Aliases

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Aliases

Niccolo Machiavelli

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) was an Italian statesman, Historian and political philosopher. His name is used to mean someone who is cunning.

Born in Florence in 1469, Machiavellis duties included missions to kings of France and Italy . Machiavelli was able to study teir political tactics. From 1503-1506 Machiavelli reorganised the military defence of the republic of Florence. In 1512 the republic was dissolved. Machiavelli was denied power and was briefly put in prison where he wrote some of his books.

Works

The Prince (1532)

Art of war (1521)

Life of Castruccio Castracani (1520)

The Mandrake (1524)

Fidel Castro

Born in Oriente Province in Cuba in 1926, Fidel Castro was the son of a landowner and educated by Jesuits. Castro got a law degree after going to the University of Havana Law School in 1950. Castro Married a member of one of Cubas richest families. Castro was hoping to lead a mass movement for social change. Castro`s quixotic attack on a military barracks in 1953. At the trial Castro condemed the regime of the dictator Fulgenico Batista. Castro was sentenced to spend three years in jail . Castro was released from jail in 1955. Castro and Ernesto Guevara launched a guerrilla war to remove Fulgenico Batista. In 1959 Batista was removed from power.

Castro got the support of the Catholic Church but by 1960 wealthy Cubans left the country to go to USA to train for counter revolution. Castro made a oil deal with the Soviet Union. Castro took over U.S Oil refineries in Cuba and took over U.S businesses in Cuba. The USA attempted to overthrow Castro in the Bay of Pigs invasion. The invasion failed. Castro jailed any challengers and got stronger ties to the communist countries. Castro had Nuclear missiles placed in Cuba after the Soviet Union offered him them.

Cuba has been isolated since the collapse of the other communist powers. Castro has remained in Power ever since the Cuban missile crisis.

Benito Mussolini

Born in the small town of Predappio in the Romagna, the son of a catholic schoolmistress and a blacksmith. Mussolini did not excell at school, Mussolini was more noted for his bullying nature. When Mussolini left School he had teaching posts.

In 1902 Mussolini left Italy for Switzerland, he returned to Italy in 1904 and took up journalism. He condemed the church and advocated class struggle. In 1911 Mussolini was jailed for attempting to stir up insurrection against the war in Libya. He moved up the socialist party ranks and in 1912 he was appointed editor of the partys newspaper. In November 1914 Mussolini resigned and set up a new paper Il popolo d`Italia. Mussolini was expelled from the socialist party. In September 1915 Mussolini was conscripted into the army, but a accident in 1917 caused him to be invalided out of the army.

Mussolini said Italy needed a dictator to direct the war effort with real energy. In March 1919 Mussolini called the inaugural meeting of the fasci di Combattimento. It was an early fascist movement. In the 1919 elections not a single seat was won by the fascists. Mussolini won a seat in 1921 elections with the facists getting 35 seats. In October 1921 Mussolini created the Fascist Party. Mussolini became prime minister of Italy in October 1922 after the March on Rome by the fascists. Between 1922 and 1925 Mussolini established himself in power. In 1925 Mussolini became dictator of Italy.

In 1936 Mussolini signed the Rome - Berlin axis with Hitler, and in June 1940 Italy entered the war on the side of Germany. On 25th April 1945 Mussolini heard that Germany had surrenderd. Mussolini wanted to continue the war but was told he had only 12 men left. Mussolini was later shot and hung upside down from a garage roof in Italy.

Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein was born in 1937 in Tikrit, Iraq. Saddam joined the socialist Baath party when he was 19 in 1956. Sadam Hussein was envolved in an assasination attempt on Iraq Prime Minister Abudul Karim Kassim in 1959. Saddam was shot in the leg and left the country to Syria and Egypt for several years.

In 1968 he helped lead a revolt that brought the Baath party to power. Sadam got vice-president role. In 1979 Saddam Hussein deposed Ahmed Hassan Bakr to become president of Iraq. After taking office he purged and murdered government officials who he suspected of disloyalty. In 1980 he invaded Iran, which meant an eight year war ending in stalemate. Sadam used chemical weapons to stop a kurdish rebellion in nothern Iraq.

In August 1990 he invaded Kuwait. Sadam defied UN directives to retreat. It caused the persian gulf war. it lasted for 6 weeks. Iraq was decimated by the U.S.

