China each have small but significant nuclear arsenals, which include both strategicand tactical weapons.
Israel is reported to have about 100 nuclear weapons. Other countries--India, South Africa, and Pakistan--probably have the capability to make nuclear weapons; Iran and Iraq reportedly have made efforts to develop them. The 1987, the INF (Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces) Treaty eliminated all U.S. and Soviet land-based missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 km (300-3400 mi). The ongoing START (Strategic Arms Reduction) Talks aim for a 30-50% reduction in U.S. and Soviet strategic nuclear weapons. Improved U.S.- Soviet relations and the reunification of Germany may lead to reductions and, perhaps, the elimination of major-power battlefield nuclear weapons in Europe (see ARMS CONTROL). Severe environmental and safety problems at U.S. and Soviet nuclear weapons production facilities have come to light. In 1990 most U.S. nuclear-warhead production reactors were closed because of these problems. But U.S. production of new nuclear weapon delivery systems, such as the B-2 STEALTH BOMBER, the MX MISSILE, the Trident II submarine, and the TRIDENT II SLBM continues, as do Soviet, French, British, and Chinese production of nuclear warheads and delivery systems. Effects of Nuclear-Weapons Use The bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945 had an explosive yield of 12 kilotons. It caused the death of about 100,000 people. A 1-megaton nuclear explosion over a city could kill several times this number, from its direct effects alone.
The destruction caused by a nuclear explosion is the result of the blast, and thermal and nuclear radiation. The effects vary depending on the yield of the weapon; whether it is exploded near the ground (groundburst) or high enough in the air so that the fireball does not touch the ground (airburst); and on local conditions such as weather, topography, and the concentration of combustible materials. Immediately upon explosion, most of the energy of a nuclear weapon is released as intense radiation. Temperatures can reach tens of millions of degrees Centigrade.
This energy is absorbed by the surrounding air, creating a fireball that may be seen hundreds of kilometers away. The fireball emits a double flash of very hot bright light. This thermal radiation can cause third-degree burns on all unprotected persons at a distance of 8 km (5 mi) from a 1 megaton explosion; it can cause wood, paper, cloth, and other combustible materials to ignite, as well as houses, automobiles, and forests, and create firestorms in cities. A shock front moves out from the explosion followed by compressed air, which causes static overpressure, and by extremely strong winds. Static overpressure can last for several seconds; it is measured in pounds per square inch (psi). A 1-megaton explosion produces an overpressure of 10 psi, and winds from 480 to 960 km/h (300 to 600 mph) at a distance of about 3.2 km (2 mi) from the blast, destroying even concrete structures. Few people would survive. At 4.8
km (3 mi), the overpressure of about 5 psi and winds of about 320 km/h (200 mph) could collapse most frame houses.The nuclear explosion produces an instant radiation of neutrons and gamma rays, called prompt radiation, which will cause death for all those within the lethal radius of the blast. The longer-lived radioactive products of a nuclear explosion, along with elements that become radioactive from interaction with the prompt radiation, are called fallout. Adhering to dirt and other particles, these materials are thrown up into the atmosphere when the nuclear fireball touches the ground. Most of the fallout will fall to Earth in a few hours or days, downwind of the explosion--although rain or snow will deposit it more quickly. Fallout looks like a fine coating of dust. A 10-kiloton ground burst could cover about 20 km sq (12 sq mi) with 500 rem or more of fallout (REM is the unit used to measure human absorption of radioactivity)--enough to kill about half the exposed population. A 1-megaton ground-burst could cover about 2,000 km sq (775 sq mi) with this level of radioactivity. Fallout radioactivity is reduced by 99% two days after an attack, and by 99.9% two weeks after an attack. But it would take about five years for 500 rem of radiation to decay to safe levels. Larger nuclear explosions would send much of the fallout up into the stratosphere, from where it would be distributed worldwide, falling to Earth over weeks or months (see FALLOUT; FALLOUT SHELTER). Some of the most significant components of global fallout are strontium-90 (half-life: 28 years), which becomes concentrated in milk and in bone; iodine-131 (half-life: 8 days), which becomes concentrated in the thyroid gland; cesium-137 (half-life: 30 years); and plutonium-239 (half-life: 24,000 years), which can produce lung cancer if inhaled (see RADIATION INJURY). Nuclear WinterLarge-scale burning of cities and forests could loft soot and
smoke into the stratosphere, blocking incoming solar radiation and causing a drop in temperatures of several degrees Centigrade or more. This effect, called "nuclear winter," could last for months or possibly for more than a year, and is likely to affect primarily the Northern Hemisphere. The nitrogen oxides created by large-scale nuclear explosions could also deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, increasing the penetration of ultraviolet light at the earth's surface. At least several hundred nuclear weapons with yields in the range of 100 kilotons would be needed to cause the nuclear winter effect, it is believed. Using computer models of the atmosphere, some scientists predict that average land surface temperatures could cool by 10-20 C degrees (18-36 F degrees) during the summer. Other models predict lesser cooling over a shorter period.Nuclear winter could cause crop failure and environmental damage--and, hence, human deaths--in regions far removed from the nuclear explosions. These effects would exacerbate the damage caused by other effects of nuclear war.
