The Old Coyner Cemetery and Church Site Near Koiner’s Store is the old cemetery and church site of the Coyner’s Church. It was originally part of the old Jacob Slagle farm adjoining, no doubt. Investigation would show that it was used as a cemetery about 1730 or 1740, beginning in the north east corner where the graves were arranged in rows facing the east. There were several graves outside the present fence about 1880, which like the first hundred graves inside the fence were marked only with rough flat stones picked up around and mostly with no dates on them. Now since the “Valley” was first settled soon after 1716 when Gov. Spottswood led his “Knights of the Golden Horseshoe” over the Blue Ridge near where Woodstock now is, and found it a meadow-like green valley, this cemetery was possibly the first cemetery of the whole section of South River. When it was acquired by the Coyner’s Church is a mystery as the first log church built in the midst of the cemetery was erected not later than 1796 and stood until 1810 when it was replaced by the brick church that stood until 1890 (or about that time. The oldest legible dates run back to about 1760 and the prominent dates of 1797, [*] were already nearly the middle of the old cemetery, the conclusion is inevitable that either there was some sort of church organization there long before the log church was built or that the church acquired the cemetery from some private parties long before 1796. The records of deeds in Augusta County began in 1745 when Augusta was cut off from Orange County and Orange County was started in 1735, when it was cut off from [*pensylevania County]. It is hard to trace any deed. The idea that the cemetery was originally a part of the Jacob Slagle farm might form a [*]. This beautiful church and cemetery property should be made a state monument and preserved for the future as an Historical landmark. [*] Coyner. Introduction On account of the wonderful increase and spread of the descendants of Michael Keinadt over a majority of the American States, it has been contemplated, for some years, to rescue from oblivion the history of this early American pioneer and a genealogy of his posterity as a tribute of affection, and a contribution to the history in which he participated. Pursuant to notice a portion of his descendants convened, on March 28th, 1892, at Staunton, Virginia, to consider of the erection of a new monument to his memory; the pub- lication of a history and genealogy of his family; a reunion of the same with suitable ad- dresses on the occasion and the formation of a Memorial Association. All of this it was decided to do. A Board of Directors of the Association was appointed, consisting of George W., Elijah, Marion, C. Benton, George A., Arthur Z., and L. Philip Koiner, with plenary powers to execute the plans of the Association. There was also appointed a committee composed of Absalom Koiner, Arthur Z. Koiner and Edgar T. Koiner to prepare a History and Genealogy of the family for publica- tion. This involved tedious work in discovering their early history of the progenitors, and bringing together the widely dispersed families of the paternal and maternal blood; may of whom are total strangers to each other and the work contemplated. To some we are much indebted for prompt and valuable information, others failed to appreciate the difficulties of the undertaking, which may cause unavoidable omission on our part, which are to be re- gretted. The writer and the family are under especial obligations to Mr. Edgar T. Koiner for his intelligent zeal and untiring industry in bringing to the front much information. Our effort has been to adhere to the most reliable sources without exaggeration, or fulsome eulogy. Doubtless, some mistakes have been made; but the effort has been, to test the stories of tradition by settled facts and not to attempt to force an explanation of irrecon- cilable data. On account of the variety of spelling of the family name, we have endeavored to conform to the spelling furnished by the records and writings on contemporaneous events and the practice of the families. The spelling of the progenitor -Keinadt- was used by some as late as 1827. See the Records of Koiner’s Church-Trinity. Changes were commenced in Pennsylvania as early as 1773, was show by deeds recorded at Carlisle, Penn. The work was more difficult and extended than anticipated. It has been delayed, awaiting the responses of the numerous families; some of whom have not yet reported. We regret the necessity of closing this work without them, and would respectfully recommend to all, very great care in the preservation of their family records, and to show on their faces, distinctly, to which Grand Division of the family they belong; that future generations may be enabled to trace their connection with the great Ancestors. It is equally important, that the more permanent Records of the Churches should be filled and secured; for it is to them, in Europe and America, that we are indebted for reliable data, from which we have made many of our reckonings and tested the traditions. We have given prominence to education attainments, because it is on the line of intellectual and social advancement and extended usefulness. Doubtless, we have passed over many whom we would gladly have men- tioned, in want of information. The writer probably has made mistakes and erred in his judgment; there were many difficult questions to determine, for which he is individually responsible. His colleagues on the committee were widely dispersed, and their engage- ments were such as to preclude their participation in the preparation of the work. And it is with deep sorrow, that the writer records the death of his distinguished colleague, Dr. Ar- thur Zirkle Koiner, before he saw the publication of a work in which he felt much interest and to which his European researches contribute most important information. Absalom Koiner April, 1898 Fishersville, Augusta Co., Va. Michael Keinadt It is difficult to discover the footprints of a man who has trodden the path of private life, after the lapse of more than a Century. Yet in compliance with the request of an as- semblage of a portion of the descendants of Michael Keinadt and his wife