Endnotes

1. Ellison, John A., "'The Legendary War and the Real One' The Lord of the Rings and the Climate of its Times", Mallorn: The Journal of the Tolkien Society, (Mallorn: High Wycombe, Bucks, England, 1989), p. 17.

2. Tolkien, J.R.R., The Lord of the Rings, (Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, 1991), pp. 10-12. See also Friedman, Barton, "Tolkien and David Jones: The Great War and the War of the Ring" , CLIO: A Journal of Literature, History, and the Philosophy of History, (CLIO: Fort Wayne, IN, Winter 1982), p. 115. And see also Brogan, Hugh, "Tolkien's Great War", Children and Their Books: A Celebration of the Work of Iona and Peter Opie, (Oxford: Clarendon, 1989), p. 352.

3. Brogan, Hugh, "Tolkien's Great War", Children and Their Books: A Celebration of the Work of Iona and Peter Opie, (Oxford: Clarendon, 1989), p. 351.

4. Crabbe, Katharyn F., J.R.R. Tolkien, (Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.: New York, 1981), pp. 13-15. See also, Brogan, ibid., p. 353.

5. Tolkien, ibid.

6. Brogan, ibid., p. 354.

7. Carpenter, Humphrey, ed., The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, (Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, 1981), p. 288. See also Brogan, ibid., p. 354.

8. Tolkien, ibid., p. 653.

9. Sassoon, Siegfried, Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, (Coward, McCann, Inc.: New York, 1930), p. 215. Quoted in Friedman, Barton, "Tolkien and David Jones: The Great War and the War of the Ring", CLIO: A Journal of Literature, History, and the Philosophy of History, (CLIO: Fort Wayne, IN, Winter 1982), p 115.

10. Plowman, Max, A Subaltern on the Somme (E.P. Dutton: New York, 1928), p. 133. Quoted in Friedman, ibid., p. 116.

11. Masefield, John, The Old Front Line, (Macmillan: New York, 1917), p 41. Quoted in Friedman, ibid., p. 116.

12. Friedman, ibid., pp. 115-116.

13. Masefield, ibid. Quoted in Friedman, ibid., p. 116.

14. Tolkien, ibid., p. 394.

15. Tolkien, ibid, p. 650.

16. Carpenter, The Letters..., p. 303. See also, Brogan, ibid., p. 367 and Tolkien, ibid., p. 969.

17. Kirk Snorre observed: "I recently read a document about combat planes during the WWII, and found to my surprise that the RAF nicknamed the German planes "Nazi Gulls". Now to me, that is very alike to the other winged beats named Nazgûl." Snorre, Kirk <[email protected]>, "Re: Article",Tolkien mailing list <[email protected]> ( 6 Sep 1998).

18. Tolkien, ibid., p. 950.

19. Jones, David, In Parenthesis, (Enitharmon: London, 1975), p. 24. Quoted in Friedman, ibid., p. 121.

20. Manning, Frederic, Her Privates We, (G.P. Putnam's Sons: New York, 1930), p. 285. Quoted in Friedman, ibid., p. 121.

21. Tolkien, ibid., p. 855.

22. Gibbs, Philip, The Struggle in Flanders, (George H. Dorn: New York, 1919), p. 217. Quoted in Friedman, ibid., p. 121.

23. Friedman, ibid, p. 121.

24. Tolkien, ibid., p. 985.

25. Siegfried Sassoon, Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man, indirectly quoted in Brogan, ibid., p. 353, originally quoted in Fussell, Paul, The Great War and Modern Memory (London, 1977), p. 302. Quoted in Brogan, ibid., p.353.

26. Brogan, ibid., p. 353.

27. Carpenter, The Letters..., p. 178. See also Green, William H., The Hobbit: A Journey into Maturity, (Twayne Publishers: New York, 1995), p. 70.

28. Green, ibid., p. 71.

29. Carpenter, Humphrey, Tolkien: A biography, (Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, 1977), p. 81. See also Brogan, ibid., p. 354.

30. Carpenter, The Letters..., p. 105. See also Brogan, ibid., p. 354.

31. Tolkien, ibid., p. 967.

32. Brogan, ibid., p. 362.

33. Brogan, ibid., p. 361. According to Brogan who claims great debt to Fussell, Fussell did a comprehensive survey of literature from the Great War. Almost all writers affected by the war, except Tolkien, are discussed in his work.

34. Fussell, ibid., p. 75.Quoted in Brogan, ibid., p. 361.

35. Brogan, ibid., p. 361.

36. Brogan, ibid., p. 362.

37. Tolkien, ibid., p. 968.

38. Fussell, The Great War, p. 76. Quoted in Brogan, ibid., p. 362.

39. Brogan, ibid., p. 362.

40. Tom Shippey asks the question "One might ask, post-which war?" ["Tolkien as a Post-War Writer", Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and the Genres of Myth and Fantasy Studies, (Mythlore: Altadena, CA, Winter 1996), p. 84.] Shippey goes into a fascinating discussion of Tolkien's view of "Evil" and juxtaposes this against his interpretation of William Golding, C.S. Lewis, George Orwell, and T. H. White (at least so far as each of their views of "Evil" have been understood). He concludes his discussion "I would argue, then, that Tolkien can be seen as in essence a post-World War II writer; one of a group of English writers whose subjects were war and evil; who drew their subjects from their own life-experience, little affected or assisted by the views of official culture, whether literary or political; and who wrote in non-realistic modes essentially because they felt they were writing about subjects too great aand too general to tie down to particular and recognizable settings. The views of this group about evil, widely different though they were, were similar in that they challenged the comfortable opinions of sheltered contemporaries..." [ibid., p. 92.] As intriguing as Shippey's discussion is, I felt the discussion actually had little to do with either war and failed to convince me of Tolkien's role as necessarily a post-war writer for either War. I can't help but to feel he was hired to comment upon the one topic and not having much to say tried to cleverly disguise that he was actually working on another topic.

41. Ellison, ibid., p. 17.

42. Ellison, ibid., p. 19.

43. Ellison, ibid., p. 19. See also Shippey, ibid., p. 86.

44. Ellison, ibid., pp. 19-18. (Note: The publisher mistakenly reversed these pages.)

45. Ellison, ibid., p. 18.

46. Ellison, ibid., p. 18.

47. Ellison, ibid., pp. 18, 20.

48. Ellison, ibid., p. 20.

49. Sterling, Dr. Grant C. <[email protected]>, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Eastern Illinois University, "Re: 2) "LotR" was heavily influenced by World War II.", Personal e-mail (1 December 1998).

50. Sterling, ibid., (30 November 1998).

51. Sterling, ibid., (3 December 1998).

[email protected] | 10 December 1998