Cocos Islands - Colombia - Comoros - Congo (Brazzaville) - Congo (Kinshasa) - Cook Islands - Costa Rica - C�te d'Ivoire |
May 1826 settlement established on main island by Alexander Hare
27 Feb 1827 settlement established on South Island by John Clunies-Ross
1831 Hare leaves; Clunies-Ross takes possession of all islands
1857 British sovereignty
Nov 1878 part of Ceylon
1886 part of Straits Settlements
1942 part of Ceylon
1946 part of Singapore
23 Nov 1955 Australian territory
1 Sep 1978 John Cecil Clunies-Ross relinquishes his authority
Kings (from 1857, governors)�
1827 - 26 May 1854 John Clunies-Ross (b. 1786 - d. 1854)
1854 - 1872 John George Clunies-Ross (b. 1823 - d. 1872)
1872 - 7 Jul 1910 George Clunies-Ross (b. 1842 - d. 1910)
1910 - 14 Aug 1944 Sydney Clunies-Ross (b. 1868 - d. 1944)
Administrators
Sep 1944 - 1946 J.E.B. Jessamine
Apr 1946 - 1947 D.A. Somerville
Governor
1947 - 1 Sep 1978 John Cecil Clunies-Ross (b. 1928)
Official representatives
1955 - 13 Dec 1957 H.J. Hull
14 Dec 1957 - 13 Mar 1958 C.H. Cox (acting)
8 Nov 1958 - 27 Jul 1960 J.W. Stokes
28 Jul 1960 - 17 Apr 1966 Charles Buffett
(acting to 24 Feb 1964)
18 Apr 1966 - 19 Jun 1966 P.L. Ryan
20 Jun 1966 - 25 Jun 1969 P.C. Burbrook
26 Jun 1969 - 28 Jul 1972 C.W. Suthern
29 Jul 1972 - 16 Jul 1975 C. McManus
Administrators
23 Jul 1975 - 15 Nov 1977 Robert James Linford (b. 1917)
16 Nov 1977 - 31 Dec 1981 Charles Ivens Buffett (b. 1914 - d. 1995)
21 Apr 1982 - 22 Dec 1983 Eric Herbert Hanfield (b. 1918)
14 Dec 1983 - 19 Nov 1985 K. Chan
20 Nov 1985 - Dec 1987 Carolyn Stuart (f)
Jan 1988 - 30 Jun 1988 W.N. Syrette (acting)
1 Jul 1988 - 7 Nov 1988 M. Jopling (acting)
8 Nov 1988 - 27 Nov 1990 A. Dawn Laurie (f)
1 Dec 1990 - 4 Dec 1992 Barry Cunningham
5 Dec 1992 - 4 Dec 1994 John Bell Read
4 Dec 1994 - 31 Jan 1995 Danny Ambrose Gillespie (acting)
1 Feb 1995 - 30 Jan 1996 Martin Mowbray
1 Feb 1996 - 12 Apr 1997 Jarl Andersson (acting)
12 Apr 1997 - 30 Sep 1997 Maureen Ellis (f) (acting)
1 Oct 1997 - 30 Oct 1998 Ron Harvey (acting) (b. 1934)
1 Nov 1998 - 3 Feb 1999 Graham Nicholls (acting)
4 Feb 1999 - 30 Jul 2003 Bill Taylor (b. 1938)
30 Jul 2003 - 1 Nov 2003 Ray Stone (acting)
1 Nov 2003 - 31 Oct 2005 Evan Williams
30 Jan 2006 - 2009 Neil Lucas
2009 - 5 Oct 2009 Stephen Clay (acting)
5 Oct 2009 - Brian James Lacy
�In 1886 the Clunies-Ross family again declared the islands a kingdom; this title was not recognized by the British or the Australians.
1564 New Granada (present Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador)
part of Viceroyalty of Peru
1718 Viceroyalty of New Granada
1724 - 1740 reincorporated into Viceroyalty of Peru
Presidents
1694 - 1703 Gil de Cabrera y D�valos
(2nd time) (b. 1646 - d. 1712)
1703 - 1710 Diego C�rdoba Lasso de la Vega
(1st time) (b. 16... - d. 1720)
1710 - 1711 Francisco Coss�o y Otero (b. 1644 - d. 1714)
1711 - 1712 Diego C�rdoba Lasso de la Vega
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1712 - 1715 Francisco Meneses Bravo de Saravia (b. 1669 - d. 1723)
1717 - 1718 Francisco del Rinc�n (b. 1650 - d. 1723)
Viceroys
1718 - 1719 Antonio de la Pedrosa y Guerrero
(acting)
1719 - 1723 Jorge de Villalonga, conde de la
Cueva (b. c.1665 - d. 17...)
Presidents
May 1724 - 1731 Antonio Manso Maldonado
1731 - 1733 vacant
1733 - 20 Apr 1737 Rafael de Eslava y Lazaga (b. ... - d. 1737)
1737 - 1 Sep 1738 Antonio Gonz�lez Manrique (b. 1695 - d. 1738)
1739 - 1740 Francisco Gonz�lez Manrique (b. ... - d. 1747)
Viceroys
1740 - 1749 Sebasti�n de Eslava y Lazaga (b. 1684 - d. 1759)
1749 - 1753 Jos� Alfonso Pizarro, marqu�s del
Villar (b. 16... - d. 1755)
1753 - 1761 Jos� Sol�s Folch de Cardona (b. 1716 - d. 1770)
1761 - 1773 Pedro Mess�a de la Cerda,
marqu�s de la Vega de Arm�jo (b. 1700 - d. 1783)
1773 - 1776 Manuel de Guirior y Portal de
Huarte y Edozain (b. 1708 - d. 1788)
1776 - 1782 Manuel Antonio Flores (b. 1723 - d. 1799)
1782 Juan de Torrezar D�az Pimienta (b. 17... - d. 1782)
1782 Juan Francisco Guti�rrez de
Pineres
1782 - 1788 Antonio Caballero y G�ngora (b. 1723 - d. 1796)
1788 - 1789 Francisco Gil de Taboada y Lemos (b. 1736 - d. 1809)
1789 - 1797 Jos� de Ezpeleta (b. 1741 - d. 1823)
1797 - 1803 Pedro Mendinueta y M�zquiz (b. 1736 - d. 1825)
1803 - 20 Jul 1810 Antonio Amar y Borb�n (b. 1742 - d. 1826)
1810 - 1811 Manuel Bernardo de �lvarez
1811 - 1812 vacant
21 Mar 1812 - Nov 1812 Benito P�rez Brito de los R�os
Fern�ndez Valdelomar (b. ... - d. 1813)
Nov 1812 - 1816 vacant
16 Apr 1816 - 1818 Francisco Montalvo y Ambulodi
Arriola y Casabant Valdespino (b. 1754 - d. 1822)
Feb 1818 - Aug 1819 Juan de S�mano (b. 1753 - d. 1821)
1819 - 1821 Juan de la Cruz Mourgeon y Achet
4 Apr 1811 independence (State of Cundinamarca) 19 Jul 1813 monarchy abolished 12 Dec 1814 incorporation into United Provinces of New GranadaNote: From 4 Apr 1811 to 19 Jul 1813 Cundinamarca considered itself a monarchy, with Fernando VII, king of Spain, as "King of the Cundinamarqueses"; Fernando VII neither accepted nor acknowledged this office, but government was carried on in his name.
