THE STIMULANTS: COCAINE AND ANFETAMINAS

MARIA OF THE PILLAR YAG�E, R.N.
Diploma you University of Valladolid and Alfonso X University, Madrid, Spain.

COCAINE

Many cultures and peoples through the centuries have used various drugs psicoacivas. The Incas of the Machu Picchu to peasr of be acclimated to the great altitudes were masticateing leaves of coca for power to accomplish hard projects in conditions aveces exhausting.

THE PLANT OF THE COCA

This figure shows the plant of the coca. The leaf of coca produces the same effects that the cocaina but as is masticateed them, the cocaina that contain is absorbed lentamente.Por this the effects psicoactivos are but gradual and less intensive that when is used the cocaina pure that tends be inhaled through the nose or even be injected in vein.

THE CULTURE OF THE COCA

Among the Incas the leaves of the coca were considered as a symbol of divinity, a sir conceded by the Sun god to the first governing incaico. After the Peru conquest in 1533 for Pizarro the Spanish foremen encouraged the use of the leaves of coca among the Incas submitted to boost their/its/your/his work capacity.

DRINKS WITH COCAINE

In 1893 Angelo Mariani patented a coca extract diluted in wine to which designated - " vin Mariani " - that by their/its/your/his delicious flavor and by elebar the spirit soon is combirti� in a drink poluar all over Europe.

DRINKS WITH COCAINE

In EEUU John Pemberton in 1886 devised the formulation of the coke using extracts of coca,cafeina and water carbonatada.Cuando around the beginning of century is advirtio of the dangers of the addiction to the cocaina the coca was ' eliminated of the original formulation and the content of cafeina increased.

STATEMENTS OF FREUD UPON USING COCAINE

In 1860 Albert Niemann obtained cocaina pure of the coca. The father of the psicoan�lisis Sigmund Freud studied the effects psicoactvos of the cocaina whose use recomen� with great enthusiasm. The own Freud is autoadminstr� cocaina and wrote to their/its/your/his promised Martha Bernays a note in the one which to him/her/you decia: " -? Ay of you pricesa m�a,cuando goes! I will kiss you without stopping and I will make you to eat until engordes.Y if me plants cara,veremos who there can m�s,una adjoins jovencita that it does not eat what is sufficient or a hombret�n wild with cocaina in the body " - .Freud tried to a his/her/your/their colleague the Dr. Fleischl with cocaina.El Dr. Fleischl was ' the first drug addict to the cocaina.Este trite example was repeated with many other and Freud it was ' severely criticized by the world physicians.

THE COCAINE AS ANAESTHETIC LOCAL

However the cocaina was ' used by William Halsted as the first anaesthetic local because the cocaina anesthesia or blocks the conduccci�n of the nervous fibers that transmit the dolor.Merced to the cocaina were accomplished without many pain surgical interventions.

THE ANFETAMINAS

From beginning of this century the bronchial asthma a disease that is characterized by a decrease of the calibre of the bronqios and the consequent respiratory difficulty, were tried with a medicine called adrenaline that produces an expansion of the bronchus. But the alone adrenaline podia administered injected. By mid the years 30 Gorden Alles synthesized a product called anfetamina that to be volatile had to advantage of power be administered directly in the bronchus by inhalaci�n.Los inhalers of anfetamina (Bencedrina) were converted r�pdamente in the election treatment for the asma.Pero the estudientes began to use the bencedrina to avoid the dream and - " to hatch " - for the ex�menes.Durante the World War II a whole slew of weld used it to avoid the fatigue and many of them were converted in addicted to the anfetamina.

THE DROGADICCI�N TO THE ANFETAMINAS

But the use most dramatic of anfetaminas was produced around the end of the years 60 when the - " hippies " - of San Francisco began to be injected the anfetamina directly in vein achieving the beginning r�pido and intensive of a great euphoria (- " flight " -, - " trip " -, - " generalized orgasm " -) .Pero upon descending the levels of anfetaminas in blood that euphoria is seguia of a deep and devastating depression.

THE PSYCHOSIS PRODUCED BY THE USE OF THE STIMULANTS

The use of cocaina or anfetaminas finishes producing a similar psychosis to the esquizofrenia paranoid. The consumers of these stimulants are shown mistrustful, believe that all what passes to their/its/your/his around is going directed against them. Begin to see enemies everywhere and appear the hallucinations. These sick drug addicts hear voices that interpret as accusatory against ellos.Adem�s of these auditive hallucinations are frequent the hallucinations tactiles. These patients suffer picores and burnings in the skin that you/them compels to be scratched continually and that in their/its/your/his paranoiac delirium interpret as that - " someone you/them has inserted algun worm or insect under the skin " -.

AS ACT THE STIMULANTS ON THE BRAIN

Recordemos que las neuronas ricas en noradrenalina (en verde) se concentraban en un n�cleo llamado Locus Coeruleus y que desde este n�cleo las prolongaciones (axones) de estas neuronas establecian conexiones (sinapsis) con el Sistema L�mbico.El Sistema L�mbico es el responsable de dar colorido emocional a las percepciones y pensamientos elaborados en la corteza cerebral y regula y controla nuestros sentimientos.Las neuronas del Locus Coeruleus se activan para regular las respuestas emocionales de nuestro entorno.Cualquier escena que presenciemos se acompa�a de un sentimiento.Podemos enternecernos al presenciar una madre cuidando a su beb� o podemos sentir repulsa al ver un asesinato.Las neuronas del Locus Coeruleus son las responsables de estos sentimientos dado que merced a las ricas conexiones que establecen con la corteza cerebral hacen que la corteza "se entere" de nuestras respuestas emocionales a lo sucedido alrededor nuestro.

MECHANISM OF ACCI�N OF THE ANFETAMINAS

The anfetaminas as well as the cocaina cause that exist a greater quantity of the transmitters noradrenalina and dopamina in the space sin�ptico favoring the transmission of the stimuli nerviosos.Las anfetaminas (red circles) - " push " - to the transmitters (dopamina and noradrenalina) (green circles) toward the space sin�ptico.

MECHANISM OF ACCI�N OF THE COCAINE

The cocaina as far as he/she is concerned (gray circles) prevents or blocks the recaptaci�n or the pumping of the transmitters noradranalina and dopamina toward their/its/your/his point of origin and by so much also increases the presence of these transmitters in the space sin�ptico favoring the spread of the nervous stimuli.

MECHANISM OF ACCI�N OF THE ANTIPSIC�TICOS OR NEUROL�PTICOS

Recu�rdese that the medicines antipsic�ticos or neurol�pticos (in green) is unian or were blocking to the receivers of dopamina preventing that the normal transmitter (DOPAMINA) is an or couple to these receivers and by so much reducing the transmission of the nervous stimuli. That is to say their/its/your/his action is opposed to that of the anfetaminas and cocaina and because of this are used for the treatment of the serious psychosis produced by the abuse of these drugs.

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