Nuclear Arms Race (1984).
War is the condition that exists when a group--generally, a recognized state or nation but often a political, social, or economic faction within a recognized political group--feels its vital interests are at stake and seeks to impose its beliefs or control on a rival group through the use of overt force. The term cold war has been used to characterize intense and severe political competition among nations that takes the form of such events as arms races, assassinations, hostile propaganda, covert intelligence activities, and subversion but with the absence of significant armed conflict. War has been ascribed to a variety of causes. Some anthropological and psychological theories, for instance, attempt to tie the practice of war to natural human aggression. Liberal political philosophy of the 18th and 19th centuries attributed war to autocratic government. Socialist theories indicted capitalism and imperialism as the dynamic causes of war. Sociological concepts have pointed to the important role played by certain special-interest groups in the outbreak of war. Finally, war has been explained as the inevitable outcome of an international system composed of competing sovereign states.In most modern societies the resort to war usually occurs only when other methods of resolving differences have been exhausted. The generally preferred means ofresolving differences among modern nations is through discussion, negotiation, and compromise--the tools of diplomacy. When diplomacy cannot resolve issues vital to the fundamental interests of the involved parties, war the ultimate tool of diplomacy--may result. War, as described by the 19th-century military writer Carl von CLAUSEWITZ, is the continuation of policy by other means--that is, by forceful, violent means.In early times war involved the entire community. Communities, however, tended to be small, and the scope of war was generally limited to small-scale battles. The increase in the scope of war paralleled the growth of political organization into cities, states, and empires and the concomitant growth of the importance and reach of economics, religion, nationalism, and ideology--factors commonly cited as the causes of war.
An important development in the history of war was the specialization within societies of fighting forces (see ARMY; NAVY). Long periods of history ensued when the burden of warfare fell principally on these military forces. The involvement of the entire community--on an increasingly larger scale--can be traced to the end of the 18th century and the raising of mass armies in the FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS. The expansion thereafter of strategy to include "grand" strategy--the planning of the use of the entire national resources--significantly altered the conduct of warfare.
Historically, war has also been greatly influenced by technological change. The development of weapons from the BOW AND ARROW to CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE and nuclear weapons (see ATOM BOMB; HYDROGEN BOMB) has steadily expanded the reach and the serious consequences of all-out armed conflict. The violence that occurs in war is of variable duration and magnitude corresponding to the technology available, the STRATEGY AND TACTICS used, and the various forms of war waged. Total War. At one extreme can be found the form of war known as total war--war without constraints. In the present day, the levels of destruction attainable with the unconstrained use of modern weapons and nuclear warheads poses a threat to all antagonists and to civilization itself. All-out nuclear war is one possible form of total war; total war, however, also describes a form that has occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries. It is a war that is directed against and involves not only rival military combatants but also the resources--including the noncombatant population--of the societies involved. The U.S. Civil War is often given as an example of the first total war. World War II was a total war for nearly every nation that participated in it. A total war can be fought between large or small powers, but when the national survival of several powers is threatened, the total war may also be called a general war. The term world war applies to those wars which simultaneously involve all or nearly all of the major powers in general or total war. Limited War. Limited war defines a form of war in contrast to general and total war. Limited wars are those wars in which the daily life of most
of the populations that are a part of the warring societies is generally unaffected by the condition of violence that exists between the combatants. The wars of Louis XIV of France and Frederick II of Prussia in the late 17th and 18th centuries, for example, were limited wars. In the present century, however, limited war refers to those wars in which conscious restraints have been placed on the use of available and militarily significant weapons, methods, personnel, or geographical areas of hostilities by at least one of the principal belligerents. For example, the United States, one of the principal belligerents in the Korean War, neither used nuclear weapons, mobilized to the full extent of its potential, nor extended the war beyond the territory and airspace of Korea. For the United States, consequently, the Korean War was a limited