Presidents of the State (until 19 Jul 1813 also "Vicegerent of the King's Person")
4 Aug 1811 - 21 Sep 1811 Jos� Tadeo Lozano (b. 1771 - d. 1816)
21 Sep 1811 - 19 Aug 1812 Antonio Nari�o (1st time) (b. 1765 - d. 1823)
(interim to 24 Dec 1811)
19 Aug 1812 - 12 Sep 1812 Manuel Benito de Castro (acting) (b. 1751 - d. 1826)
12 Sep 1812 - 14 May 1814 Antonio Nari�o (2nd time) (s.a.)
14 May 1814 - 12 Dec 1814 Manuel de Bernardo (b. 1750 - d. 1816)
11 Nov 1811 independence (Province of Cartagena de Indias)
21 Jan 1812 State of Cartagena de Indias
4 Oct 1812 incorporation into United Provinces of New Granada
President of the Supreme Junta of Government
11 Nov 1811 - 20 Jan 1812 Ignacio Cavero (b. 1757 - d. 1834)
Governor President of the State
21 Jan 1812 - 1 Apr 1812 Jos� Mar�a del Real (b. 17... - d. 1835)
1 Apr 1812 - 4 Oct 1812 Manuel Rodr�guez Torices (b. 1788 - d. 1816)
(Dictator President)
29 Dec 1811 independence (State of Antioquia) 7 Feb 1813 incorporation into United Provinces of New Granada Presidents of the State 29 Dec 1811 - 10 Oct 1812 Jos� Antonio G�mez Londo�o (b. 1754 - d. 1812) 10 Oct 1812 - 7 Feb 1813 Jos� Miguel de Restrepo (b. 1755 - d. 1829)
1812 independence (State of Tunja)
4 Oct 1812 incorporation into United Provinces of New Granada
Governor President of the State
1812 - 4 Oct 1812 Juan Nepomuceno Ni�o (b. 1769 - d. 1816)
4 Oct 1812 United Provinces of New Granada
1816 reconquest by Spain
President of the Congress, entrusted with the Federal Executive Power
4 Oct 1812 - 5 Oct 1814 Camilo Torres Tenorio (b. 1766 - d. 1816)
Presidents (presiding members of three-member Executive Power)
5 Oct 1814 - 28 Nov 1814 Jos� Mar�a del Castillo y Rada (b. 1776 - d. 1835)
(acting)
28 Nov 1814 - 28 Mar 1815 Custodio Garc�a Rovira (1st time) (b. 1786 - d. 1816)
28 Mar 1815 - 28 Jul 1815 Jos� Miguel Pey (b. 1775 - d. 1838)
28 Jul 1815 - 15 Nov 1815 Manuel Rodr�guez Torices (s.a.)
15 Nov 1815 - 14 Mar 1816 Camilo Torres Tenorio (s.a.)
14 Mar 1816 - 22 Jun 1816 Jos� Fern�ndez Madrid (b. 1789 - d. 1830)
22 Jun 1816 - 30 Jun 1816 Liborio Mej�a (acting) (b. 1792 - d. 1816)
30 Jun 1816 - 10 Jul 1816 Custodio Garc�a Rovira (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Jul 1816 - 1816 Manuel Fernando Serrano
17 Dec 1819 Republic of Colombia (independence from Spain, again)
21 Nov 1831 dissolution into New Granada, Venezuela, and Ecuador
Presidents
17 Dec 1819 - 4 May 1830 Sim�n Bol�var (b. 1783 - d. 1830)
(President-Liberator from 29 Aug 1828)
4 May 1830 - 13 Jun 1830 Domingo Caycedo (1st time) (b. 1783 - d. 1843)
(acting)
13 Jun 1830 - 5 Sep 1830 Joaqu�n de Mosquera (b. 1787 - d. 1877)
5 Sep 1830 - 3 May 1831 Rafael Urdaneta (acting) (b. 1789 - d. 1845)
3 May 1831 - 21 Nov 1831 Domingo Caycedo (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
21 Nov 1831 State of New Granada
20 Apr 1843 Republic of New Granada
22 May 1858 Granadine Confederation
18 Jul 1861 United States of New Granada
20 Sep 1861 United States of Colombia
5 Aug 1886 Republic of Colombia
Presidents
21 Nov 1831 - 23 Nov 1831 Domingo Caycedo (1st time) (s.a.)
(acting)
23 Nov 1831 - 10 Mar 1832 Jos� Mar�a Obando (1st time) (b. 1797 - d. 1861)
(acting)
10 Mar 1832 - 7 Oct 1832 Jos� Ignacio de M�rquez (1st time) (b. 1793 - d. 1880)
(acting)
7 Oct 1832 - 1 Apr 1837 Francisco de Paula Santander (b. 1792 - d. 1840)
1 Apr 1837 - 1 Apr 1841 Jos� Ignacio de M�rquez (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Apr 1841 - 2 May 1841 Domingo Caycedo (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
2 May 1841 - 1 Apr 1845 Pedro Alc�ntara Herr�n Zald�a (b. 1800 - d. 1872)
1 Apr 1845 - 1 Apr 1849 Tom�s Cipriano de Mosquera
(1st time) (b. 1798 - d. 1878)
1 Apr 1849 - 1 Apr 1853 Jos� Hilario L�pez (b. 1798 - d. 1869)
1 Apr 1853 - 17 Apr 1854 Jos� Mar�a Obando (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Apr 1854 - 4 Dec 1854 Jos� Mar�a Melo (b. 1800 - d. 1860)
(Supreme Chief of the State)
21 Apr 1854 - 5 Aug 1854 Tom�s de Herrera (b. 1804 - d. 1854)
(acting; in rebellion)
4 Dec 1854 - 1 Apr 1855 Jos� de Obald�a (b. 1806 - d. 1889)
(acting [in rebellion from 5 Aug 1854])
1 Apr 1855 - 1 Apr 1857 Manuel Mar�a Mallarino (acting) (b. 1808 - d. 1872)
1 Apr 1857 - 1 Apr 1861 Mariano Ospina Rodr�guez (b. 1805 - d. 1885)
1 Apr 1861 - 18 Jul 1861 Bartolom� Calvo (acting) (b. 1815 - d. 1889)
18 Jul 1861 - 4 Feb 1863 Tom�s Cipriano de Mosquera
(2nd time) (provisional) (s.a.)
4 Feb 1863 - 9 Feb 1863 Francisco Javier Zald�a (b. 1811 - d. 1882)
(President of the Convention)
9 Feb 1863 - 14 May 1863 Eustorgio Salgar (1st time) (b. 1831 - d. 1885)
(President of Executive Ministry)
14 May 1863 - 8 Apr 1864 Tom�s Cipriano de Mosquera
(3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting from 1 Apr 1864)
8 Apr 1864 - 1 Apr 1866 Manuel Murillo Toro (1st time) (b. 1816 - d. 1880)
1 Apr 1866 - 22 May 1866 Jos� Mar�a Rojas Garrido (acting) (b. 1824 - d. 1883)
22 May 1866 - 1 Nov 1867 Tom�s Cipriano de Mosquera
(4th time) (s.a.)