Margaret, on March 28th, 1892, at Staunton, Virginia, we shall endeavor, by the aid of tradition, the memory of the living, and recorded facts, to five a reliable, brief outline of the career of this man of expanding importance and influence in the development of our great country and its institutions, from its early history to the present day. The world is composed of persons whose individual qualities of head, heart and actions determine their relative value in constituting society and shaping the affairs of men. This thought must be kept prominently in view to discover the great motive power which transformed a wilderness continent into a land of superabundance and luxury; a sparse and heterogeneous population of 2,000,000 into a educated and cultivated nation of 60,000,000. The rapid transformation, which has taken place, physically, mentally and morally, is almost beyond description, or comprehension and appreciation by those who are now coming on the stage of action. Europe That old war scarred and blood-stained continent had been long the theater of pride, jealousies, strife’s and carnage, to satiate the ambition of misguided rulers, who gloried in the number and splendor of their armies, regarding them as their personal property, with- drawing the men from the vocations for which their Creator had fitted them, and imposing burdens on the weaker sex for which they were not designed. Centralization of powers en- abled injustice and oppression to reign supreme. Charles Eugene Duke of Wurtemburg, from 1734 to 1793, became of age in 1744, and reigned during Michael’s time. He was gifted but vicious, and soon fell into the hands of unworthy favorites. His whole reign was disturbed by dissension’s between the ruler and the ruled. The intervention of foreign powers (Prussia and England) was sought in vain by the un- happy people. Near the close of the reign of Emperor Charles the Sixth of Austria, when his army was in bad condition, his finances embarrassed, and at the time of his death, a scarcity al- most approaching a famine prevailed in many parts of his dominions, and immediately be- fore the accession of Maria Theresa to his throne, there was a short repose and relaxation of military rigor. Though Europe had been kept in turmoil and distress by its rulers, there were minds of a different type, disgusted and shocked by the sufferings of the people and the burdens they were compelled to bear, which rose gradually to a more elevated line of thought, leading Copernicus to discover the true theory of the heavenly bodies, which was afterwards perfected by Newton and sustained by Kepler’s theory of their orbits. Galileo, with his improved telescope still pointed upward and onward to further conquests in the skies. Columbus had already discovered the “New World,” which produced a great sensa- tion among the maritime powers and efforts were made to appropriate its territory, which excited their cupidity and rivalry. The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century produced a great awakening and a general breaking loose of the old fetters which held the mind and body in slavery to superstition and tyranny. Liberty of thought and investigation began to be exercised with some impunity. William Penn. The Quakers developed in England, toning down the asperities of the government and social customs; setting up the kindlier prompting of conscience in the fear of God; pro- ducing a new dispensation of peace and good will among men and governments. George Fox, Robert Barclay, William Penn, and others, embarked for Holland to evangelize the continent of Europe. Barclay and Penn went to and fro in Germany, from the Weser to the Mayne; the Rhine to the Neckar, distributing tracts, discussing with men of every sect an every rank, probably reaching the southern border of Wurtemburg. In consideration of the services of his distinguished father, Admiral Penn, his son William obtained the grant and charter for Pennsylvania, under the great Seal of England in 1681. In the following year, William Penn sailed for America and landed at Newcastle on the Delaware. He made a treaty with the Indians, establishing relations of friendship and intercourse; lived in peace and safety with them, enjoying their confidence and respect. In 1683 he laid out Philadel- phia, which then contained only 3 or 4 houses; one year after, there were 600. In three years Philadelphia had improved more than New York had done in a half century. Penn returned to England leaving 8,000 souls prospering. Asylum for the Oppressed. Gustavus Adolphus and Oxenstiern, his successor, contemplated the establishment of an Asylum for the persecuted Protestants of Europe. “On the banks of the Rhine it was whispered, the plans of Adolphus and Oxenstiern were consummated.” America. Although the discovery of the New World attracted much attention at the time, there was a relapse into neglect for many years, by reason of the exciting times in Europe. Ex- hausted and impoverished, the Maritime powers renewed their efforts to build up their colonies and profit by their products and an exchange of manufactures for the same. The seeds which Penn and Barclay had sown years before, were springing up to a rich harvest in Germany. The wise and peaceful policy of Penn, in Pennsylvania com- mended itself to immigrants who were tired of persecution, war and taxation at home; therefore they sought America to secure toleration, peace and safety under a liberal and free government. The Koiner Family in Europe. In the records which the Pastor of the State Church exhibited at Winterlingen, Wurtemburg, to Dr. A. Z. Koiner, in 1877, the Koiner name was traced back to the Ref- ormation. A Jacob Kainath was discovered in the 15th Century. A Michael Kainoth, born in 1650, was found. A Jacob Kainath, supposed to be his son, was married to Anna Maria, November 7th, 1708. The following were found, supposed to be sons of the latter; to wit: Jacob Kainath, born August 28th, 1709, died September 15th, 1772; Johanes Kainath, born February 2nd, 1714, died August 18th, 1781; Michael Kainath, born January 29th, 1720. The last named is supposed to be the one who emigrated to America. There is an omission here which produces an obscurity in not finding the