war. A limited war for one side may be a total war for the other side. For the United States, the Vietnam War was a limited war; for the Vietnamese it was a total war. Furthermore, a limited war does not necessarily imply a small war nor results that are of minor consequence at a national or international level. A nuclear war, for example, could be a limited war if those possessing the weapons agreed to limit the size of warheads employed or the delivery systems used. Internal War. Internal war refers to conflicts within a recognized political group that occur when dissenters seek the destruction or replacement of their existing government. Internal war includes such subcategories as REVOLUTIONS, insurrections, rebellions, and civil war. Internal wars may be waged by conventional means or by GUERRILLA warfare. Guerrilla warfare is usually conducted by irregular forces, who seek to harass, delay, and disrupt the activities of an established government or an invading army. Espionage, sabotage, ambush,
assassination, and propaganda are characteristic activities of the guerrilla. The Laws of War. The notion of the "just" war has been used for centuries to rationalize or criticize the waging of war. The term just, however, had many meanings, ranging from Christian morality expressed by Saint Augustine and Saint Thomas Aquinas to the secular justifications of medieval sovereign princes. Until the emergence of the modern state system in Europe after the 16th century, INTERNATIONAL LAW governing warfare was limited. The first important treatise on the law of war was that of Hugo GROTIUS in 1625. International agreements on the conduct of warfare, however, began to flourish only after the 18th century with such developments as the 1856 Declaration of Paris, the HAGUE CONFERENCES, and the GENEVA CONVENTIONS. Until World War I, nations were regarded as the only judge of their reasons for going to war. After the war international attempts--in such efforts as the LEAGUE OF NATIONS, the KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT, and eventually the UNITED NATIONS--to prevent the use of war as an instrument of national policy have increased the need for nations to justify publicly their unilateral use of force other
than that used in self-defense. The increased destructiveness of war has also led to attempts by major powers to deter war through finely tuned NUCLEAR STRATEGY and to reduce armaments through ARMS CONTROL. Major John I. Alger Bibliography: Blainey, Geoffrey, The Causes of War (1978); Booth, Ken, and Wright, Moorhead, eds., American Thinking about Peace and War (1978); Brodie, Bernard, War and Politics (1973); Clausewitz, Carl von, On War, trans. by Michael Howard and Peter Paret (1832; trans. 1976); Fornari, Franco, The Psychoanalysis of War, trans. by Alenka Pfeifer (1974); Fuller, J. F. C., A Military History of the Western World, 3 vols. (1954-56); Howard, Michael, War and the Liberal Conscience (1978), War in European History (1976), and, as ed., The Theory and Practice of War (1965); Inis, Claude L., Swords into Plowshares, 3d ed. (1964); Martin, Laurence, Arms and Strategy: The World Power Structure Today (1973); Nef, John U., War and Human Progress (1950; repr. 1968); Paret, Peter, Clausewitz and the State (1976); Ropp, Theodore, War in the Modern World, rev. ed. (1960); Smoke, Richard, War: Controlling Escalation (1977); Stoessinger, John G., Why Nations Go to War (1974); Waltz, Kenneth, Man, the State and War (1959); Walzer, Michael, Just and Unjust War (1977); Wright, Quincy, A Study of War, 2d ed. (1965). Chemical warfare (CW) is the deliberate use of chemical substances to incapacitate or kill plants, animals, or human beings. Biological warfare (BW) is the use of biological organisms to produce incapacitating disease or death. Modern chemical warfare traces its origin to World War I, when both sides experimented with a number of chemical warfare agents and methods of delivery. Chlorine gas, released directly from cylinders, and shrapnel fragments coated with irritant powders are examples of early attempts to wage chemical warfare. The unwieldiness of the cylinders and the unpredictable effect of weather and changing winds led to efforts to find better methods for disseminating chemical warfare agents. By the end of World War I, artillery shells filled with phosgene (carbonyl chloride) or mustard gas (2,2'-dichloro-diethyl sulfide) were being delivered on target by bursting artillery charges. The heavy casualties suffered by both sides, totaling about 800,000, convinced the military forces of the effectiveness of toxic chemical agents in warfare. The Russians are believed to have suffered the greatest damage from such attacks, their casualties including nearly 60,000 fatalities. Some
historians consider those terrible losses a major factor in the modern Soviet army's strong and continuing interest in chemical warfare. World War II
Research just before and during World War II led to the development of highly lethal nerve agents. In the late 1930s, Germany developed tabun (dimethylaminoethodycyanophosphine oxide), and during 1942-45 a plant at Dyhernfurth, Germany, produced a large quantity of this compound. The Soviets seized this plant at the end of the war, and the nerve gases then entered their arsenal. However, no major power in the European Theater of World War II used chemical warfare.