12 May 1867 - 28 Jun 1867 Joaqu�n Riascos (b. 1833 - d. 1875)
(acting; in rebellion)
23 May 1867 - 1 Apr 1868 Santos Acosta (b. 1828 - d. 1901)
(acting for suspended Mosquera to 1 Nov 1867)
1 Apr 1868 - 1 Apr 1870 Santos Guti�rrez (b. 1820 - d. 1872)
1 Apr 1870 - 1 Apr 1872 Eustorgio Salgar (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Apr 1872 - 1 Apr 1874 Manuel Murillo Toro (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Apr 1874 - 1 Apr 1876 Santiago P�rez (b. 1830 - d. 1900)
1 Apr 1876 - 1 Apr 1878 Aquileo Parra (b. 1825 - d. 1900)
1 Apr 1878 - 8 Apr 1880 Juli�n Trujillo Largacha (b. 1828 - d. 1883)
(acting from 1 Apr 1880)
8 Apr 1880 - 1 Apr 1882 Rafael N��ez (1st time) (b. 1825 - d. 1894)
1 Apr 1882 - 21 Dec 1882 Francisco Javier Zald�a (b. 1811 - d. 1882)
21 Dec 1882 - 22 Dec 1882 Cl�maco Calder�n (acting) (b. 1852 - d. 1913)
22 Dec 1882 - 1 Apr 1884 Jos� Eusebio Ot�lora (b. 1828 - d. 1884)
1 Apr 1884 - 11 Aug 1884 Ezequiel Hurtado (acting) (b. 1825 - d. 1890)
11 Aug 1884 - 1 Apr 1886 Rafael N��ez (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Apr 1886 - 7 Aug 1886 Jos� Mar�a Campo Serrano (acting) (b. 1832 - d. 1915)
7 Aug 1886 - 4 Jun 1887 Eliseo Pay�n (acting) (b. 1825 - d. 1895)
4 Jun 1887 - 7 Aug 1892 Rafael N��ez (3rd time) (s.a.)
7 Aug 1892 - 29 Sep 1892 Miguel Antonio Caro (1st time) (b. 1843 - d. 1909)
(acting)
29 Sep 1892 - 18 Sep 1894 Rafael N��ez (4th time) (s.a.)
18 Sep 1894 - 7 Aug 1898 Miguel Antonio Caro (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
7 Aug 1898 - 19 Mar 1902 Manuel Antonio Sanclemente (b. 1814 - d. 1902)
31 Jul 1900 - 7 Aug 1904 Jos� Manuel Marroqu�n (b. 1827 - d. 1908)
(acting for suspended Sanclemente to 19 Mar 1902)
7 Aug 1904 - 27 Jul 1909 Rafael Reyes (b. 1849 - d. 1921)
27 Jul 1909 - 4 Aug 1909 Jorge Holgu�n (1st time) (acting) (b. 1848 - d. 1928)
4 Aug 1909 - 7 Aug 1910 Ram�n Gonz�lez Valencia (b. 1854 - d. 1928)
(provisional)
7 Aug 1910 - 7 Aug 1914 Carlos E. Restrepo (b. 1867 - d. 1937)
7 Aug 1914 - 7 Aug 1918 Jos� Vicente Concha (b. 1867 - d. 1929)
7 Aug 1918 - 7 Aug 1922 Marco Fidel Su�rez (b. 1855 - d. 1927)
11 Nov 1921 - 7 Aug 1922 Jorge Holgu�n (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Su�rez)
7 Aug 1922 - 7 Aug 1926 Pedro Nel Ospina (b. 1858 - d. 1927)
7 Aug 1926 - 7 Aug 1930 Miguel Abad�a M�ndez (b. 1867 - d. 1947)
7 Aug 1930 - 7 Aug 1934 Enrique Olaya Herrera (b. 1881 - d. 1937)
7 Aug 1934 - 7 Aug 1938 Alfonso L�pez Pumarejo (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1959)
7 Aug 1938 - 7 Aug 1942 Eduardo Santos Montejo (b. 1888 - d. 1974)
7 Aug 1942 - 7 Aug 1945 Alfonso L�pez Pumarejo (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Aug 1945 - 7 Aug 1946 Alberto Lleras Camargo (1st time) (b. 1906 - d. 1990)
(acting)
7 Aug 1946 - 7 Aug 1950 Mariano Ospina P�rez (b. 1891 - d. 1976)
7 Aug 1950 - 13 Jun 1953 Laureano G�mez Castro (b. 1889 - d. 1965)
5 Nov 1951 - 13 Jun 1953 Roberto Urdaneta Arbel�ez (b. 1890 - d. 1972)
(acting for G�mez)
13 Jun 1953 - 10 May 1957 Gustavo Rojas Pinilla (b. 1900 - d. 1975)
10 May 1957 - 7 Aug 1958 Gabriel Par�s Gordillo (b. 1910 - d. 2008)
(chairman Military Junta of Government)
7 Aug 1958 - 7 Aug 1962 Alberto Lleras Camargo (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Aug 1962 - 7 Aug 1966 Guillermo Le�n Valencia (b. 1909 - d. 1971)
7 Aug 1966 - 7 Aug 1970 Carlos Lleras Restrepo (b. 1908 - d. 1994)
7 Aug 1970 - 7 Aug 1974 Misael Pastrana Borrero (b. 1923 - d. 1997)
7 Aug 1974 - 7 Aug 1978 Alfonso L�pez Michelsen (b. 1913 - d. 2007)
7 Aug 1978 - 7 Aug 1982 Julio C�sar Turbay Ayala (b. 1916 - d. 2005)
7 Aug 1982 - 7 Aug 1986 Belisario Betancur Cuartas (b. 1923)
7 Aug 1986 - 7 Aug 1990 Virgilio Barco Vargas (b. 1921 - d. 1997)
7 Aug 1990 - 7 Aug 1994 C�sar Gaviria Trujillo (b. 1947)
7 Aug 1994 - 7 Aug 1998 Ernesto Samper Pizano (b. 1950)
7 Aug 1998 - 7 Aug 2002 Andr�s Pastrana Arango (b. 1954)
7 Aug 2002 - �lvaro Uribe V�lez (b. 1952)
1886 Ngazidja (Grande Comore), Ndzuwani (Anjouan), and Mwali
(Moh�li) become French protectorates
25 Jul 1912 annexed by France (joined with Mayotte as Mayotte and
Dependencies); subordinated to Madagascar (de facto 23 Feb
1914)
27 Oct 1946 French overseas territory
6 Jul 1975 independence (State of Comoros) (excluding Mayotte)
24 May 1978 Federal and Islamic Republic of Comoros
23 Dec 2001 new constitution approved by referendum, creating the
Union of Comoros
Administrators
25 Jul 1912 - 21 Feb 1913 Gabriel Samuel Garnier-Mouton (b. 1864 - d. 19...)
21 Feb 1913 - 1914 Honor� Cartron
Administrators-superior (from 27 Feb 1962, high commissioners)
24 Oct 1946 - 31 Dec 1948 Alain Alaniou (b. 1896 - d. 1969)
31 Dec 1948 - Dec 1950 Marie Emmanuel Adolphe Roger R�my (b. 1897 - d. 1992)
(acting)
Dec 1950 - Apr 1956 Pierre Coudert (b. 1900 - d. 1970)
Apr 1956 - 30 Jun 1959 Georges Victor Maurice Arnaud (b. 1919 - d. 1971)
(acting to 11 Feb 1958)
30 Jun 1959 - 14 Dec 1960 Gabriel Savignac (acting) (b. 1917 - d. 1987)
14 Dec 1960 - 22 May 1962 Louis Saget (b. 1915)
22 May 1962 - 15 Feb 1963 Yves de Daruvar (b. 1921)
15 Feb 1963 - 26 Jul 1966 Henri Bernard (b. 1920 - d. 2000)
26 Jul 1966 - Nov 1969 Antoine Colombani (b. 1919)
Nov 1969 - Jul 1975 Jacques Mouradian (b. 1910 - d. 1992)
Presidents
6 Jul 1975 - 3 Aug 1975 Ahmed Abdallah (1st time) (b. 1919 - d. 1989)
(President of the Government to 7 Jul 1975, then
Head of State)
3 Aug 1975 - 3 Jan 1976 Said Mohamed Jaffar (b. 1918 - d. 1993)
(chairman National Council of the Revolution to 10 Aug
1975, then chairman National Executive Council)
3 Jan 1976 - 13 May 1978 Ali Soilih (b. 1937 - d. 1978)
(Head of State to 28 Oct 1977)
13 May 1978 - 23 May 1978 Said Atthoumani
(chairman Politico-Military Directorate)