name of Conrad Keinath, born about 1682, the father of Michael, the American progenitor, born January 29th, 1720. In the record of his marriage at New Holland, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Michael reported himself the son of Conrad; he named his second son Con- rad, and the last family letter from Winterlingen was signed with others, by the nervous hand of the venerable Conrad, then 87 years of age. In that letter he is reported to have, (including the 8 American children of Michael) 57 grandchildren and 24 great- grandchildren. The Koiner family in Europe was large. Tradition reports them as having served in the Thirty Years’ War on the Protestant side with Gustavus Adolphus. (See Cor- respondence, Dr. A.Z.K.) Michael Keinadt, The son of Conrad, born the 29th of January, 1720, in the town of Winterlingen, Kingdom of Wurtemburg, Europe, the subject of our narrative, now enters the arena and claims more particular attention. He had brothers, Casper, Martin, and others, and sisters, Margaret, and Elizabeth; the latter was a sweet singer and possessed fine talent for music. Wurtemburg, A member of the German Empire, is nearly as large as the State of Massachusetts. It is divided into general divisions, or “circles” of the Neckar, Black Forest, Jagst and Da- nube. It is the land of many distinguished men who need no introduction to the learned world. We give space to only a few: in Poetry, Schiller, Kerner and other: Theology, Cecolampadeus, Brentz, Bengal and other: Science, Kepler, Steifel, and others: Botany, Gartner, and others: Chemistry, Chonburg, and others: Sculpture, Donnecker, and others. her learned men fill important stations in America. In the Lutheran field, Rev. W. J. Mann, D. D., L.L.D.; Rev. A Spath, D. D., L. L. D., and others. Schools; Every child between 6 and 14 years must attend school and learn, not only books, but now, the elements of some handicraft. A district containing 30 families consti- tute a school, with a teacher for every 90 pupils. There are 4 Protestant Theological Semi- naries, several Universities, that of Tubingen has 41 ordinary, 9 extraordinary Professors, and 19 Tutors. About two thirds of the population are Protestants, (chiefly Lutherans,) and the rest Catholics. Wurtemburg is now governed by a King and Parliament. They send several members to the German Congress. Winterlingen is a town in the county of Sig- maringen; the Southern border of the country, which is here divided by Zollerburg, a ridge of the Alps. Near by is the Castle of the Princely family of the Hoenzollern; now the most distinguished in all Europe. Winterlingen, though a small town, has very distinguished neighbors. Conrad Keinadt, the father of Michael, was a man of good parts; reared his family in the way in which they should go, according to the Lutheran faith, impressing the neces- sity of industry, economy and fidelity to every trust; “to do justly, love mercy and walk humbly with their God.” Modern travelers bear testimony to the good name of his descen- dants at the present time, in Winterlingen. Their occupation, in part, it is believed was that of artisans, workers in iron; for in recent years, one of the name was awarded the prize for the best lock, at the Fair of Sigmaringen. Michael had grown to manhood and it became necessary to determine his course in life. He had probably heard of the missionary tours of Penn and Barclay through Germany and read their publications; heard the glowing accounts of America, as the asylum for the oppressed; the vast field for enterprise and success. Moreover, the revival of interest in their colonies, by Holland and England, with the increased trade and profits in the ex- change of products, were calculated to set his imagination aglow with the fondest hopes. The rival powers were competitors for population and trade to the American settlements. Their agents, “Naelanders,” were abroad, at a later period, at least, to solicit immigrants. In the humbler walks of private life every avenue to progress and advancement was preoccupied. The soil of the surrounding country was thin and far from the centers of trade; and then, the cruel wars which were so frequent, unsettled everything. The environments did not satisfy the hopes and rising expectations of his youthful ardor and sanguine tem- perament. On the other hand, America in the interior, was a vast unexplored wilderness occupied by savages; conflicting claims to the territory were set up by rival, and at times, hostile nations. The want of a common currency and banking facilities were a great hin- drance to profitable business. The perils of the ocean were very great by reason of the in- adequacy of the vessels and the lack of chars by which to sail. Doubtless, there was a great conflict in his mind; a weighting of probabilities of success or failure; of the perils of the voyage; the dangers from the savages in the wilderness; of disease and death among strangers in a strange land. But, his great soul, trusting in the God of Abraham, recognized that he had a mission to perform in life, and that his field was westward, rose to the con- templation of the situation with a broad common sense, elevated and extended by an intui- tive genius, prompted by the suggestions of sacred love, turned his eyes to the setting sun, which had drawn in its wake philosophers, scientists and navigators to the shores of the New World, where his glowing imagination found a subject worthy of his genius and ris- ing ambition, for development on a scale and in an arena worthy of his manly courage and confident trust in the Creator of his great heart, indomitable energy and unconquerable will; to dare and to do the work of a pioneer, in developing the resources of a new country; planting high and safely the standard of true liberty, to wave in triumph over the territory which became “the land of the brave and home of the free;” and which has given shelter beneath its ample folds, not only to his numerous descendants, of whom we have the honor of composing a part; but millions then unborn of his own and other lands, who have assisted in laying so broad and deep the foundations of Institutions and Laws, of States and of a Republic which challenges the approbation of an