Historians have speculated that the Germans did not use tabun because they feared massive retaliation, including the possibility of attacks against their cities. During the war in Vietnam, the United States used herbicides and riot-control or incapacitating agents and experimented with advanced delivery systems. Modern Chemical Warfare Agents Chemical warfare agents designed to incapacitate by entry through the skin are probably best exemplified by the well-known mustard gas and Lewisite (chlorovinyl dichloroarsine). These agents severely burn or blister the skin and may cause permanent damage to the lungs if they are inhaled. Mustard gas was especially feared during World War I, and large stocks are still held by some countries, including the United States. Harassing agents, such as tear gases, have been developed to produce a more limited and nonlethal effect.
Large numbers of naturally occurring poisons also have been examined to determine their value as chemical warfare agents. These include capsicin (an extract of cayenne pepper and paprika), ricin (a toxic substance found in the castor bean), and saxitoxin (a toxic substance secreted by certain shellfish). Of the many natural toxic materials, none has received more attention than the toxin of the common bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which is sometimes ingested from food that has been improperly canned or preserved. An extremely small quantity can produce death. Sprayed in the air or introduced into a water system, it might prove to be a highly effective agent. The group of toxic substances that has received the greatest attention are the organophosphorous nerve agents. The
German product tabun was only the first in a series of these compounds, which now include the U.S. standard nerve agent sarin (methyl-isopropoxy fluoro-phosphine oxide) and the USSR's soman (methyl pinacolyloxyfluoro phosphine oxide). All these nerve agents produce the same basic physiological effect: they act upon enzymes at the myoneural (muscle-nerve) junction, causing immediate convulsions, paralysis, and death. They are capable of entering the body either through the lungs or the skin and are deadly in very small quantities; treatment following exposure is difficult.Some chemical agents are designed to permit the selective destruction or defoliation of plants, including food crops. The defoliant Agent Orange was widely used in Vietnam (see also HERBICIDE and POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL). Compounds that can cause severe psychological disorientation are also available, and research continues on other exotic chemical agents.
In the early 1980s there were several rumored exercises in chemical warfare. The USSR was alleged to use a variety of chemical weapons in its war in Afghanistan. These weapons were said to include "yellow rain," an aerosol containing poisonous mycotoxins that the Vietnamese were also accused of using on areas in Laos and Cambodia. The origins of yellow rain, however, were disputed. Although the initial evidence seemed to indicate a manufactured substance, some investigators questioned whether the yellow material collected as proof of the use of chemical agents was not in fact bee feces mixed with pollen. Other data seemed to implicate fungus-tainted food as the source of the mycotoxins that sickened many Laotians and Cambodians. Evidence was submitted to the United Nations in 1984 that Iraq was using the chemical agents mustard gas and Tabun in its war with Iran. Development of Biological Warfare Agents By the end of World War II at least six countries--the USSR, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Japan, and Canada--are believed to have worked on the technology for large-scale use of biological warfare agents. Rumors had suggested secret efforts in the USSR even before World War II. Research facilities are known to have been established in England and Canada and in the United States at Fort Detrick, Md. Biological warfare research has succeeded in producing a full spectrum of agents capable of inducing a range of effects from incapacitation to death.
These include the toxin of a Staphylococcal species that is the cause of severe food-poisoning symptoms; Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (a virus); plague, anthrax, and tularemia (bacteria); coccidioidomycosis (a fungus); and a large number of antianimal and antiplant agents, such as foot-and-mouth disease, fowl plague, potato blight, black stem-rust of cereals, rice blast, and diseases of other economically important crops. There have been no successful large-scale uses of biological warfare agents in modern war. Documents made public in the early 1980s, however, indicate that Japan used biological warfare agents on Chinese cities during the late 1930s and early 1940s and conducted large-scale experiments using captured Chinese, Soviet, and--from 1943--U.S. soldiers as human guinea pigs. Information about the Japanese biological warfare program was known to the U.S. government in 1947. According to public statements, the decision not to institute war-crimes proceedings was based on the State Department's evaluation of the experiments as "the only known source of data from scientifically controlled experiments showing the direct effect of BW agents on man;" on the acquisition by Camp Detrick of all the experimental
data; and on the realization that an open trial would release that data to public, and Soviet, scrutiny.A 1979 outbreak of anthrax poisoning in Sverdlovsk, USSR, was attributed to an accident at a Soviet germ-warfare factory, although the Soviets claimed that the epidemic was caused by anthrax-infected meat. Delivery Systems A variety of weapons has been designed to place chemical or biological warfare agents on target, including chemical-filled rocket and missile warheads, aircraft and submarine spray systems, and even a type of shrapnel--tiny poison darts that are released from bursting artillery shells.