23 May 1978 - 3 Oct 1978 Ahmed Abdallah (2nd time) (s.a.)
+ Mohamed Ahmed (b. 1917 - d. 1984)
(co-chairmen [to 22 Jul 1978, Politico-Military]
Directorate)
3 Oct 1978 - 27 Nov 1989 Ahmed Abdallah (3rd time) (s.a.)
(chairman Directorate to 25 Oct 1978)
27 Nov 1989 - 29 Sep 1995 Said Mohamed Djohar (1st time) (b. 1918 - d. 2006)
(acting to 20 Mar 1990)
29 Sep 1995 - 2 Oct 1995 Ayouba Combo
(coordinator Transitional Military Committee)
2 Oct 1995 - 5 Oct 1995 Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim
(1st time) (b. 1936 - d. 1998)
+ Said Ali Kemal (b. 1938)
(acting)
5 Oct 1995 - 26 Jan 1996 Caabi El-Yachroutu (interim) (b. 1948?)
26 Jan 1996 - 25 Mar 1996 Said Mohamed Djohar (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Mar 1996 - 6 Nov 1998 Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim
(2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Nov 1998 - 30 Apr 1999 Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde (b. 1933 - d. 2004)
(interim)
30 Apr 1999 - 21 Jan 2002 Azali Assoumani (1st time) (b. 1959)
(Chief of Staff of the National Development Army to
6 May 1999, then Head of State)
21 Jan 2002 - 26 May 2002 Hamada Madi (interim) (b. 1965)
26 May 2002 - 26 May 2006 Azali Assoumani (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 May 2006 - Ahmed Abdallah Sambi (b. 1958)
Vice president of the Government Council
13 Aug 1957 - 1 Jan 1962 Mohamed Ahmed (s.a.)
Presidents of the Government Council
1 Jan 1962 - 16 Mar 1970 Said Mohamed Cheikh (b. 1904 - d. 1970)
2 Apr 1970 - 16 Jun 1972 Said Ibrahim Ben Ali (b. 1911 - d. 1975)
16 Jun 1972 - 26 Dec 1972 Said Mohamed Jaffar (s.a.)
26 Dec 1972 - 6 Jul 1975 Ahmed Abdallah (s.a.)
Prime ministers
7 Jan 1976 - 22 Dec 1978 Abdallah Mohamed (b. 19... - d. 2000)
22 Dec 1978 - 8 Feb 1982 Salim Ben Ali (b. 1918? - d. 2002)
8 Feb 1982 - 31 Dec 1984 Ali Mroudjae (b. 1939)
7 Jan 1992 - 15 Jul 1992 Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim (s.a.)
1 Jan 1993 - 26 May 1993 Ibrahim Halidi (b. 1954)
26 May 1993 - 19 Jun 1993 Said Ali Mohamed (b. 1946)
20 Jun 1993 - 2 Jan 1994 Ahmed Ben Cheikh Attoumane (b. 1938)
2 Jan 1994 - 14 Oct 1994 Mohamed Abdou Madi (b. 1956?)
14 Oct 1994 - 29 Apr 1995 Halifa Houmadi
29 Apr 1995 - 27 Mar 1996 Caabi El-Yachroutu (s.a.)
27 Mar 1996 - 27 Dec 1996 Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde (s.a.)
27 Dec 1996 - 9 Sep 1997 Ahmed Abdou (b. 1936)
7 Dec 1997 - 30 May 1998 Nourdine Bourhane (b. 1958)
22 Nov 1998 - 30 Apr 1999 Abbas Djoussouf (b. 1942)
2 Dec 1999 - 29 Nov 2000 Bianrifi Tarmidi
29 Nov 2000 - 15 Apr 2002 Hamada Madi (s.a.)
1886 the ruler of Bambao unifies the island (the local rulers
retaining their titles) into a State of Ngazidja; in that
same year (24 Jun), Ngazidja becomes a French protectorate
6 Jan 1892 local sultanates suppressed
1911 annexed by France (officially ratified 1914)
7 Apr 2002 new constitution approved by referendum, establishing
Grande Comore as an autonomous part of the Union of Comoros
Note: Some rulers of Bambao and of Itsandra acquired the paramount-ruler style tibe. These are marked (tibe z), where z indicates the order in which they held it.
Sultans (also styled mfalme [plural wafalme])
- Inya Mwatsoa Pirusa dynasty -
... - ... Ngoma Mrahafu
... - ... Mwasi Pirusa
... - ... Fum Mbavu Inkwaba
... - ... Mwenye Mji wa Mwenye Mambo
... - ... Inye wa Mantsi
... - ... Mwenye Mji wa Mwanze
... - ... Tambavu mna Muhame wa Saidi
... - ... Tambavu Inkwaba
... - ... Fum Nau wa Kori Dozi (tibe i)
... - ... Mwenye Mji wa Mvunza Panga
... - ... Mla Nau (tibe ii)
... - ... Fozi Wa
... - ... Suja Oma Inkwaba
... - ... Nyau wa Faume (f)
... - ... Bamba Oma wa Ju Mamba (1st time)
... - ... Ahmed bin Shekhe Ngome (1st time) (b. c.1793 - d. 1875)
(tibe iv)
... - ... Bamba Oma wa Ju Mamba (2nd time)
... - ... Ahmed bin Shekhe Ngome (2nd time) (s.a.)
... - ... Saidi Bakari
... - ... Ahmed bin Shekhe Ngome (3rd time) (s.a.)
... - ... Mwenye Mambo
... - ... Ju Mamba
... - ... Mohamed bin Ahmed (1st time)
18.. - 18.. Ahmed bin Shekhe Ngome (4th time) (s.a.)
(tibe x)
18.. - 18.. Abdallah bin Saidi Hamza (1st time)
*1874* Mohamed bin Ahmed (2nd time)
18.. - 18.. Mwenye Mji (1st time)
18.. - 18.. Abdallah bin Saidi Hamza (2nd time)
18.. - 18.. Saidi Bakari bin Ahmed (1st time)
18.. - 18.. Mwenye Mji (2nd time)
18.. - 18.. Abdallah bin Saidi Hamza (3rd time)
18.. - 18.. Saidi Bakari bin Ahmed (2nd time)
18.. - 1886 Saidi Ali bin Saidi Omar (tibe xv) (b. c.1856 - d. 1915)
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
- Inya Fey wa Mbaya dynasty -
... - ... Fey Owa Mbaya
... - ... Fey Mwenza
... - ... Fey Jumbe
... - ... Ju Mwamba Pirusa
... - ... Zombe Ilingo
... - ... Nguzo wa Inehili
... - ... Tibe wa Kanzu
... - ... Mkongo
... - ... Mna Musa Hibu
... - ... Muhammadi Saidi
... - ... Mvunza Panga
... - ... Fey Beja wa Wabeja (f)
... - ... Fum Nau wa Kori Dozi (tibe i)
... - ... Fey Fumu (1st time) (tibe iii)
... - ... Bwana Fumu (1st time) (tibe v)
... - ... Fey Fumu (2nd time) (tibe vi)
... - ... Bwana Fumu (2nd time) (tibe vii)
... - ... Fey Fumu (3rd time) (tibe viii)
... - ... Fum Mbavu (tibe ix)
... - ... Musa Fumu wa Fey Fumu (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1883)
(tibe xi)
... - ... Tibe Bamba (1st time) (tibe xii)
... - ... Musa Fumu wa Fey Fumu (2nd time) (s.a.)
(tibe xiii)
... - ... Tibe Bamba (2nd time) (tibe xiv)
... - ... Musa Fumu wa Fey Fumu (3rd time) (s.a.)
... - ... Tibe Bamba (3rd time)
... - ... Musa Fumu wa Fey Fumu (4th time) (s.a.)
