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Technical
Information
To date no definitive guidelines exist for citing electronic sources.
Many groups
are discussing the issue and are producing guidelines for review. While there
is still variation among the organizations publishing style guides, the
researcher can look to the guide favored by the academic discipline for suggested
treatment of electronic sources. A discussion on variations appears on this page. A list of websites containing citation
guidelines appears at the end of this page.
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Internet
Resources and site criteria
Since variation exists among accepted styles, and different disciplines rely on different style guidelines, it is not possible to give one example of documentation for the digitized materials appearing on websites. The examples below use two style guidelines that are commonly used in history and language arts disciplines.
Informaion on websites may �include: films; recorded sound; photographs and drawings; special presentations; and texts. Selections from the digitized historical collections in the various media are used to illustrate the citation examples that follow.
Several black-and-white actuality film collections from the turn of the century are included in American Memory. This film clip is from an American Mutoscope and Biograph Company film in Early Films of New York: The Life of a City, 1898-1906. The web page provides a three-frame image from the film; viewing the film in its entirety requires downloading to your computer.
Photographer last name, first name, middle initial. "Title of photograph." Date. Title of collection. [Protocol and address] [video frame ID] (date of visit).
Example: Armitage, Frederick S. "Bargain day, 14th Street, New York." 1905. The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898-1906. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/sfhome.html] [1480] (August 14, 1996).
Photographer last name, first name, middle initial. Date. Title of photograph. In Collection. [Type of medium] Available Protocol: Protocol/Site/Path/File; video frame ID. [Access date].
Example: Armitage, Frederick S. 1905. Bargain day, 14th Street, New York. In The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898-1906 . [Online] Available HTTP: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/sfhome.html; 1480. [August 14, 1996].
Incidents of the War. |
Photographs and drawings appear in many of the Library of Congress digitized historical collections. This photograph is from the Selected Civil War Photographs collection and depicts dead Federal soldiers on the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. |
Photographer last name, first name, middle initial. "Title of photograph." Date. Title of collection. [Protocol and address] [video frame ID] (date of visit).
Example: O'Sullivan, Timothy H. "Incidents of war." 1865. Selected Civil War Photographs from the Library of Congress, 1861-1865. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/cwarquery.html] [40875] (August 14, 1996).
Photographer last name, first name, middle initial. Date. Title of photograph. In Collection. [Type of medium] Available Protocol: Protocol/Site/Path/File; video frame ID. [Access date].
Example: O'Sullivan, Timothy H. 1865. Incidents of war. In Selected Civil War Photographs from the Library of Congress, 1861-1865. [Online] Available HTTP: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/cwarquery.html; 40875. [August 14, 1996].
James M. Cox
Listen to the excerpt. |
In addition to the Nation's Forum archival collection,
selected recorded sounds appear in several special presentations. (See also
Special Presentations). This is "Prevention of war," a speech by Democratic
presidential candidate James M. Cox with excerpts that include:
The League of Nations is in operation. I am in favor of going in. This
is the supreme test. Shall we act in concert with the free nations of the
world in setting up a tribunal which would avert war in the future? This
question must be met and answered honestly and not by equivocation. |
Last name of speaker, first name, middle initial. "Title of work." Date. Title of collection or special presentation. [Protocol and address] (date of visit).
Example:Cox, James M. "Prevention of War." 1920. From War to Normalcy: An Introduction to the Nation's Forum Collection . [lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/nfexhome.html ] (August 14, 1996).
Last name of speaker, first name, middle initial. Date. Title of work. In Collection or Special Presentation. [Type of medium] Available Protocol: Protocol/Site/Path/File. [Access date].
Example:Cox, James M. Prevention of War. 1920. In From War to Normalcy: An Introduction to the Nation's Forum Collection . [Online audio file]. Available HTTP: lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/nfexhome.html . [August 14, 1996].
[Stock poster announcing a lecture to be given by Mrs. Mary Church Terrell, "1st Pres. of Nat'l Assoc. of Colored Women," with an illus. of Mrs. Terrell]. Artist unknown. Poster, undated. |
Most special presentations include examples pulled from the archival collections to illustrate themes represented in the collections. In a few cases, examples are included to enhance a theme represented in the collection, but the example itself does not appear within the collection. If the item is not contained within the archival collection, cite the special presentation. |
Last name, first name, middle initial. "Title of work." Date. Title of Special Presentation. [Protocol and address] (date of visit).
Example: Terrell, Mary, C. "The Progress of Colored Women." Undated. The Progress of a People. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aap/terrell.au] (August 14, 1996)
Last name, first name, middle initial. Date. Title of work. In Special Presentation. [Type of medium] Available Protocol: Protocol/Site/Path/File. [Access date].
Example: Terrell, Mary, C. Undated. The Progress of Colored Women. In The Progress of a People. [Online audio file]. Available HTTP: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aap/terrell.au. [August 14, 1996].
| American Memory contains collections of pamphlets, documents, recollections,
and other written material. One such example is "A duty which the colored
people owe to themselves," Sermon by Charles Boynton, 1867. This example
comes from the Daniel A.P. Murray African-American Pamphlets,
1818-1907.
"Moses was the son of a slave, but separated from his own people in infancy, and adopted into the royal family of Pharoh,..." |
Author last name, first name, middle initial. "Title of work." Date. Title of collection. [Protocol and address] [Call Number] (date of visit).
Example: Boynton, Charles B. "A duty which the colored people owe to themselves. A sermon delivered at Metzerott hall, Washington, DC." 1867. African-American Pamphlets from the Daniel A. P.Murray Collection, 1818-1907. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/aap/aaphome.html] [E185.6.B79] (August 14, 1996).
Author last name, first name, middle initial. Date. Title of work. In Collection. [Type of medium] Available Protocol: Protocol/Site/Path/File; Call Number. [Access date].
Example: Boynton, Charles B. 1867. "A duty which the colored people owe to themselves. A sermon delivered at Metzerott hall, Washington, DC." In African-American Pamphlets from the Daniel A. P.Murray Collection, 1818-1907. [Online] Available HTTP: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/aap/aaphome.html; E185.6.B79. [August 14, 1996].
Many guides are available on the World Wide Web. A thorough list of websites
and textbooks has been compiled by the
Internet
Public Library at the University of Michigan.
http://ipl.sils.umich.edu/classroom/userdocs/internet/citing.html
Other suggested sites include:
APA Guidelines:
APA
Publication Manual Crib Sheet by Russ Dew ey
http://www.gasou.edu/psychw eb/tipsheet/apacrib.htm#Online
MLA Guidelines:
MLA-Style Citations
of Electonic Sources by Janice R. Walker
http://www.cas.usf.edu/english/walker/mla.html
Turabian's Reference-List Style: Citing Electronic Information in History Papers, by Mauric e Crouse http://www.people.memphis.edu/~mcrouse/elcite.html
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