Speaking to a business reporter a few months before he died, Sam Walton recalled working as a young man at a J. C. Penney store when J. C. Penney himself stopped by for a visit, and Walton related, "He taught me how to tie a package with very little twine and very little paper and still make it look nice" (Huey, 1991, p. 50). As Walton later built his own consumer retailing empire, he would copy Penney's policy of store visits as an integral part of his management strategy and take it to an extreme, visiting literally hundreds of stores each year. Like J. C. Penney, Sam Walton stands as a giant among retailing entrepreneurs, and both merchants skillfully exploited conditions within the consumer retail market as it evolved over time.

This paper examines how Penney and Walton piloted the crucial expansion of their respective retailing organizations to meet emerging challenges in the competitive environment. First comes a brief overview of the evolution of retail in the United States and consideration of theoretical treatments of the retail cycle. Second comes a brief discussion of each entrepreneur's business and ethical philosophy. In the third and fourth sections, the expansion of J. C. Penney and Wal-Mart stores is described. In the fifth section, the relative contemporary positions held by the two retailer is discussed. Finally, the implications of the experience of Penney and Walton are discussed within the context of the evolving consumer retail market.

.....In the attempt to balance protection of both plaintiffs and defendants in sexual harassment cases, the "reasonable woman" rule has been invoked in at least three federal circuit court cases. Beginning with Ellison v. Brady in 1991, the "reasonable woman" rule has been invoked, and instead of leaving the definition of harassment up to the subjective judgment of a woman making the complaint, the definition is to be based on what a hypothetical reasonable woman would consider harassment in similar circumstances. There has been a growing perception, despite the "reasonable woman" rule, that the law allows a woman to define sexual harassment just about any way she wants. The EEOC originally opened the door when it ruled that the harasser can be the victim's supervisor, an agent of the employer, a supervisor in another area, a coworker, or a nonemployee. The Supreme Court opened the door a little more in the 1993 Harris v. Forklift Systems decision, in which a federal district court ruled that sexual harassment plaintiffs do not have to prove that they have suffered psychological trauma or reduced productivity, only that a hostile environment made work more difficult (Glazer, 1996).

.....Cognitive therapies aim at enhancing cognition and reducing depression in AD patients and vary greatly in effectiveness. To enhance cognition, psychotherapeutic techniques include reality orientation and memory retraining. Research indicates that these techniques are typically limited in effectiveness because they may trigger resentment, frustration, and depression both in patients and caregivers. To reduce depression, psychotherapeutic techniques involve reminiscence therapy and stimulation-oriented therapy that includes art, expressive, and recreation therapies, sometimes individually and sometimes with support groups. Unlike psychotherapy aimed at enhancing cognition, research indicates that psychotherapy aimed at reducing depression works for both patients and their families (Small, Rabins, Barry, Buckholtz, Ferris, Finkel, Gwyther, Khachaturian, Lebowitz, McRae, Morris, Oakley, Schneider, Streim, Sunderland, Teri, & Tundall, 1997).

Behavioral treatment without the use of drugs is crucial because of the current state of pharmacological treatments for behavioral problems in AD patients. Anticonvulsants such as valproate and benzodiazepines are available to treat agitation, but they cannot be used when AD patients present with psychotic features in addition to agitation. Trazodone and zolpidem can be used as hypnotics, while buspirone can be used to treat anxiety. There are also drugs that can be used to treat persistent depression. However, in all cases, low doses are indicated for AD patients (Devanand, 1997), and, as noted above, there are dangers of drug interactions.