... - ... Tibe Bamba (4th time)
... - ... Kalega
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
- Inya Mwatsoa Pirusa dynasty -
... - ... Mahame Msahi
... - ... Fozi wa Mahame
... - ... Mbantsi
... - ... Ju Mambu Madi wa Musa Fumu
... - ... Jumbe Fumu Mfaume wa Domba (1st time)
(jointly with following)
... - ... Kori Dazi
... - ... Jumbe Fumu Mfaume wa Domba (2nd time)
... - ... Tambavu wa Jumbe Fumu
... - ... Fozi Wa
... - ... Suja Fumu Mbamba
(jointly with following)
... - ... Mba Fumu wa Jumbe Fumu
... - ... Msa Fumu wa Tambwe
(jointly with following)
... - ... Jumbe Fumu wa Jumbe Mfumu
... - ... Mbandhi wa Bwana Haji
(jointly with following)
... - ... Abdallah bin Ahmed
... - 1886* Bwana Fumu
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
- Inya Mdombozi dynasty -
... - ... Mwenye Bamba I
... - ... Bamba Jumbe
... - ... Tambe Mbafu wa Fum Nau
... - ... Ju Mamba Oma wa Mla Nau
(jointly with following)
... - ... Mwambatsi
... - ... Mwenye Bamba II
... - ... Bamba Oma
(jointly with the following two)
... - ... Suja Oma wa Tambwe
... - ... Shekani
... - ... Fumu Oma
(jointly with following)
... - 1884 Oma wa Dari (b. ... - d. 1884)
188. - 188. Ja Mhaba (f)
188. - 188. Hashimu bin Ahmed (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1889)
188. - 188. Hadija bint Ahmed (f)
188. - 1886 Hashimu bin Ahmed (2nd time) (s.a.)
1889 Hashimu bin Ahmed (3rd time) (s.a.)
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
- Inya Mba Mro dynasty -
... - ... Beja Mbuyuni
... - ... Nau wa Migira
... - ... Nau wa Moro
... - ... Fumu Nau
... - ... Yasi Azi
... - ... Demani Mtango
... - ... Fumu Jimba wa Idimani
... - ... Madi Jimbwa wa Tangwe
(jointly with following)
... - ... Dari wa Mla Nau
... - ... Jumbe Fumu wa Suja Oma Inkwaba
... - ... Suja Oma wa Tambwe
... - ... Mrunda Mijo
(jointly with the following two)
... - ... Fey Mwando wa Tambwe
... - ... Bamba Oma wa Ju Mamba
... - ... Tambwe wa Hinye
... - ... Abudu bin Mohamed bin Sultani
(jointly with following)
... - ... Bamba Oma wa Oma
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
- Inya Maoni Yambao dynasty, later Inya Fu Wemba dynasty -
... - ... Mohama Mdume wa Beja
... - ... Fey Zinda wa Mawana
... - ... Fey Zinda wa Makasara
... - ... Tambwe Msa Fumu
(jointly with following)
... - ... Tambwe wa Habadi
... - ... Jumbe Fumu wa Mlala Bwani
c.1760 - ... Tambwe No Fumu wa Mla Nau (b. 1735 - d. 1815)
... - ... Ju Mwamba Mwenye Majini
... - ... Mba Fumu wa Suja Fumu Bamba
(jointly with following)
... - ... Shekhe Salim
... - ... Mavunzanga
... - ... Tibe Mle
... - ... Abudu
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
- Inya Fu Wemba dynasty -
... - ... Nye Hila
... - ... Haji wa No Fumu
... - ... Suja Oma Mshinda Kodo
... - ... Jumbe Fumu Madi
... - ... Bwana Haji Musa
... - ... Simai
... - ... Dari Oma
... - ... Fumu Oma wa Nasiri
... - ... Suja Oma wa Fumu
... - ... Mba Fumu wa Bwana Haji
... - ... Suja Oma Bwana
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
- Inya Mwatsoa Udhiwa dynasty -
... - ... Msa Mwinza
... - ... Bamba
... - ... Lwali
... - ... Jumbe Fumu wa Tambwe
... - ... Dari Mbamba
... - ... Mwandhi Oma wa Jumbe Fumu
... - ... Bamba Oma wa Suja Funu
... - ... Jumbe Fumu Mna Mango
... - ... Bamba wa Madi Jimba
... - ... Jumbe Fumu wa Sinai
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
... - ... ...
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
... - ... Bwana Fumu
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
... - ... Febeja Mambwe
Sultani tibe
1886 - 1911 Saidi Ali bin Saidi Omar (s.a.)
(in exile from 19 Sep 1893 [Di�go-Suarez; from 1897, R�union])
Presidents (from 23 May 2009, governor)
29 May 2002 - 30 May 2007 Abdou Soul� Elbak (b. 1954)
30 May 2007 - 30 Jun 2007 Soudjay Hamadi (interim)
30 Jun 2007 - Mohamed Abdoulwahab (b. 1959)
French residents (subordinated to the governors etc. of Mayotte)
Nov 1886 - Dec 1887 Louis Edmond Weber (b. 1855 - d. ...)
Jan 1888 - Nov 1888 Jules Lecorney (b. 1860 - d. ...)
Nov 1888 - Nov 1889 Henri Pupier (b. 1860 - d. ...)
Nov 1889 - Jun 1896 L�on Humblot (b. 1852 - d. 1914)
Jun 1896 - Nov 1897 Eug�ne Decazes (b. 1844 - d. 1913)
Nov 1897 - Apr 1899 Henri Pob�guin (b. 1856 - d. 1951)
Apr 1899 - Sep 1899 Nicolas du Plantier (b. 1871 - d. ...)
Sep 1899 - Dec 1899 Jean Louis Edmond Alby (b. 1865 - d. ...)
Dec 1899 - Apr 1900 Bellemar
Apr 1900 - Aug 1900 Sallefranque
Aug 1900 - Jul 1901 Gratian
Jul 1901 - Aug 1902 Veisseyre
Aug 1902 - Apr 1903 Ren� Pierre
May 1903 - Sep 1903 Mainguy
Sep 1903 - Oct 1903 Louis Lemaire
Oct 1903 - Apr 1904 Massol
May 1904 - Dec 1904 Feuillard
Jan 1905 - Jun 1905 Carten
Jun 1907 - Jun 1909 Pierre Martin (1st time)
Jun 1909 - May 1911 Ernest Lachat (b. 1876 - d. 19...)
May 1911 - 1912 Pierre Martin (2nd time)
1500 Ndzuwani sultanate founded
21 Apr 1886 French protectorate
25 Jul 1912 annexed by France
3 Aug 1997 secession from Comoros (not internationally recognized)
10 Mar 2002 new constitution approved by referendum, establishing
Anjouan as an autonomous part of the Union of Comoros
Sultans (also styled Phany)
c.1676 - ... Alimah III (f)
... - 1741 Salim (b. ... - d. 1741)
1741 - 1782 Saidi Ahmad
1782 - 1788 Abdallah (1st time)
1788 - 1792 Halimah (f)
1792 - 1796 Abdallah (2nd time)
1796 - 1816 Alawi bin Husain "Mwinye Fani"
1816 - 1832 Abdallah bin Alawi (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1836)
1832 - 1833 Ali bin Salim
1833 - 1836 Abdallah bin Alawi (2nd time) (s.a.)
1836 - 1837 Saidi Alawi bin Abdallah (b. ... - d. 1842)
1837 - 1852 Salim bin Alawi
1852 - 2 Feb 1891 Saidi Abdallah bin Salim (b. ... - d. 1891)
Feb 1891 - 2 Apr 1891 Salim bin Abdallah
2 Apr 1891 - 14 Apr 1892 Saidi Omar bin Saidi Hasan (b. ... - d. 1892)
14 Apr 1892 - 25 Jul 1912 Saidi Mohamed bin Saidi Omar (b. 18... - d. 1931)
French residents (subordinated to the governors etc. of Mayotte)
188. - 30 May 1895 Louis Auguste Bertrand Ormi�res (b. 1851 - d. 19...)
