Parenthetical references (PR), or author-date references, are citations in running text that consist of two basic elements: the author's name and the year of publication. When formatting sources for parenthetical references (PRs), students should follow the parenthetical reference (PR) guidelines presented in Turabian (see chapters 10, 11, and 12). General guidelines are presented here for formatting a parenthetical reference (PR).

The author's family name (last name) is the first item in a parenthetical reference. To aid in the location of a specific work, the year of publication immediately follows the author's name. In formal writing do not abbreviate the year (i.e., do not use 95 for 1995) (see 2.52). Author as used here means the name under which the work is alphabetized in the reference list (RL); thus, author may refer to an editor, compiler, translator, organization, group of authors, or the title of a work. If more than one author but three authors or less are listed as having written a work, then all the last names of the authors who wrote a work will appear in the parenthetical reference (PR). The abbreviations ed., for editor, and comp., for compiler, and the like are not included in parenthetical references (PR), but they do appear in the reference list (RL) entries. If there is no date provided for the work, use n.d. (see 2.26, 8.67, 10.3, and 10.25). The author's name and the year of publication are enclosed in parenthesis and followed by a period. There is no comma between the author and the date (see 8.67, 10.3, and 10.25).

(10.3) For parenthetical references (PR) referring to a specific work, the PR includes the author's last name and the year of publication. There is no comma between the author and the date:

(Lunger 1981)   (Slater 1985)   (Lunger n.d.)   (Schelling n.d.)

(10.4) For parenthetical references (PRs) referring to a specific work with two or three authors, the PR includes all the authors' names and the word and. Do not use an ampersand (&) in place of the word and:

(Lunger and Slater 1987)   (Lunger, Slater, and Mayo 1988)

(10.6) For parenthetical references (PR) referring to a specific work with more than three authors (i.e., four or more authors), use the name of the first author followed by et al. The period after the al in et al. is included in the PR (see 2.2, 2.26, and 10.22). Thus, for a work by Lunger, Slater, Mayo, and Schelling, the PR would read:

(Lunger et al. 1995)

(10.9) When a book or pamphlet carries no individual author's name on the title page and is published or sponsored by a corporation, government agency, association, or other group, the name of the group will serve as the author in parenthetical references (PR) and in the reference list (RL):

(International Rice Research Institute 1992)
(Federal Reserve Bank of Boston 1990)

(10.11) Additional works by the same author cited within the same parenthetical reference (PR) are given by year only, with the dates separated by commas:

(Painter 1942, 1944)

(10.11) If two or more of the works by a single author or set of authors have the same publication year, then they are assigned the letters a, b, c, and so on, following the order given in the reference list (RL) (see 10.21 and 10.25). The letters (a, b, c) are not italicized:

(Keller 1896a, 1896b, 1901)   (Keller 1896a)   (Keller 1896b)

(10.12) When page numbers are given for multiple works by the same author, however, semicolons separate the references and the author's name is repeated (see 10.13 and 11.67):

(Keller 1896a, 10; Keller 1896b, 4; Keller 1901, 3)

(10.13) A specific page, section, figure, equation, or other division or element of the cited work follows the year and is preceded by a comma (see 2.18 ? 2.19). The abbreviation p. or pp. is omitted when referencing a page number unless its absence might cause confusion:

(Rollings 1995, 14)   (Farley 1987, fig. 5)   (Black 1994, sec. 24.5)

(10.18) For paraphrased text, a parenthetical reference (PR) should be placed just before the terminal mark of punctuation (i.e., the last period in the sentence) (see 14.34 for an example):

Before discussing the methods of analysis, it is necessary to describe the system of scaling quantitative scores (Burroughs 1998).

(10.18) For text quoted verbatim, a parenthetical reference (PR) should be placed just after the quotation marks (see 5.11; see 3.98 for an example) and just before the terminal mark of punctuation (i.e., the last period in the sentence):

It is significant that in the Book of Revelation (a book Whitehead did not like because of its bloody and apocalyptic imagery), the vision of a new heavenly city at the end of time has the divine light shine so that the nations walk by it, and the "kings of the earth shall bring their glory into it" (Rev. 21: 22-26).

"There is a great circular gate to the east that guards the realm of air. It is called the Golden Door. It is the symbol of hope, new beginnings, spring, dawn, and opening to the great spirit. Eagle guards this element and to the Native Americans the eagle is our connection to the other levels of awareness and illumination" (Bergsma n.d.).

(10.18) If the author's name is part of the sentence, then only the year of publication is enclosed in parentheses as the parenthetical reference (PR):

It is true, however, that Carter (1990) has reported findings at variance with the foregoing.

Block Quotations

Block quotations are necessary when quoting two or more sentences that run to eight or more lines of text in a paper (see 5.4). The block quotation is single-spaced, and the entire block quotation is indented 0.05" from the left margin and 0.05" from the right margin (both sides are indented to facilitate readability and to distinguish between the text before and after the block quotation). Block quotations are always preceded by a colon (see 3.88 ? 3.89) (see 5.16, 5.30, and 14.37 for an example). The first line is indented paragraph style, an additional 0.05" (called a first line indent), unless the writer is quoting more than one paragraph consecutively, which then allows the first line of the block quotation to start flush left with the remainder of the first paragraph of the block quotation (see 5.30 ? 5.32). Block quotations are not enclosed within quotation marks (see 5.4). For block quotations, the parenthetical reference (PR) is placed just after the terminal mark of punctuation (i.e., the last period in the sentence) (see 5.16, 5.30, and 14.37 for an example):

      Eagle, Air, East, . . . Wind is My Name . . . Call on the Power of the Wind. There is a great circular gate to the east that guards the realm of air. It is called the 'Golden Door.' It is the symbol of hope, new beginnings, spring, dawn, and opening to the great spirit. Eagle guards this element and to the Native Americans the eagle is our connection to the other levels of awareness and illumination. It is said that to travel through the golden door is to see beyond the mundane, to freedom, true knowing, and to be in touch with father sky. When the wind blows, both the door and the spirit of the eagle are near.  (Bergsma n.d.)