admiring world, and transcends all parallel in history, ancient and modern. Notwithstanding the endearments of home, filial and fraternal affection. Michael now prepared to go to America and engage in trade, which was then brisk, between the Old and the New World. Doubtless, his father gave him so much of his patrimony as could be spared and a God’s blessing. Bidding farewell to loving parents, brothers and sisters, mid tears, heart-breaking sighs, and benedictions, he has- tened away, about the year 1740, down the Rhine to one of the commercial cities of Hol- land, or to London, with his stock in trade, sailed for Philadelphia; following the lead of the wise William Penn. Tradition is here silent as to the circumstances of his commercial transactions further than to inform us, that he was engaged in five trading voyages across the Atlantic. Meanwhile, that he had returned to Winterlingen so much improved in dress, appearance and information about the New World, that he attracted much attention from his countrymen; that he was invited to dine with a nobleman, who desired to hear the news from a reliable source. There was a stir about town, when it was announced that Michael Keinadt had just returned from America, full of information about that wild Indian country. Mail facilities and printing at that day, were little used and personal returns were rare. There was but one paper published in America in 1720, and some thought that too many. Michael persuaded his sister to accompany him to America. She was a celebrated singer and would have made her mark in the American cities; but, alas! on that ill-fated voyage there arose a great storm by which his dear sister was swept overboard and drowned, which so deeply distressed Michael, that he never again crossed the ocean. His goods, part of which were arms (short hunting pieces, called jager) were all thrown overboard to save the ship. How uncertain are human affairs! Returning to Philadelphia, as we suppose, all lost at sea, and disgusted with the uncertainties of sea-faring, he went into the interior of the colony; a stranger in a strange land without capital. The next footprint we have of him is the record of his marriage, found in the old Register of the Lutheran Church at New Holland, Lancaster County, Penn. “The marriage of Michael Keinet, or Keined, son of Conrad Keinet of Wurtemburg, to Margaret Diller, daughter of Casper Diller, (dated) 21st February, 1749.” The Diller Side. Here it is pertinent to five a brief account of the origin and descent of the Diller side of this union. The publication entitled “The Diller Family,” November, 1877. by J.L. Ringwalt, Esq., Philadelphia, Penn. (for a copy of which we acknowledge our indebted- ness to Mr. Edwin T. Ringwalt, of New Holland, contains, probably, the most reliable in- formation; from which we draw some interesting statements and conclusions.) After the long war between Romanists and Protestants and the terrible and villainous massacre of St. Bartholomew, on the night of August 23rd, 1572, the Edict of Nantes was published in 1598, granting equal rights to Protestants; but in 1685, the Edict was revoked and the fires of persecution were rekindled with renewed vigor and the Protestants were compelled to fly from France to Hamburg and Amsterdam in Holland for safety (15,000 persons). In the five years thereafter 1,000,000 are said to have fled to Holland, England, and America (Alsace was nearly depopulated). Under these circumstances it is supposed that the father of Caspar Diller, when the latter was 10 or 15 years old, went from Alsace, in France, to Holland for safety, about the year 1685 or 1690. After some years, Caspar went to Eng- land. The author of “The Diller Family” says; “Tradition has it that this Caspar Diller mar- ried a woman in England, who was of large stature, masculine development, and had a bountiful supply of hair. It may be remarked here, that in Alsace the people speak both French and German. That Caspar was of French extraction is evident from the names of his two sons, Han Adam and Han Martin. This name Han is a corruption of the French name Jean, which as pronounced in the provinces where French and German intermingle, sounds pretty much like Han. Jean is our English John. As proof of Caspar’s nativity, I may add that, at the present day, there are Dillers in Alsace, France (it is now German ter- ritory), who, I am told, resemble us in features, and in character (being impulsive and en- ergetic.)” “That Caspar went to England is proved by his marriage with an English woman.” “There is nothing forced or unnatural in the supposition that the first Caspar Diller, after being driven with his father from Alsace to Holland, and going thence to Eng- land, subsequently went to Germany before he emigrated to America. This course was pur- sued by many of the sorely persecuted French Protestants and German Palatines.” “The introduction to Rupp’s Collection of upwards of Thirty Thousand Names of German, Swiss, Dutch, French, and other Immigrants in Pennsylvania from 1725 to 1776, says that of the large number of refugees that came to England in 1708 and 1709, seven thousand, after having suffered great privations, returned half naked and in despondency, to their na- tive country. Ten thousand died from want of sustenance, medical attendance and from other causes.” It is believed that Caspar Diller also returned to the Continent with his Eng- lish wife and settled on the German side of the river Rhine, in the Palatinate, 11 1/2 miles from Heidelberg, about the year 1723, where his sons, referred to already, were born. Tradition has it that when Casper Diller emigrated to America, he brought with his two sons and three daughters. He settled in Lancaster County, Penn., about 1729, or 1731. The records of Lancaster County, show a deed to him, May 28th, 1738. His other children were born in America (four daughters and one son.) On account of the liberty taken at that early day, by parents, of giving two children the same name, or adding thereto, the reader of the present time is liable to be confused. It is exemplified in both of our ancestral fami- lies as in the cases of Han Adam, or Philip Adam, and Han Martin in the Diller family. On the Koiner side, there