An alternative to drug therapies for treating behavioral problems in AD patients is applied behavior analysis. Applied behavior analysis has its origins in behavior modification theory and was developed for use with people with developmental disabilities. Based on recognition that behavioral problems in AD patients depend on a unique set of personal and environmental factors, the first step in applied behavior analysis is performing a functional assessment to determine an individualized therapy program. Regardless, behavioral treatment generally falls into three general categories. First, the therapy aims at reducing rewards associated problem behaviors and increasing rewards for positive adaptive behaviors. Second, changes in the patient's environment can reduce the likelihood of the recurrence of problem behaviors. Finally, "adaptive behaviors such as self-care and communication skills are taught as alternatives to the problem behavior. The purpose of such training is to develop behaviors that produce equivalent or even more desirable outcomes that are produced by the problem behavior" (Bakke, 1997, p. S42).

.....It has long been recognized that trading posts were tremendously important in facilitating cultural change on America's Indian reservations. For example, McNitt (1962) documents the general changes associated with the establishment of trading posts on or near reservations. More specifically, McPherson (1992). Hegemann (1987), and Richardson (1986) demonstrate that although trading posts aided in achieving the federal government's goal of assimilation of Navajos into American society, exchange occurring within the trading post setting was multilateral and consistent with the Navajo tradition of selective social, economic, and cultural adaptation. Only with changes beginning in the 1930s were the Navajo propelled into greater acculturation.

The first trading post on the Navajo reservation was established in 1868 after the Navajo returned to Dinetah from their Long Walk to forced relocation at Bosque Redondo in eastern New Mexico in 1864. By 1908, there were trading posts at Oljato, Round Rock, Bluff, Tuba City, Teec Nos Pos, Red Lake, and Shiprock. By 1930, major trading posts had been established at Ismay, Aneth, Mexican Hat, Monument Valley, Kayenta, Chinle, Red Mesa, Shonto, Inscription House, and Navajo Mountain, and trading posts of lesser importance were established throughout Navajo country. The trading posts were of two kinds, either on or off the reservation. On the reservation, traders were licensed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the necessary qualifications included upstanding moral character, fair dealing, concern for customers, and opposition to the use of alcohol by Indians. They owned their buildings and inventory, but the land on which they operated was owned by the tribe (Hegemann, 1987).

Off the reservation, traders were unlicensed, and BIA officials frequently expressed concern that these traders were cheating Navajo customers. To some extent, these claims were surely exaggerated, since BIA officials lacked control over that commercial traffic and unlicensed traders were not committed to BIA policy goals. In addition, those who made the complaints overlooked the extent to which the Navajo determined the trading rules. With the establishment of multiple trading posts, competition for Navajo prices pretty much dictated fair prices and trading policies. Moreover, trading took place very much within a Navajo cultural context.

The notion of America-as-city-on-the-hill did not, of course, originate with Cather. From the landing of the first colonists, the theme ran through American literature. However, by the 1920s, Sally Peltier Harvey suggests that Cather, like many of her contemporaries, had begun to see America as "a nation whose great potential, so clearly seen by optimistic pioneers...was being channeled more and more narrowly toward material ends and channeled into the hands of the few" (94). According to Edgar Wagenknecht, Cather "used to declare that though our past was ruined, we had a lovely past" (107). In Death Comes for the Archbishop, Cather tasks herself with recreating the potential of America, representing Father Latour's vision of Americanization not necessarily as what was but as what might have been.

Accordingly, Father Latour's vision of Americanization does not correspond with the "deadly disease" (Harvey 98) decried by Cather. He despises the "political machine and immense capital" (Cather 290) that perpetuate warfare against the Navajos and Apaches. His longtime companion and assistant, Father Vaillant, "had been plunged into the midst of a great industrial expansion, where guile and trickery and honourable ambition all struggled together" (294). Latour ultimately becomes a sympathetic protagonist because his humanitarian vision of American identity as the blending of diverse cultural influences is outstripped by the unstoppable forces of industrial capitalism. Latour's vision for the country, like that of Indians and Mexicans before him, falls before the onslaught of development.

So in the last analysis, Alexander was a man of his times whose excessive behavior was consistent with the size of his accomplishments. It may be that Alexander the Great should be assessed on two levels, that of public man and private man. Whereas Alexander the public man accomplished great things, Alexander the private man probably doomed himself through excess that undermined his effectiveness as a political leader. Certainly, his failure to name a successor before dying, instead, in fact, suggesting that succession should be a matter of a political power struggle, helped to doom the empire that he had worked so hard to create.