The most recent development, the binary, or two-part, artillery shell, is designed to improve the safe handling and storage of toxic agents. It holds two relatively nontoxic intermediate forms of a nerve agent in separate compartments When fired, the components are mixed within the shell, and toxic nerve gas is released when the shell explodes. Chemical and Biological Warfare Defensive SystemsMany highly technical defense systems against chemical and biological warfare have been developed. Protective gas masks combine particulate filters with substances that absorb gases and can remove a variety of toxic agents--although, for some biological agents, a mask must be 100 percent effective in order to provide protection. Other protective devices include chemically treated clothing and suits with portable ventilating systems. Efforts have been made to develop mobile protective systems, such as sealed and air-conditioned tanks and personnel carriers and mobile decontaminating units. The production and availability of antitoxins and training of medical corps personnel to handle chemical and biological warfare casualties are important defensive measures. Most are reasonably effective if some early warning is possible. In the absence of warning, a successful chemical and
biological warfare attack would have an immediate impact on military operations. For this reason, military commanders attribute a maximum success to the first use, or surprise attack. International Controls The single most important treaty in the control of chemical and biological warfare agents is probably the Geneva Protocol of 1925, which has now been ratified by about 100 countries. The United States proposed the protocol and signed it on June 17, 1925. It was not ratified by the Senate until 1974, however. The treaty is limited to the use of chemical and biological agents in war, and most signatories reserve the right to use such weapons in retaliation. In effect, the treaty proscribes a "first use" of these agents. The Conference of the Committee on Disarmament (CCD) of the United Nations has been holding arms-control meetings almost from its inception following World War II. Recognizing the limitations of the Geneva Protocol, the CCD has been attempting to reach agreement on more-extensive chemical and biological warfare treaties that would prohibit all offensive chemical warfare research and the development, testing, and stockpiling of weapons. Defensive research would not be restricted.
A major step toward achieving these goals occurred in 1969-70, when President Richard M. Nixon announced that the United States unilaterally renounced any use of biological and toxin weapons. The United States then proceeded to destroy its biological warfare stockpiles and converted the biological warfare research facility at Fort Detrick, Md., to a cancer-research laboratory. In 1972 the CCD successfully negotiated the Convention on the Prohibition of Biological and Toxin Weapons, which was approved by the U.S. Senate in 1974 and by more than 100 other countries. Nevertheless, U.S. insistence on "on-site" inspections to verify compliance was a major obstacle to an effective treaty. In April 1987, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev announced that his country would end its production of chemical weapons, and in August he accepted the concept of "challenge inspections," in which inspectors would be allowed into a chemical facility within 48 hours of requesting admittance. In December 1987, however, the United States resumed the manufacture of nerve gases, now made in binary form, and budgeted funds for the production in the 1990s of the (227-kg) 500-lb Bigeye, a 155-mm (6.1-in) binary shell containing materials for the lethal nerve gas VX. In 1988 the U.S. government justified the Pentagon's $300 million program to develop defenses against biological weapons using biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, and toxins. Pentagon research may include the development of new toxins and antidotes through genetic engineering, and the genetic manipulation of existing organisms to make them virulent or easier to produce and store. A treaty banning chemical weapons became a real possibility in 1989 when the United States and the USSR agreed to on-site inspections of their chemical weapons facilities. Multilateral negotiations under United Nations auspices began in Geneva in 1990, and in May 1991, President George Bush promised that the United States would stop manufacturing chemical weapons and would destroy its entire stockpile of them, once a treaty was signed. Within days 19 industrial nations had agreed to a U.S. proposal to restrict the export of 50 common chemicals. Nevertheless, some 20 countries were suspected of having chemical arsenals or the means to make them, and not all were parties to the negotiations. Nor had recent experience assured compliance with any future ban. In 1988, Libya built a chemical weapons plant masquerading as a pharmaceuticals factory, using chemicals supplied by a West German firm. Iraq used lethal mustard gas often in its war with Iran (see IRAN-IRAQ WAR), although for reasons unknown it chose not to unleash its known chemical weapons arsenal in the subsequent PERSIAN GULF WAR in 1991. Deaths also resulted when the USSR used antipersonnel gas against Georgian rioters in 1989. (The fatalities were caused by breathing in concentrations of the propellant, Freon.)