1892 - 189. Castaing (acting for Ormi�res)
President
5 Aug 1997 - 1 Aug 1999 Foundi Abdallah Ibrahim (b. 1922?)
Heads of state
1 Aug 1999 - 9 Aug 2001 Said Abeid (b. 1941)
(National Coordinator to 25 Nov 1999)
10 Aug 2001 - 25 Aug 2001 Presidium
- Halidi Charif
- Mohamed Bacar (b. 1962)
- Hassan Ali Toilha
25 Aug 2001 - 14 Apr 2002 Mohamed Bacar (s.a.)
24 Sep 2001 - 25 Sep 2001 Ahmed Aboubacar Foundi
(premier chef d'autorit� de l'�le, in rebellion)
Presidents (from 23 May 2009, governor)
14 Apr 2002 - 26 Apr 2007 Mohamed Bacar (1st time) (s.a.)
28 Apr 2007 - 11 May 2007 Kaambi Houmadi (interim)
11 May 2007 - 14 Jun 2007 Dhoihirou Halidi (interim) (b. 1964?)
14 Jun 2007 - 25 Mar 2008 Mohamed Bacar (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Mar 2008 - 31 Mar 2008 Ikililou Dhoinine (provisional)
31 Mar 2008 - 7 Jul 2008 Lailizamane Abdou Cheik (interim) (b. 1959?)
7 Jul 2008 - Moussa Toybou (b. 1962)
Prime ministers
8 Mar 1998 - 7 Jul 1998 Chamasse Said Omar (b. 1935?)
19 Jul 1998 - Dec 1998 Abdou Mohamed Mhindi
1830 migrants from Madagascar establish Mwali as a separate
sultanate
26 Apr 1886 French protectorate
1909 annexed by France
11 Aug 1997 - 1998 secession from Comoros (not internationally recognized)
10 Mar 2002 new constitution approved by referendum, establishing
Moh�li as an autonomous part of the Union of Comoros
Sultans
1830 - 1842 Abderremane (b. ... - d. 1842)
1842 - 1865 Raketaka Jombe Sudy (from 1851,
Jumbe Fatima bint Abderremane) (f)
(1st time) (b. c.1836 - d. 1878)
1842 - 26 May 1849 Regency
- Rovao (f)
- Tsivandini (to 1847)
Sep 1865 - 1874 Mohamed bin Saidi Hamadi Makadara (b. c.1859 - d. 1874)
Sep 1865 - 1868 Jumbe Fatima bint Abderremane
(f) (regent) (s.a.)
1868 - Jan 1871 Joseph Lambert (regent) (b. 1824 - d. 1873)
Jan 1871 - 1874 Jumbe Fatima bint Abderremane
(f) (regent) (s.a.)
1874 - 1878 Jumbe Fatima bint Abderremane (f)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1878 - 1885 Abderremane bin Saidi Hamadi
Makadara (b. c.1860 - d. 1885)
1885 - 1886 Mohammed Shekhe (b. c.1830 - d. ...)
1886 - 1888 Marjani bin Abudu Shekhe (b. c.1851 - d. ...)
1888 - 1909 Salima Machamba (f) (b. 1874 - d. 1964)
(never takes office)
1888 - 1889 Fadeli bin Othman
+ Balia Juma (f)
+ Abudu Tsivandini
(regents)
1889 - 1897 Mahmudu bin Mohamed Makadara (b. 1863 - d. 1898)
(regent)
French residents (subordinated to the governors etc. of Mayotte)
1886 - 1887 Louis Hyacinthe D�sir� Jules
Vincent (b. 1846 - d. 1894)
1887 - 1888 Barneaud (1st time) (acting)
1888 - 1889 Edmond �douard Regnot (b. 1850 - d. 1891)
1889 Barneaud (2nd time) (acting)
1889 - 1912 the residents of Anjouan
Presidents (from 23 May 2009, governor)
11 Aug 1997 - 1998 Said Mohamed Souef
19 May 2002 - 19 May 2007 Mohamed Said Fazul (b. 1960)
22 May 2007 - 1 Jul 2007 Youssouf El-Farouk (interim)
1 Jul 2007 - Mohamed Ali Said
Prime minister
11 Aug 1997 - 1998 Soidri Ahmed
1 Aug 1886 Colony of Gabon and Congo
30 Apr 1891 Colony of French Congo (Middle Congo and Gabon)
15 Jan 1910 Middle Congo, Gabon, and Oubangui-Chari-Tchad (from 1916
Oubangui-Chari and Chad) form French Equatorial Africa (AEF)
30 Jun 1934 - 31 Dec 1937 region within unitary AEF colony
28 Nov 1958 autonomy
15 Aug 1960 independence (Republic of the Congo)
3 Jan 1970 People's Republic of the Congo
15 Mar 1992 Republic of the Congo
Commissioners-general
1 Aug 1886 - 28 Sep 1897 Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (b. 1852 - d. 1905)
Acting for Brazza:
1 Aug 1886 - 1 Oct 1886 Georges �mile Pradier
1 Oct 1886 - Mar 1887 Charles de Chavannes (1st time) (b. 1853 - d. 1940)
16 Jan 1888 - May 1890 No�l Ballay (b. 1847 - d. 1902)
25 Nov 1891 - Mar 1892 Charles de Chavannes (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1892 - May 1892 Charles de Chavannes (3rd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1892 - Mar 1893 Charles de Chavannes (4th time) (s.a.)
Mar 1893 - Sep 1893 Lippmann
Oct 1893 - Nov 1893 Gervais
Dec 1893 - May 1894 Charles de Chavannes (5th time) (s.a.)
May 1894 - 1 Jun 1894 Le Divellec
1 Jun 1894 - Nov 1894 Albert Dolisie (1st time) (b. 1856 - d. 1899)
Jan 1895 - Jan 1896 Albert Dolisie (2nd time) (s.a.)
Mar 1897 - 28 Sep 1897 Albert Dolisie (3rd time) (s.a.)
28 Sep 1897 - 28 Apr 1900 Henri de Lamothe (b. 1843 - d. 1926)
Acting for Lamothe:
Jun 1898 - Oct 1898 Albert Dolisie (4th time) (s.a.)
Oct 1898 - Apr 1899 Martial Merlin (b. 1860 - d. 1935)
Oct 1899 - Mar 1900 Philema Lemaire (b. 1856 - d. 1932)
28 Apr 1900 - Dec 1900 Philema Lemaire (acting) (s.a.)
Dec 1900 - 1902 Albert Grodet (acting) (b. 1853 - d. 1933)
1902 Nouffiard (acting)
1902 - 21 Jan 1904 Arnaud (acting)
21 Jan 1904 - 13 Feb 1908 �mile Gentil (b. 1866 - d. 1914)
Acting for Gentil:
1905 - 1906 �douard Telle (b. 1859 - d. 19...)
1906 - 1907 Alfred Fourneau (b. 1860 - d. 1930)
1907 - 1908 Alfred Martineau (b. 1859 - d. 1945)
Governors-general
28 Jun 1908 - 15 May 1917 Martial Merlin (s.a.)
Acting for Merlin:
1909 - 1910 Charles Am�d�e Rognon (b. 1861 - d. 19...)