were George Adam and George Michael. The George was designed to compliment a favorite on either side of the house. The sons of Caspar Diller and Barbara his wife, the progenitors of that great family, were Han Adam, Hand Martin, and Caspar. The names of the daughters were not known to the author of “The Diller Family”, but he gives the names of their husbands; as, Breckbill, Keiner, Sweiger, Imboda, Croft, Ensminger, and Sensabach. Margaret, nee Diller, the progenitor of the Koiners, is the only name yet discovered. That the Imbodens of Virginia, were descendants on the maternal side, has long been known to us. The publication, “The Diller Family,” is, to us, a new development of that side; and we regret our lack of time and space to draw from it more fully. It discloses that the American Koiner family cannot justly claim a pure German ori- gin; but only half, in consequence of their mother’s French and English origin. Marvelous representations of the physical development and strength of some of the earlier Dillers has been related. Some of the earlier Koiners were much stouter than the present generation; so that both sides may trace their largest specimens of physical manhood to their strong-haired and robust English mother. Caspar Diller Commenced his young life, like his son-in-law, Michael Koiner, un- der circumstances which tried his metal. A refugee, he was thrown on his personal re- sources for a living. It is said, “It was in Holland that he learned to make, or did make, wooden shoes.” Dr. David Diller, who has given the subject attention, says; “But that he resided for some time in Holland prior to going to England, seems incontestable from the differences in the orthography of the name, and various other circumstances. However this may be, tradition has it, and I have often heard my aunts say so, that he married in England that when he went to the neighborhood of New Holland, (Penn.) and bought property, his wife had a linen apron full of silver. Taking all the evidence together, it appears that after his marriage in England he turned his face again toward his native land, whither he went . . . but his wife, being of English origin and unable to adapt herself to the language and customs of the Continent, or, perhaps, owing to the unsettled condition of the country, they concluded to seek a peaceful abode in the New World.” Casper Diller, our great great- grandfather, on the Diller side, purchased a farm near New Holland, called Hole Place (Loch Platz),-was a shoemaker and became very wealthy. He was still living on the 16th December, 1769, and attained to nearly 100 years of age. He died about 1770 or 1775. His grave cannot be pointed to with absolute certainty. Margaret Diller was reported wealthy, and was of a highly respectable and numer- ous family; many of whom still live in the same vicinity, and more than twenty of them, at a recent date, were enrolled members of the same Lutheran congregation, at New Holland, Penn. Some of the Dillers hold official and professional positions creditable to them and their connections. The Koiner side Resumed. From the marriage of Michael and Margaret resulted the following children, who constitute now the Grand Division of the family of Koiners in America; to wit; 1. George Adam, 2. Conrad, 3. George Michael, 4. Elizabeth, 5. Mary, 6. Casper, 7. Catharine, 8. John, 9. Martin, 10. Jacob, 11. Christian, 12. Philip, 13. Frederick. We are left to conjecture as to the location and occupation of the progenitor from the time of his marriage, except the record of the birth and baptism of two of his sons, at New Holland, Lancaster County, where he probably held his church membership, until near the birth of his son Casper, the sixth child; when tradition asserts, that in the same county he cleared away the brush and erected a home and shop which was afterwards called Millers- town (Casper being the first child born on the place). Here he pursued his trade, his spe- cialty, “in the old country,” was that of a chainmaker, but he was a man of versatile genius and readily adapted himself to the demands of the situation. The wants of the new country were pressing, and very numerous, so he used his skill to much advantage and profit. The approximate time of his settling at Millerstown is determined by the date of the birth of his son Casper, which occurred on the 25th of September, 1764, (his marriage being in 1749, leaves 15 years residence undecided, but the probabilities point to a residence near New Holland). His residence at Millerstown was probably from 1763 to 1773, from the tradition that here his sons learned the occupation of farming, and Casper had grown large enough to tend a linseed oil mill, which his father operated, a young miller! Casper related of his youth, the protracted ride in a wagon, his fatigue, and the lateness of the hour when the family arrived at their new home, on the move from Millerstown to the Yellow Breeches Creek. The accumulations up to this time and probably a portion of his wife’s patrimony, enabled Michael to purchase land and settle in Cumberland County. His brother-in-law, Caspar Diller, moved to the same county about the same time. The records at Carlisle show a deed “from John Walker to Michael Keinert, 1773, for property in West Pensboro Tw’p. on banks of Yellow Breeches Creek.” The second deed “from Samuel Culbertson to Mi- chael Kiner, 1776.” “The third deed from Robert Walker to Michael Keinart for farm in West Pennsboro Tw’p. on banks of Yellow Breeches Creek 1807.” The latter date must be a clerical error or have been made to a descendant. Before that date he had removed to Vir- ginia and died. The Clerk reports, “I can find no deed from Michael Kainard to any one on record.” Franklin County was taken from Cumberland about the year 1795. The farm pur- chased of Samuel Culbertson was embraced in the new county and was conveyed by Mi- chael Keiner to his son Conrad, March 13th, 1787. The Clerk of Franklin County says, “The above Michael Koiner purchased the land by the above deed from one Samuel Cul- bertson, on 8th April 1778, which makes a discrepancy between the dates reported of two years, which may be explained on the hypotheses that a second farm was purchased from Culbertson. The