HATE, HATRED
Strong dislike, disregard, or even indifference toward someone or something. As such, hate may be seated in a person's emotions or will. Various degrees and types of hatred are described in the Bible. This makes it difficult to define hatred in simple, absolute terms. The people of
GOD are to hate what GOD Himself hates with an absolute hatred-- sin <Deut. 12:31; Thou shalt not do so unto the LORD thy GOD: for every abomination to the LORD, which he hateth, have they done unto their gods; for even their sons and their daughters they have burnt in the fire to their gods.Is. 61:8;
For I the LORD love judgment, I hate robbery for burnt offering; and I will direct their work in truth, and I will make an everlasting covenant with them. Heb 1:9: Thou hast loved righteousness, and hated iniquity; therefore GOD, even thy GOD, hath anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy fellows. Heb. 1:9> . Thou hast loved righteousness, and hated iniquity; therefore GOD, even thy GOD, hath anointed thee with the oil ofgladness above thy fellows.But
GOD is also said to hate human beings, as when He declared, "Jacob I have loved but Esau I have hated"<Rom. 9:13>. As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated. This is a relative hatred. It is not the opposite of love but a diminished love. God loved Jacob so much that He chose him to become the father of the nation Israel; He did not love Esau in the same way. To hate our relatives for the sake of Christ <Luke 14:26> If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple. Means to love them less than we love Christ <Matt. 10:37>; He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. it does not mean to hate them absolutely. Believers ought to love their enemies <Matt. 5:43-44> Ye have heard that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour, and hate thine enemy. But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you; but hate their enemies' sins<Eph. 5:3-14; Rev. 2:6>.
But fornication, and all uncleanness, or covetousness, let it not be once named among you, as becometh saints; Wherefore he saith, Awake thou that sleepest, and arise from the dead, and Christ shall give thee light. But this thou hast, that thou hatest the deeds of the Nicolaitans, which I also hate.Wicked people, living under the power of Satan, will hate the
LORD JESUS, His followers, and their righteous deeds <John 3:20: For every one that doeth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved. John 8:44: Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it.It is the Christian's duty not to strike back but to do good to his enemies <Luke 6:27>.
But I say unto you which hear, Love your enemies, do good to them which hate you,JUDAS ISCARIOT
The evil is part of all of mankind in some way. We as humans are like Judas Iscariot we betray one another at times that is why we need a
GOD like JESUS CHRIST to forgive usall the time over and over, in are hearts. JESUS even loved Judas. Read what evil Judas did to the GOD of Abraham andthe
GOD Jacop. [JOO duhs iss KAR ih uht] (praise of the Lord)-- the disciple who betrayed Jesus. Judas was the son of Simon <John 6:71>, He spake of Judas Iscariot the son of Simon: for he it was that should betray him, being one of the twelve. or of Simon Iscariot . The term Iscariot, which is used to distinguish Judas from the other disciple named Judas <Luke 6:16; And Judas the brother of James, and Judas Iscariot,which also was the traitor.
John 14:22;
Judas saith unto him, not Iscariot, Lord, how is it that thou wilt manifest thyself unto us, and not unto the world? Acts 1:13: And when they were come in, they went up into an upper room, where abode both Peter, and James, and John, and Andrew, Philip, and Thomas, Bartholomew, and Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, and Simon Zelotes, and Judas the brother of James. Refers to his hometown of Kerioth, in southern Judah <Josh. 15:25>. And Hazor, Hadattah, and Kerioth, and Hezron, which is Hazor, Thus, Judas was a Judean, the only one of the Twelve who was not from Galilee. The details of Judas' life are sketchy. Because of his betrayal of Jesus, Judas, however, is even more of a mystery. It must be assumed that JESUS saw promise in Judas, or He would not have called him to be a disciple.
Judas' name appears in three of the lists of the Twelve disciples <Matt. 10:2-4; Mark 3:16-19; Luke 6:14-16>,
Now the names of the twelve apostles are these; The first, Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother; James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother; Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James the son of Alphaeus, and Lebbaeus, whose surname was Thaddaeus; (KJV)Simon the Canaanite, and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him. And Simon he surnamed Peter; And James the son of Zebedee, and John the brother of James; and he surnamed them Boanerges, which is, The sons of thunder: And Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew,
and Matthew, and Thomas, and James the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus, and Simon the Canaanite, And Judas Iscariot, which also betrayed him: and they went into an house. And Simon he surnamed Peter; And James the son of Zebedee, and John the brother of James; and he surnamed them Boanerges, which is, The sons of thunder: And Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and James the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus, and Simon the Canaanite, And Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and James the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus, and Simon the Canaanite, And Judas Iscariot, which also betrayed him: and they went into an house. And Judas the brother of James, and Judas Iscariot, which also was the traitor. And he came down with them, and stood in the plain, and the company of his disciples, and a great multitude of people out of all Judaea and Jerusalem, and from the sea coast of Tyre and Sidon, which came to hear him, and to be healed of their diseases; And they that were vexed with unclean spirits: and they were healed. And the whole multitude sought to touch him: for there went virtue out of him, and healed them all. although it always appears last. His name is missing from the list of the 11 disciples in <Acts 1:13>; by that time Judas had already committed suicide. Judas must have been an important disciple, because he served as their treasurer <John 12:6; This he said, not that he cared for the poor; but because he was a thief, and had the bag, and bare what was put therein. John 13:29: For some of them thought, because Judas had the bag, that Jesus had said unto him, Buy those things that we have need of against the feast; or, that he should give something to the poor.