Idi Amin

Idi Amin was president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. He was born in Koboko of Muslim parents. In 1968 Idi Amin became a major general and commander of Uganda's armed forces . In 1971 he overthrew the President of Uganda, Milton Obote. Under Amin's tyrannical rule, Uganda's economy collapsed and up to 300,000 Ugandans were killed. In 1979 he was overthrown by an invasion force from Tanzania supported by Ugandan rebels. He found refuge in Saudi Arabia

Napolean Bonaparte

Ital. Buonaparte, family name of NAPOLEON I of France. Besides Napoleon, this Corsican family produced many other notable figures. Napoleon's older brother, Joseph Bonaparte, 1768-1844, was king of Naples (1806-8), but he proved to be an inefficient administrator. As king of Spain (1808-13), he failed to cope with the PENINSULAR WAR and was forced to abdicate. He lived from 1815 to 1841 in the U.S., but died in Italy. Napoleon's brother Lucien Bonaparte, 1775-1840, helped Napoleon to overthrow the DIRECTORY in the coup of 18 Brumaire (1799), but later criticized him. They were reconciled while Napoleon was on Elba, and Lucien supported his brother during the Hundred Days. Another brother, Louis Bonaparte, 1778-1846, reluctantly married (1802) Hortense de BEAUHARNAIS; their son became NAPOLEON III. Louis was king of Holland (1806-10), but Napoleon forced him to abdicate for ignoring France's Continental System in favor of Dutch interests. Napoleon's youngest brother, Jérôme Bonaparte, 1784-1860, king of Westphalia (1807-13), was extravagant and irresponsible. On a visit to the U.S. he married (1803) Elizabeth Patterson, but Napoleon had the marriage annulled and married him to a German princess. Jérôme commanded a division at Waterloo and later received honors at the court of his nephew, Napoleon III.

Khomeini, Ruhollah

1900-89, Iranian ayatollah (religious leader); b. Ruhollah Hendi. A SHIITE Muslim, he adopted the name Khomeini in 1930. After teaching at a theological school in Qom, he was arrested (1963) and exiled to Turkey and Iraq before moving to Paris in 1978. Following the revolution that deposed MUHAMMAD REZA SHAH PAHLEVI, Khomeini returned in triumph to Iran in 1979, declared an Islamic republic, and began to exercise ultimate authority in the nation. His rule was marked by the holding of U.S. hostages (1979-81) and by war with Iraq (1980-88).