conveyance to Conrad, 13th March 1787, preceded the purchase made by the progenitor in Virginia, on the 22nd August 1787, which will be hereafter related. Virginia About the year 1783, attaining his majority and inheriting a spirit of adventure, his son Casper proceeded still further south, into the County of Augusta, Va., exploring the country, reported its advantages, which resulted, two years thereafter, in bringing his eld- est brother, George Adam to him, and purchasing a farm of 239 acres for $375, on the 210th of August, 1787, from William Gillispie, which is now, 105 years, in the ownership of his descendants on the maternal side. On the 23d day of August, 1787, there was con- veyed to Michael “Coynart,” of Cumberland County, Penn., by James Gillispie, 300 acres of land adjoining John Findly and David Vance. Of these two farms it is said that George Adam had choice, by reason of his having furnished a portion of the price, and that he chose the former. These transactions would indicate that the progenitor had also then vis- ited Virginia, made the purchases and returned to Pennsylvania. The latter farm was, on January 3rd, 1792 conveyed by Michael “Coynet” and Margaret his wife to “Gasper Coynet,” their son, for the price of $335. This farm has continued the property of said Casper and his son Simon for 105 years. George Adam leased his new Virginia farm to Martin Bush, a Pennsylvanian, on his return to Pennsylvania to complete a contract of two years which he had there. Tradition favors the theory that the progenitor bought the said farms on the judgment of his sons. From the dates of subsequent transactions, it is safe to say that Michael Keineadt and family, except Conrad, moved to, and settled finally, in Augusta County, Va., in the Autumn of 1789. On the 25th of Sep. 1790, he bought 200 acres land of David Huffelpower. On 21st October, 1790, there was conveyed to Michael “Coinert” from Archibald Bolling 303 acres land, on South River, for the price of $400. This is the farm on which he resided and spent the evening of his long and eventful life, and expired, on the 7th November, 1796, at the age of 77 years, in sight of where his mortal remains now rest. The farm was devised to his son Christian who, when he moved to Upsher County, W. Va., sold the same to John, a grandson of Michael and son of Cas- per. By John it was devised to his son Casper B., who resides on the same, thus remaining in the family 102 years continuously, to this writing, 1892. Michael Keinadt’s entire fam- ily, except Conrad, came to Virginia, where comfortable provision was made for all, his sons in lands, and his daughters otherwise. Conrad, on a visit to Virginia, after examining the land along South River, which was then for sale, on which the town of Waynesboro has since been built, expressed his preference for Pennsylvania. “That he would not five the three turkey gobblers which he saw cross the road near Woodstock, for the land.” Such was the condition of the country then, where now a young city is growing and the elements of comfort and wealth abound in profusion. His Will Michael Keinadt made his will, July 15th, 1796, which begins by saying, “I am sick,” and then proceeds with the usual formality in clear and distinct specifications and dispositions. The writer probably was General Robert Porterfield of Revolutionary mem- ory, a neighbor, and the first attesting witness. The other witnesses were Benjamin Ken- erly and John Conner. The testator made very considerate, and ample provision for his widow, which she enjoyed to her end. He also made special provision for his son Freder- ick, whose mental condition rendered him dependent. In kindly regard for his family ser- vant, he was required to be kept by the family. The Executors named, were his sons George Adam and Casper. The former declined the trust. Casper qualified, giving as sure- ties, Thomas Turk and Nicholas Bush, in a bond of $10,000. See Will Book 8, page 286. There was a codicil to the will, both were contested by Christian Balsley, the for- mer was rejected by the Court, but the will was sustained. In Person, M. Keinadt, Was of medium size, well developed and well proportioned, straight, and walked erect. His voice was rather coarse. When irritated, manifested high temper. In his latter years, he sometimes spent a week at the house of his son Casper, his daughter-in-law said of him, that he was as agreeable a visitor as one could wish. His varied experiences through the many vicissitudes of a long life stored his mind with many interesting and startling facts, which constituted interesting narratives for the rising generations. His Religious Character. His family Bible, which contains an Introductory by Carl Hildebrand von Constein, written at Berlin, in 1717, believed to have been published in Hallie, by the “Hallie Bible Society.” the first organization of the kind, has been preserved by his grand daughter, Jane, daughter of Christian, and now committed to the care of the President of the Koiner Memorial Association. The book appears to have been much used and carefully preserved, as the sure foundation on which he reared his wonderful structure, which bears additional testimony to its infallible truths, from generation to generation. He was an earnest Christian of the Lutheran faith, in which he brought up his chil- dren. His life was one of humility and resignation to the will of his Creator. It is to his loy- alty to God, that we may attribute his success, the mercies and blessings which have been conferred upon him and his posterity in all their generations. So long as pride and vain- glory shall be discarded, the reverence and love of God shall be continued, will like bless- ings prevail, and so long only. “Pride goeth before destruction and a haughty look before a fall.” Probably the first Lutheran house of worship erected in the County of Augusta, he helped to complete, by making the nails used, though then about 70 years old. Wrought nails, or wooden pins, for fastening shingles and boards were their only resource, in those days. The house was in process of construction when he arrived in the vicinity, says his surviving grand son, Simon, son of Casper, one of the prime movers in the enterprise. The