During the week of the Passover festival, Judas went to the chief priests and offered to betray Jesus for a reward
<Matt. 26:14-16;
Then one of the twelve, called Judas Iscariot, went unto the chief priests, And said unto them, What will ye give me, and I will deliver him unto you? And they covenanted with him for thirty pieces of silver. And from that time he sought opportunity to betray himAt the Passover supper, Jesus announced that He would be betrayed and that He knew who His betrayer was-- one who dipped his hand with him in the dish <Mark 14:20>, the one to whom He would give the piece of bread used in eating <John 13:26-27>. Jesus answered, He it is, to whom I shall give a sop, when I have dipped it. And when he had dipped the sop, he gave it to Judas Iscariot, the son of Simon. And after the sop Satan entered into him. Then said Jesus unto him, That thou doest, do quickly.JESUS
was saying that a friend, one who dipped out of the same dish as He, was His betrayer. These verses in John indicate that Judas probably was reclining beside JESUS, evidence that Judas was an important disciple.Jesus said to Judas, "What you do, do quickly" Judas left immediately after he ate <John 13:30>. He then having received the sop went immediately out: and it was night.
The first observance of the Lord's Supper was probably celebrated afterward, without Judas <Matt. 26:26-29>.
And as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed it, and brake it, and gave it to the disciples, and said, Take, eat; this is my body. And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, Drink ye all of it; For this is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins. But I say unto you, I will not drink henceforth of this fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom.Judas carried out his betrayal in the Garden of Gethsemane. By a prearranged sign, Judas singled out Jesus for the soldiers by kissing him. The gospels do not tell us why Judas was needed to point out Jesus, who had become a well-known figure. It is possible that Judas disclosed where Jesus would be that night, so that He could be arrested secretly without the knowledge of His many supporters
<Matt. 26:47-50>.
And while he yet spake, lo, Judas, one of the twelve, came, and with him a great multitude with swords and staves, from the chief priests and elders of the people. Now he that betrayed him gave them a sign, saying, Whomsoever I shall kiss, that same is he: hold him fast. And forthwith he came to Jesus, and said, Hail, master; and kissed him. And Jesus said unto him, Friend, wherefore art thou come? Then came they, and laid hands on Jesus, and took him.Matthew reports that, realizing what he had done, Judas attempted to return the money to the priests. When the priests refused to take it, Judas threw the money on the Temple floor, went out, and hanged himself. Unwilling to use "blood money" for the Temple, the priests bought a potter's field, which became known as the "Field of Blood"
<Matt. 27:3-10>.
Then Judas, which had betrayed him, when he saw that he was condemned, repented himself, and brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders, Saying, I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood. And they said, What is that to us? see thou to that. And he cast down the pieces of silver in the temple, and departed, and went and hanged himself. And the chief priests took the silver pieces, and said, It is not lawful for to put them into the treasury, because it is the price of blood. And they took counsel, and bought with them the potter's field, to bury strangers in. Wherefore that field was called, The field of blood, unto this day. Then was fulfilled that which was spoken by Jeremy the prophet, saying, And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him that was valued, whom they of the children of Israel did value; And gave them for the potter's field, as the Lord appointed me.But the Book of Acts reports that Judas bought the field himself with the money, fell headlong, and was
disemboweled. This field is traditionally located at the point where the Kidron, Tyropoeon, and Hinnom valleys come together. It is difficult to understand why Judas betrayed
JESUS. Since he had access to the disciples' treasury, it seems unlikely that he did it for the money only; 30 pieces of silver is a relatively small amount. Some have suggested that Judas thought that his betrayal would force JESUS into asserting His true power and overthrowing the Romans. Others have suggested that Judas might have become convinced that Jesus was a false Messiah, and that the true Messiah was yet to come, or that he was upset over JESUS' apparent indifference to the law and His association with sinners and his violation of the Sabbath. Whatever the reason, Judas' motive remains shrouded in mystery. <Acts 1:20> For it is written in the book of Psalms, Let his habitation be desolate, and let no man dwell therein: and his bishoprick let another take. <Psalm 109:8> Let his days be few; and let another take his office. as the basis for electing another person to fill the place vacated by Judas: "Let another take his office."When the 11 remaining apostles cast lots for Judas'
replacement, "the lot fell on Matthias. And he was numbered with the eleven apostles" <Acts 1:26>. And they gave forth their lots; and the lot fell upon Matthias; and he was numbered with the eleven apostles.