Hamilton, J. R. (1973). Alexander the Great. London: Hutchinson University Library.

McClellan, M. C. (1990). Alexander in Egypt: Foundations for an empire. In The world of Philip and Alexander. Danien, E. C. (Ed.). Philadelphia: The University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania. (41-59).

O'Brien, J. M. (1992). Alexander the Great: The invisible enemy. New York: Routledge.

Renault, M. (1975). The nature of Alexander. London: Allen Lane.

Romano, R. B. (1990). Religion in the age of Philip II, Alexander the Great, and their successors. In The world of Philip and Alexander. Danien, E. C. (Ed.). Philadelphia: The University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania. (83-97).

.....Paul G. Beidler has written that James must have had a reason for placing a prologue before the diary of the governess, and I would suggest that it is a relatively straightforward device to force the reader to consider whether she is listening to the novelist or the protagonist. The use of the timeworn setting of the drawing room with guests gathered around the fire after dinner and the self-consciously mysterious host revealing the existence of a manuscript relating bizarre events should set James's reader on guard. When the host, Douglas, says that the governess never told anyone else the story, the prologue's first-person narrator asks, "Because the thing had been such a scare?" and Douglas replies, "You'll easily judge. you will" (9). Later, he says, "She was young, untried, nervous: it was a vision of serious duties and little company, or really great loneliness" (13).

Davis, A. (1998). Age differences in dating and marriage: Reproductive strategies or social preferences.. Current Anthropology, 39, 374-380.

Davis (1998) tests what he asserts is a sociobiological hypothesis that holds that human males and females differ in their reproductive strategies and that consequently older males tend to mate with younger females. This pattern presumably predominates because whereas males seek younger mates because younger women are more fecund, guaranteeing men more offspring and increasing their odds of reproductive success, women seek males, usually older and possessing more material resources that improve the odds that offspring will survive.

Goffman's analysis of the role stigma plays in society suggests consideration of those elements of differentness that apply to a conventional definition of criminals and criminal behavior. It is possible to interpret Goffman's conception of the role of stigma among a range of deterministic criminological theories. However, this is probably a mistake, since Goffman emphasizes that stigmatized persons may respond either reactively or proactively to stigmatization experiences, it may be more helpful to think of Goffman's conception of stigma within the framework of a social disorganization perspective.

According to the social disorganization perspective, social institutions, such as family, school, church, etc., provide the means both to socialize individuals and impose social control on them. When the effectiveness of social institutions to perform either role breaks down, social disorganization sets in. Norms of socialization and social control break down until social reorganization occurs, and new social institutions evolve to perform the socialization and social control functions.

.....In Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, a film directed by Clint Eastwood, there occur several examples of how self-disclosure can affect relationships and what happens as a result of those relationships. Self-disclosure has been an important topic of human communication for a long time. Lately, the research has been concentrated on gender differences in self-disclosure that researchers find relevant. For example, Shaffer and Pegalis (1998) and Shaffer, Pegalis, and Cornell (1992) report significant differences between men and women with regard to how self-monitoring can affect how dyadic interpersonal communication occurs.

It might be that communication researchers have failed to prove the contention that high and low self-monitors vary in their self-disclosure. However, it is appropriate to use Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil to examine the validity of researchers' claims. If the movie can be accepted as a valid representation of interpersonal communication, then gender may be a less valid variable than gender role in discussing the extent of gender influence on self-disclosure. To begin, according to Prisbell and Dallinger (1991),"Self-disclosure has been defined as `the process of making the self known to others'...or `any information about oneself that Person A communicates to Person B'...Wheeless...conceptualized self-disclosure as `any message about the self that a person communicates to another'...and as having five distinct dimensions: amount, depth, honesty, intent, and positiveness" (p. 211).