subject of our narrative lived at a time when America was still in its primitive wilderness, save on portions of its eastern border where it had been touched by the hand of industry. Every thing had to be done, from the stump up, in building; and down, in break- ing the soil. The implements of husbandry were of the rudest and most imperfect kind, made on the farm, or in the nearest smith shop. Immense forests and grubs were to be re- moved. On the frontier the houses, in some cases, were of poles, or logs, with puncheon floors, or of whip-sawed boards, covered with “clab-boards.” The stables and barns were covered with “thatched straw.” Reaping was done with a crooked sickle, held in the right hand and the grain grasped and held in the left until it was severed by a drawing cut. Threshing was done with flails applied with great labor; or it was done by treading on floors with horses. Mowing was done with “Dutch Scythes,” hammered thin when they had become dull from whetting; the mettle was very tough and ductile. The crop was gath- ered with hand-rakes and wooden forks. Frequently the iron forks made in the shops were very heavy and clumsy. Public roads, in colonial times, were very few; and the new private ways were extremely rough, sidling, stumpy and rooty. Wheeled vehicles, for riding, were seldom seen. Families were carried on horseback, with the infant of days in front of the mother, and the one and two year olds clinging behind, which would present, at the present day, an interesting spectacle. The markets for surplus products ranging according to dis- tance from the coast, or navigable rivers; not infrequently involving a haul of 100 miles by wagons. Apparel was manufactured by hand from raw materials, etc. In short, every great work had to be done at cost of well directed, patient industry, much personal toil, incon- venience and self-denial. This was the most necessary and heaviest work performed by any generation, in the physical improvement and enhancement of the lands, and the ameliora- tion of the condition of the people. In the accomplishment of this transformation of a wilderness into pleasant homes, Michael Koinadt and his family, contributed their full share. His posterity are still busily engaged in improving and beautifying the common national heritage. Not only in the physi- cal development have they been in the advance column, but in the intellectual, moral and religious culture they are rapidly redeeming their time, and advancing to the front, some attaining to high distinction. An effort to carry the German language, in earlier years, re- tarded the progress of the young in current literature. The progenitor was educated in the schools of Germany and had his children educated, as was customary, in the same lan- guage, taught to speak Pennsylvania German and English. The Koiner Name. Great liberty, in Americanizing, has been taken, not only by the branches of the family, but especially by scriveners and public officials, as they conceive, for their own convenience. The mutations have been so radical that its identity is in some cases almost lost. An examination of the family Church Record at Winterlingen, followed back to 1650, develops many changes, but not so radical, beginning in 1650 with Kainath, Keinath, Konat, Keynot, Keinot, Keinadt, to Michael Keinath, born 29th of January, 1720. His signature at manhood and his correspondents, in the fatherland, have spelled it Keinadt, as late as April 16th, 1769, when Casper Keinadt, Martin Koinadt and the nervous signature of Conrad Keinort, most probably his father, last addressed him. This letter brings affec- tionate and tender greeting, with expressions of deep sympathy, brotherly kindness and love. In an early report of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, the family congre- gation is mentioned by the name of “Keinadts Church.” On the record of the same congre- gation the name was spelled “Keinadt” as late as 1827. In no instance in the fatherland, or in the spelling of the progenitor has the original K been substituted by the initial C. The latter is an erroneous translation, which had its beginning in Virginia chiefly. The Conrad branch of the family in Pennsylvania, and elsewhere, spell the name Kyner, and other branches, Coyner, other, Coiner, Keiner, Kiner, and others Koiner. The latter is symmet- rical and euphonious, retains the original K, and identifies the public record of some mem- bers of the family, which they can not abandon without sacrificing their life’s work. The difference in spelling by the great primal branches, at least, promotes a ready identification of that to which the individual belongs. The Old Church. From the meager records, we conclude, that there was an organization in its vicinity as early as 1771, the birth of Margaret Barger, June 26th, 1771, and Baptism April 6th, 1772, are recorded and others to 1783, which was 18 years before the old log house of worship was built. Religious exercises probably were held in schoolhouses, private resi- dences, barns and arbors. We are indebted to the late Jacob Koiner, eldest son of Casper, to the venerable Simon, a brother of Jacob, who have spoken from memory, to the Family Bible record, of Philip Koiner Sr., which gives the dates of the births of each of his chil- dren, and the names of the Pastors who baptized them, to the Old Church Record, and a statement of Theodore Koiner, the clerk of the present organization, for information of the names and order of service of the Pastors of the Old Church-Kainadt’s, now Trinity, to wit, Revs. Spindle, Paul Henkle, who lived in Staunton Virginia, three years,-say from 1793 to 1796 and officiated, -Pastor E. G. Naiman, from 1796 to 1800,-Pastor John Folz from 1800 to 1810,-Pastor George H. Remensnider from 1810 to 1823;-Pastor Ambrose Henkle from 1823 to --- ;Pastor John Stierwalt from --- to --- ; again Ambrose Henkle to 1836; Rev. Jacob Killian from 1836 to 1866; Rev. J. E. Senaker from 1866 to --- ; Rev. T. S. Swinehart from January 1877 to May 1879; and Rev. F. Kuigele from May 1879 to the present time, 1893. A brick house succeeded the old structure, in 1838, during the services of Rev. Killian. In 1881 another brick house of modern style and