Exorcism
Exorcism is the ritual act of expelling
DEMONS, or evil spirits, from persons or other creatures. In former times, most sickness was believed to have been caused by the activity of such spirits. Traditionally, various levels of demonic possession have been believed to occur, and the rites of exorcism have varied accordingly. Simple blessings may be given in order to remove persons or things from the presence or power of evil. In this sense, exorcism is a kind of prayer for healing, since evil and sin are often considered as the causes of sickness, disharmony, and death.In the strict meaning of exorcism, the level of possession is such that the personality of the person possessed is completely taken over by the personal presence of the devil. Cases of involuntary as well as voluntary possession have been claimed; in other words, the evil spirits choose their victims in some cases without their cooperation. Exorcism is practiced in many religions throughout the world. In Islam it is called da'wah. In Roman Catholicism, the practice is regulated by canon law, and must be authorized by a bishop. Traditional Judaism has a large body of literature dealing with the exorcism of evil spirits (dibbukim). In Japan, Nichiren Buddhist monks perform exorcisms based on the teachings of the Lotus Sutra. The New Testament records many instances of exorcisms performed by Jesus. In one of the most dramatic of these, he expelled "a legion" of unclean spirits from a possessed man, which then entered into a herd of swine and drove them into the sea.(Mark 5:1: through13).
And they came over unto the other side of the sea, into the country of the Gadarenes. And when he was come out of the ship, immediately there met him out of the tombs a man with an unclean spirit, Who had his dwelling among the tombs; and no man could bind him, no, not with chains: Because that he had been often bound with fetters and chains, and the chains had been plucked asunder by him, and the fetters broken in pieces: neither could any man tame him. And always, night and day, he was in the mountains, and in the tombs, crying, and cutting himself with stones. But when he saw Jesus afar off, he ran and worshipped him, And cried with a loud voice, and said, What have I to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of the most high God? I adjure thee by God, that thou torment me not. For he said unto him, Come out of the man, thou unclean spirit. And he asked him, What is thy name? And he answered, saying, My name is Legion: for we are many. And he besought him much that he would not send them away out of the country. Now there was there nigh unto the mountains a great herd of swine feeding. And all the devils besought him, saying, Send us into the swine, that we may enter into them. And forthwith Jesus gave them leave. And the unclean spirits went out, and enteredinto the swine: and the herd ran violently down a steep place into the sea, (they were about two thousand;) and were choked in the sea.
Evil comes in many faces. Evil is physical as well as spiritual and mental. It is an image and make up of a human being. Evil can be used as strength and courage, or ego or greed or selfishness. It can be used to deceive and murder. Evil is part of society and the justice system, the military, religions and churches. Evil dwells within your heart, body and being. It is part of disease and anger. Evil is the sin of the being. It binds you to the reality of a living GOD. The eyes cannot see and the ears cannot hear the truth. The flesh is evil, the makeup, history and heritage of mankind is evil.
The air is full of evil, the water you drink and the ground you walk on is evil. The animals were corrupted by the evil of man. Bacteria and even the cells of the body are evil. That is why the world must be purified by fire. Even the spirit is evil, but the soul stays pure. All humans corrupt each other, their family, children, cities and churches.
GOD
in His wisdom knew from the beginning man would be corrupt, so He gave them a pure spirit, but man made it evil. Man rebelled from the beginning and even corrupted the heavens. His filth goes into every part of the world, into toe oceans, seas and lakes. Man floods the oceans with the blood and death of its own kind. The countries are corrupted by greed. The religious giants have evil on their tongues and a false word. Their tongues are full of dead mans bones and are serpents of destruction. Evil is the influence of the devil, but the greates part is from the people of the world, their lies and deceit, their books of hatred and the reincarnation of falsehoods, exalting other men and women and making gods out of flesh of deceitfulness. The world is Sodom and Gomorrah, the fornication ofthe word of
GOD. Even the "SAVED" are full of evil. The stench of the bottomless pit reaches the nostrils of GOD through the liars of the world. He smells the death of their souls.GOD
must sweeten nature once more through His purification. The saved will wear new clothes and new bodies, and rid them of the evil. That is their reward. GOD'S Son is the buffer and the cleanser, taking upon Himself all the evils there are. Once cannot cleanse himself of evil. Only through salvation can it happen and only at an appointed time. Evil is the separation of GOD from man.