Fidel Castro


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Works The Prince (1532) Art of war (1521) Life of Castruccio Castracani (1520) The Mandrake (1524) Fidel Castro Born in Oriente Province in Cuba in 1926, Fidel Castro was the son of a landowner and educated by Jesuits. Castro got a law degree after going to the University of Havana Law School in 1950. Castro Married a member of one of Cubas richest families. Castro was hoping to lead a mass movement for social change. Castro`s quixotic attack on a military barracks in 1953. At the trial Castro condemed the regime of the dictator Fulgenico Batista. Castro was sentenced to spend three years in jail . Castro was released from jail in 1955. Castro and Ernesto Guevara launched a guerrilla war to remove Fulgenico Batista. In 1959 Batista was removed from power. Castro got the support of the Catholic Church but by 1960 wealthy Cubans left the country to go to USA to train for counter revolution. Castro made a oil deal with the Soviet Union. Castro took over U.S Oil refineries in Cuba and took over U.S businesses in Cuba. The USA attempted to overthrow Castro in the Bay of Pigs invasion. The invasion failed. Castro jailed any challengers and got stronger ties to the communist countries. Castro had Nuclear missiles placed in Cuba after the Soviet Union offered him them. Cuba has been isolated since the collapse of the other communist powers. Castro has remained in Power ever since the Cuban missile crisis. Benito Mussolini Born in the small town of Predappio in the Romagna, the son of a catholic schoolmistress and a blacksmith. Mussolini did not excell at school, Mussolini was more noted for his bullying nature. When Mussolini left School he had teaching posts. In 1902 Mussolini left Italy for Switzerland, he returned to Italy in 1904 and took up journalism. He condemed the church and advocated class struggle. In 1911 Mussolini was jailed for attempting to stir up insurrection against the war in Libya. He moved up the socialist party ranks and in 1912 he was appointed editor of the partys newspaper. In November 1914 Mussolini resigned and set up a new paper Il popolo d`Italia. Mussolini was expelled from the socialist party. In September 1915 Mussolini was conscripted into the army, but a accident in 1917 caused him to be invalided out of the army. Mussolini said Italy needed a dictator to direct the war effort with real energy. In March 1919 Mussolini called the inaugural meeting of the fasci di Combattimento. It was an early fascist movement. In the 1919 elections not a single seat was won by the fascists. Mussolini won a seat in 1921 elections with the facists getting 35 seats. In October 1921 Mussolini created the Fascist Party. Mussolini became prime minister of Italy in October 1922 after the March on Rome by the fascists. Between 1922 and 1925 Mussolini established himself in power. In 1925 Mussolini became dictator of Italy. In 1936 Mussolini signed the Rome - Berlin axis with Hitler, and in June 1940 Italy entered the war on the side of Germany. On 25th April 1945 Mussolini heard that Germany had surrenderd. Mussolini wanted to continue the war but was told he had only 12 men left. Mussolini was later shot and hung upside down from a garage roof in Italy. Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein was born in 1937 in Tikrit, Iraq. Saddam joined the socialist Baath party when he was 19 in 1956. Sadam Hussein was envolved in an assasination attempt on Iraq Prime Minister Abudul Karim Kassim in 1959. Saddam was shot in the leg and left the country to Syria and Egypt for several years. In 1968 he helped lead a revolt that brought the Baath party to power. Sadam got vice-president role. In 1979 Saddam Hussein deposed Ahmed Hassan Bakr to become president of Iraq. After taking office he purged and murdered government officials who he suspected of disloyalty. In 1980 he invaded Iran, which meant an eight year war ending in stalemate. Sadam used chemical weapons to stop a kurdish rebellion in nothern Iraq. In August 1990 he invaded Kuwait. Sadam defied UN directives to retreat. It caused the persian gulf war. it lasted for 6 weeks. Iraq was decimated by the U.S. Idi Amin Idi Amin was president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. He was born in Koboko of Muslim parents. In 1968 Idi Amin became a major general and commander of Uganda's armed forces . In 1971 he overthrew the President of Uganda, Milton Obote. Under Amin's tyrannical rule, Uganda's economy collapsed and up to 300,000 Ugandans were killed. In 1979 he was overthrown by an invasion force from Tanzania supported by Ugandan rebels. He found refuge in Saudi Arabia Napolean Bonaparte Ital. Buonaparte, family name of NAPOLEON I of France. Besides Napoleon, this Corsican family produced many other notable figures. Napoleon's older brother, Joseph Bonaparte, 1768-1844, was king of Naples (1806-8), but he proved to be an inefficient administrator. As king of Spain (1808-13), he failed to cope with the PENINSULAR WAR and was forced to abdicate. He lived from 1815 to 1841 in the U.S., but died in Italy. Napoleon's brother Lucien Bonaparte, 1775-1840, helped Napoleon to overthrow the DIRECTORY in the coup of 18 Brumaire (1799), but later criticized him. They were reconciled while Napoleon was on Elba, and Lucien supported his brother during the Hundred Days. Another brother, Louis Bonaparte, 1778-1846, reluctantly married (1802) Hortense de BEAUHARNAIS; their son became NAPOLEON III. Louis was king of Holland (1806-10), but Napoleon forced him to abdicate for ignoring France's Continental System in favor of Dutch interests. Napoleon's youngest brother, Jérôme Bonaparte, 1784-1860, king of Westphalia (1807-13), was extravagant and irresponsible. On a visit to the U.S. he married (1803) Elizabeth Patterson, but Napoleon had the marriage annulled and married him to a German princess. Jérôme commanded a division at Waterloo and later received honors at the court of his nephew, Napoleon III. Khomeini, Ruhollah 1900-89, Iranian ayatollah (religious leader); b. Ruhollah Hendi. A SHIITE Muslim, he adopted the name Khomeini in 1930. After teaching at a theological school in Qom, he was arrested (1963) and exiled to Turkey and Iraq before moving to Paris in 1978. Following the revolution that deposed MUHAMMAD REZA SHAH PAHLEVI, Khomeini returned in triumph to Iran in 1979, declared an Islamic republic, and began to exercise ultimate authority in the nation. His rule was marked by the holding of U.S. hostages (1979-81) and by war with Iraq (1980-88). Fidel Castro