garniture, was erected, about 200 feet north of the first. This congregation has been steadfast in adhering to the doctrine and customs of the Lutheran Church. During the services of the Rev. Ambrose Henkle, which was probably “once a month,” the Rev. Moyerheifer, a popular speaker, sought to take possession of the Church without getting rid, in an orderly way, of the incumbent. This gave rise to division among the people; a portion of whom united with the German Re- formed element and built a new house of worship, six miles south of the old, which was more convenient to many, and was called Zion’s Church. This may be said t be the first colony from the old hive. Subsequently, during the services of Rev. Killian another Church was built near Mt. Solon, called St. Paul’s to supply a small swarm which settled on North River--the second colony. In the year 1854, a house of worship was erected and church organized, called Bethlehem, 14 miles south of the old, to accommodate a consider- able portion resident in that vicinity, the third colony. Here the Rev. Killian ended his long ministerial labors, and his remains rest in its cemetery. In 1888, the fourth house of wor- ship was built, 6 miles south of the parent hive, named Bethany, to accommodate the large portion of the membership who live in that vicinity. Here there has been conducted a Paro- chial School of the Lutheran Church, which is rarely excelled in efficiency and harmony. The works of Michael Keinadt do follow him, not only in these instances, but in other branches and States. His has not been a career of blood, carnage and death, spreading sorrow and distress throughout the land, but one of peaceful development, amelioration, happiness and joy. Such has been the life of our progenitor, briefly and imperfectly pre- sented. Though we do not claim for him deeds which startle mankind; yet surely his pos- terity will be pardoned for cherishing the memory of one, so dear to them, and whose useful life is a great incentive to his posterity to build on the solid foundation which he has laid, a higher and resplendent superstructure to teach the coming generations the way to solid worth, usefulness, happiness and eternal rest. It is in the cemetery of the Old Church, now called Trinity, that the mortal remains of Michael Keinadt and Margaret, his wife, are resting; 14 miles east of Staunton, 2 miles north of Crimora Station, on the Shenandoah Valley Railroad. Their loving children erected at their graves substantial (and for that day, handsome), tombstones, with inscriptions in the German Language; at the former, simply translated, “Here rests the body of Michael Keiner: Died the 7th November, 1796. His age was 77 years. “Ye that pass by here O, consider my state Seek Jesus late and early While ye yet this life have.” The corrosion of time on a softer stone, has slightly effaced the lettering in the case of the latter. We rescue the remainder from oblivion, in a free rendering of the meaning; “Margaret Keinadt, nee Diller, Died 18th November, 1813, Aged 79 years. May us children, and also each reader, take warning and make early preparation for eternity.” Margaret Koiner, nee Diller In personal appearance, she is reported to have been small, with black hair and eyes, brunette complexion, a fluent and cheerful talker. This great mother possessed a mind and heart fully equal to the necessities of the times in which she lived. She was a true helpmate to her husband in wrestling with the difficulties and dangers of pioneer life; of Indian savagery and the colonial revolution; giving three of her eldest sons to Washington’s army; two of her younger, and several of her grandsons to the defense of the country in the war of 1812. In the late terrible civil conflict, alas! alas! her dear great grand children, coming up from the States, in large numbers, were arrayed by the politicians in deadly strife against each other; and many fell on the field of battle. God f our fathers, for- bid that it shall occur again! She has been represented in every great national effort to pro- tect, ameliorate and advance the interests of the nation and a majority of the States. Her children have assisted in converting the wilderness continent into safe and comfortable homes. She has contributed her full share in the erection of the stupendous national arch which spans the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific; and that from Canada to the Gulf, upon which rests the splendid national dome, the glistening crest of which has caught the longing eyes of the lovers of liberty of every land and clime, and whose towering pin- nacle points on high to a Reunion in a land of pure delights, where the Great Father of all has prepared a place for his loving and confiding children. The New Monument, Erected in memory of our ancestors, which constitutes the frontispiece of this work, stands on a raised bed of geen sward 12x12 feet, 2 feet high. It is made of Georgia marble se- lected for its known durability; it rises in all 10 feet. Base 5 1/2x5 1/2, 16 inches high. Plinth, 4x4, 15 inches high. On its west edge the inscription “Koiner” is in large letters. A die upon which rests a globe, carved in several of its features. Each of the four faces for the lettering are fretted, and wreaths and gothic ornamentation adorn the capitol supporting the globe, which is perfect in mould. The marble is the same as the shaft but variegated, all else being white. The ball or globe is emblamatical of the history of those who sleep beneath. Inscriptions. On the North side, “Michael Keinadt. Born at Winterlingen, Germany, 1720. Emi- grated to America about 1740, and to Virginia in 1790. Died November 7th, 1796. Aged 77 years.” South side, “Margaret, wife of Michael Keinadt, daughter of Caspar Diller, of Lan- caster County, Pa., died November 18th, 1813, aged 79 years.” West side, “Erected to the memory of Michael and Margaret Koiner, the progenitors of the Koiner family in America, by the Michael Koiner Memorial Association, October, 1892.” East side, “To attest the filial affection for the ancestors of the Koiner family, who are now living in many States of the Union, whose names are spelled in various ways, viz: Koiner, Kyner, Koyner, Kiner, Coiner and Coyner.”