1910 Adolphe Cureau (b. 1864 - d. 1913)
1911 - 1912 Charles Vergnes (b. 1863 - d. 1935)
1913 Georges Poulet
17 Nov 1913 - 14 Sep 1914 Fr�d�ric Est�be (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1936)
15 May 1917 - 16 May 1920 Gabriel Angoulvant (b. 1872 - d. 1932)
Acting for Angoulvant:
17 Jun 1917 - 19 Feb 1918 Fr�d�ric Est�be (2nd time) (s.a.)
1919 Fr�d�ric Est�be (3rd time) (s.a.)
16 May 1920 - 3 Sep 1920 Maurice Pierre Lapalud (acting)
3 Sep 1920 - 21 Aug 1923 Victor Augagneur (b. 1855 - d. 1931)
21 Aug 1923 - 8 Jul 1924 Robert de Guise (acting)
8 Jul 1924 - Oct 1924 Matteo Alfassa (1st time) (acting) (b. 1876 - d. 19...)
Oct 1924 - 20 Sep 1934 Rapha�l Antonetti (b. 1872 - d. 1938)
Acting for Antonetti:
May 1925 - Dec 1925 Matteo Alfassa (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Jan 1927 - 17 Oct 1927 Fran�ois Joseph Reste (b. 1879 - d. 1976)
Nov 1929 - Aug 1930 Matteo Alfassa (3rd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1931 - Nov 1931 Matteo Alfassa (4th time) (s.a.)
Dec 1932 - Dec 1933 Matteo Alfassa (5th time) (s.a.)
17 Nov 1934 - 15 Mar 1935 �douard Renard (b. 1883 - d. 1935)
20 Mar 1935 - 5 Apr 1936 Marcel Alix Jean Marchessou (b. 1879 - d. 1964)
(acting)
5 Apr 1936 - 21 Apr 1939 Fran�ois Joseph Reste (s.a.)
21 Apr 1939 - 3 Sep 1939 L�on Solomiac (acting) (b. 1873 - d. 1960)
3 Sep 1939 - 28 Aug 1940 Pierre Boisson (b. 1894 - d. 1948)
17 Jul 1940 - 28 Aug 1940 Louis Husson (b. 1878 - d. 1963)
(acting for Boisson)
28 Aug 1940 - 12 Nov 1940 Edgard de Larminat (acting) (b. 1895 - d. 1962)
12 Nov 1940 - 30 Dec 1940 Adolphe Sic� (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 1957)
30 Dec 1940 - 17 May 1944 F�lix �bou� (b. 1884 - d. 1944)
(acting to 15 Jul 1941)
15 Feb 1944 - 3 Aug 1946 Andr� Bayardelle (b. 1896 - d. 1947)
(acting to 2 Oct 1944 [for �bou� to 17 May 1944])
3 Aug 1946 - 5 Jun 1947 Andr� Soucadaux (1st time) (b. 1904 - d. 2001)
(acting)
5 Jun 1947 - 5 Jul 1947 Laurent P�choux (acting) (b. 1904 - d. 2000)
5 Jul 1947 - 21 Aug 1947 Charles Luizet (b. 1903 - d. 1947)
15 Nov 1947 - 26 Mar 1948 Andr� Soucadaux (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Mar 1948 - 21 Sep 1951 Bernard Cornut-Gentille (b. 1909 - d. 1992)
21 Sep 1951 - 4 Apr 1957 Paul Chauvet (b. 1904 - d. 2007)
High commissioners
4 Apr 1957 - 29 Jan 1958 Paul Chauvet (s.a.)
29 Jan 1958 - 15 Jul 1958 Pierre Messmer (b. 1916 - d. 2007)
15 Jul 1958 - 15 Aug 1960 Yvon Bourges (b. 1921 - d. 2009)
Resident
20 Aug 1886 - 12 Mar 1889 Charles de Chavannes (b. 1853 - d. 1940)
Lieutenant governors
12 Mar 1889 - 27 Apr 1894 Charles de Chavannes (s.a.)
27 Apr 1894 - 22 Jan 1899 Albert Dolisie (s.a.)
1 May 1899 - 11 Jul 1902 Philema Lemaire (s.a.)
11 Jul 1902 - 5 Apr 1906 �mile Gentil (s.a.)
5 Apr 1906 - 27 Jun 1910 Adolphe Cureau (b. 1864 - d. 1913)
27 Jun 1910 - 28 Jul 1911 �douard Louis Marie Dubosc-Taret
(acting)
28 Jul 1911 - 16 Apr 1916 Lucien Fourneau (b. 1867 - d. 1930)
(acting to 17 Oct 1912)
16 Apr 1916 - 17 Jul 1917 Jules Carde (b. 1874 - d. 1949)
(acting to 12 Oct 1916)
17 Jul 1917 - 2 Apr 1919 Jules Guy Le Prince (acting)
2 Apr 1919 - 16 May 1919 Edmond �milien Cadier
16 May 1919 - 21 Aug 1919 Jean Henri Marchand (1st time)
(acting)
21 Aug 1919 - 16 Aug 1922 Matteo Alfassa (s.a.)
16 Aug 1922 - 20 Apr 1923 Georges Thomann (acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1943)
24 Apr 1923 - 21 Jul 1925 Jean Henri Marchand (2nd time)
(acting)
21 Jul 1925 - 1 Dec 1929 administration by AEF gov.-gen.
1 Dec 1929 - 4 Dec 1930 Marcel Alix Jean Marchessou (b. 1879 - d. 1964)
(acting)
4 Dec 1930 - May 1931 Pierre Simon Antonin Bonnefont
(acting)
May 1931 - 1932 Max de Masson de Saint-F�lix (b. ... - d. 1939)
1932 - 21 Nov 1932 �mile Buhot-Launay (acting) (b. 1881 - d. 1970)
21 Nov 1932 - 10 Feb 1941 administration by AEF gov.-gen.
10 Feb 1941 - 20 Aug 1945 Gabriel Fortune (b. 1897 - d. 1971)
20 Aug 1945 - 30 Apr 1946 administration by AEF gov.-gen.
30 Apr 1946 - 1946 Christian Laigret (acting) (b. 1903 - d. 1977)
1946 - 6 Nov 1946 administration by AEF gov.-gen.
6 Nov 1946 - 31 Dec 1947 Numa Sadoul (b. 1906 - d. 1990)
31 Dec 1947 - 1 Mar 1950 Jacques Fourneau (b. 1901 - d. 1956)
1 Mar 1950 - 25 Apr 1952 Paul Le Layec (b. 1901 - d. 1965)
25 Apr 1952 - 15 Jul 1953 Jean Chambon (b. 1896 - d. 1965)
15 Jul 1953 - 2 Nov 1956 Ernest Eug�ne Rouys
(acting to 19 Feb 1954)
2 Nov 1956 - 29 Jan 1958 Jean-Michel Soupault (b. 1918 - d. 1993)
29 Jan 1958 - 7 Jan 1959 Charles Paul D�riaud (acting) (b. 1911 - d. 1964)
High commissioner
7 Jan 1959 - 15 Aug 1960 Guy Georgy (b. 1918 - d. 2003)
Presidents
21 Nov 1959 - 15 Aug 1963 Fulbert Youlou (b. 1917 - d. 1972)
15 Aug 1963 - 16 Aug 1963 David Moussaka + F�lix Mouzabakani
(officers in charge of the Provisional Government)
16 Aug 1963 - 4 Sep 1968 Alphonse Massamba-D�bat (b. 1921 - d. 1977)
(chairman National Council of the Revolution to
19 Dec 1963)
3 Aug 1968 - 4 Aug 1968 Augustin Poignet (b. 1928 - d. 2008)
(acting for Massamba-D�bat)
4 Sep 1968 - 5 Sep 1968 Marien Ngouabi (1st time) (b. 1938 - d. 1977)
(chairman National Council of the Revolution)
5 Sep 1968 - 1 Jan 1969 Alfred Raoul (b. 1938 - d. 1999)
(acting head of state)
