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| - Wrestled with the consequences of industrial growth
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| - Rapidly growing cities with major slums
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| - Difficulties with health
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| - Industrial pollution
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| - Wrestled with the ethics of how to use new discoveries
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| - Technological breakthroughs come faster than the ability to deal with them
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| - Dealt with significant religious conflicts
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| - Conflicts between government regulations and private concerns
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| - Urban growth a major problem
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| Characteristics of Victorian Age
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| - Age of religious controversies
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| - Age of significant industrial progress - middle class emerged from Industrial Revolution
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| - Age of transition
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| - Age of duty and responsibility - especially true of the middle class
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| - Age of peace (no major wars in England from 1814 (Napolean) to 1914 (WWI))
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| Victorian middle class
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| - Many of the Victorian writers came from the middle class (Dickens, Thackeray, Browning)
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| - Became major political and economical force in London/England
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| - Rapid increase in literacy in England during Victorian period
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| - Passage of the Reform Bill of 1832 helped to develop the middle class; significant in the fact that it meant change would come about in England through parliamentry means and not revolution
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| Movements and aspects associated with the middle class
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| - Evangelical movement strong among the middle class
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| - Middle class tended to NOT be members of The Church of England (Anglican)
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| - Influenced by Utilitarinism (stressed greatest good for greatest number)
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| - Viewed the useful as most important; anti-intellectualism
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| - Chartism - movement in 1840s that argued for universal manhood suffrage, equal parliamentary districts and secret ballots for elections; had died by 1850 - radical for the time
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| Attitudes and outlooks of Victorians
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| - Very optimistic
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| - View tended to focus on the future
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| - Overall, highly moral
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| - Development of compassion for those less well off than themselves - considered greatest social contribution
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| - Quite a bit of emphasis on intensity of feeling
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| - Responded strongly to the arts
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| Census of 1851
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| - Concluded that 7-million+ attended church regularly (about 1/3 of popuilation)
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| - Discrepancies between how the Victorians viewed themselves and how they really were
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