1 Jan 1969 - 18 Mar 1977 Marien Ngouabi (2nd time) (s.a.)
(Head of State to 3 Jan 1970)
18 Mar 1977 - 3 Apr 1977 Military Committee of the
Congolese Labour Party�
- Joachim Yhombi-Opango (b. 1939)
- Denis Sassou-Nguesso (b. 1943)
- Louis Sylvain Goma (b. 1941)
- Jean-Michel Ebaka
- Raymond Damase Ngollo
- Martin Mbia
- Pascal Bima (b. c.1930 - d. 2003)
- Nicolas Okongo
- Xavier Katali (b. 1941 - d. 1986)
- Florent Ntsiba (b. 1949)
- Pierre Anga (b. 1940 - d. 1988)
3 Apr 1977 - 5 Feb 1979 Joachim Yhombi-Opango (s.a.)
(Head of State)
5 Feb 1979 - 8 Feb 1979 Jean-Pierre Thyst�re Tchicaya (b. 1936 - d. 2008)
(chairman Presidium of the Central Committee of the
Congolese Labour Party)
8 Feb 1979 - 31 Aug 1992 Denis Sassou-Nguesso (1st time) (s.a.)
(Head of State to 14 Aug 1979)
31 Aug 1992 - 15 Oct 1997 Pascal Lissouba (b. 1931)
25 Oct 1997 - Denis Sassou-Nguesso (2nd time) (s.a.)
(de facto in control from 15 Oct 1997)
Prime ministers
15 May 1957 - 8 Dec 1958 Jacques Opangault (b. 1907 - d. 1978)
(vice president of the Government Council to 26 Jul 1958,
then president of the Government Council)
8 Dec 1958 - 21 Nov 1959 Fulbert Youlou (s.a.)
16 Aug 1963 - 19 Dec 1963 Alphonse Massamba-D�bat (s.a.)
24 Dec 1963 - 15 Apr 1966 Pascal Lissouba (s.a.)
6 May 1966 - 12 Jan 1968 Ambroise Noumazalaye (b. 1933 - d. 2007)
4 Aug 1968 - 30 Dec 1969 Alfred Raoul (s.a.)
28 Jul 1973 - 18 Dec 1975 Henri Lop�s (b. 1937)
18 Dec 1975 - 7 Aug 1984 Louis Sylvain Goma (1st time) (s.a.)
7 Aug 1984 - 7 Aug 1989 Ange �douard Poungui (b. 1942)
7 Aug 1989 - 3 Dec 1990 Alphonse Poaty-Souchlaty (b. 1941)
3 Dec 1990 - 8 Jan 1991 Pierre Moussa (acting) (b. 1941)
8 Jan 1991 - 8 Jun 1991 Louis Sylvain Goma (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Jun 1991 - 2 Sep 1992 Andr� Milongo (b. 1935 - d. 2007)
2 Sep 1992 - 6 Dec 1992 St�phane Maurice Bongho-Nouarra (b. 1937 - d. 2007)
6 Dec 1992 - 23 Jun 1993 Claude Antoine Dacosta (b. 1931 - d. 2007)
23 Jun 1993 - 27 Aug 1996 Joachim Yhombi-Opango (s.a.)
27 Aug 1996 - 8 Sep 1997 David Charles Ganao (b. 1926)
8 Sep 1997 - 15 Oct 1997 Bernard Kol�las (b. 1933 - d. 2009)
7 Jan 2005 - 15 Sep 2009 Isidore Mvouba (b. 1954)
�The membership of the committee was only announced on 3 Apr 1977; in the same communiqu� it was said that Yhombi-Opango had been chosen chairman of the committee on 19 Mar 1977.
23 Feb 1885 sovereign status of the International Association
of the Congo recognized by Berlin Conference
1 Jul 1885 Independent State of the Congo ("Congo Free State")
(with Belgian King L�opold II as sovereign)
15 Nov 1908 annexation by Belgium (Belgian Congo)
30 Jun 1960 independence (Republic of the Congo)
1 Aug 1964 Democratic Republic of the Congo
27 Oct 1971 Republic of Zaire
17 May 1997 Democratic Republic of the Congo
President of the International Association of the Congo
23 Feb 1885 - 1 Jul 1885 Maximilien Strauch (b. 1819 - d. 1911)
Administrators-general
1 Jul 1885 - 1886 Sir Francis Walter de Winton (b. 1835 - d. 1901)
1886 - 1887 Camille Janssen (b. 1837 - d. 1926)
Governors-general
1887 - 1890 Camille Janssen (s.a.)
1 Dec 1890 - 24 Mar 1891 Camille Coquilhat (acting) (b. 1853 - d. 1891)
1891 - 1892 F�lix Fuchs (1st time) (acting) (b. 1858 - d. 1928)
1 Jul 1892 - 1896 Th�ophile Wahis (1st time) (b. 1844 - d. 1921)
1896 - 1900 �mile Wangerm�e (acting) (b. 1855 - d. 1924)
1900 - 1912 Th�ophile, baron Wahis (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 May 1912 - 5 Jan 1916 F�lix Fuchs (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Jan 1916 - 30 Jan 1921 Eug�ne Henry (b. 1862 - d. 1930)
30 Jan 1921 - 24 Jan 1923 Maurice Lippens (b. 1875 - d. 1956)
24 Jan 1923 - 27 Dec 1927 Martin Rutten (b. 1876 - d. 1944)
27 Dec 1927 - 14 Sep 1934 Auguste Tilkens (b. 1869 - d. 1949)
1929 - 1930 Charles Duchesne (b. 1881 - d. 1945)
(acting for Tilkens)
14 Sep 1934 - Jul 1946 Pierre Ryckmans (b. 1891 - d. 1959)
31 Dec 1946 - 1 Jan 1952 Eug�ne Jungers (b. 1888 - d. 1958)
1 Jan 1952 - 12 Jul 1958 L�on P�tillon (b. 1903 - d. 1996)
12 Jul 1958 - 30 Jun 1960 Henri Corn�lis (b. 1910 - d. 1999)
Presidents
30 Jun 1960 - 25 Nov 1965 Joseph Kasavubu (b. 1910? - d. 1969)
(Head of State to 1 Aug 1964)
31 Mar 1961 - 5 Aug 1961 Antoine Gizenga (b. 1925)
(Head of State, in rebellion, at Stanleyville)
25 Nov 1965 - 16 May 1997 Joseph-D�sir� Mobutu (from 10 Jan
1972, Mobutu Sese Seko) (b. 1930 - d. 1997)
17 May 1997 - 16 Jan 2001 Laurent Kabila (b. 1939 - d. 2001)
(Head of State to 29 May 1997)
17 Jan 2001 - Joseph Kabila (b. 1971)
(interim to 26 Jan 2001)
Prime ministers
24 Jun 1960 - 5 Sep 1960� Patrice Lumumba (b. 1925 - d. 1961)
5 Sep 1960 - 20 Sep 1960 Joseph Il�o (1st time) (b. 1921 - d. 1994)
Chairmen of the board of commissioners-general
20 Sep 1960 - 3 Oct 1960 Albert Ndele (b. 1930)
4 Oct 1960 - 9 Feb 1961 Justin Marie Bomboko (b. 1928)
Prime ministers
13 Dec 1960 - 5 Aug 1961 Antoine Gizenga (s.a.)
(in rebellion, at Stanleyville)
9 Feb 1961 - 2 Aug 1961 Joseph Il�o (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Aug 1961 - 30 Jun 1964 Cyrille Adoula (b. 1921 - d. 1978)
10 Jul 1964 - 13 Oct 1965 Moise Tshombe (b. 1919 - d. 1969)
18 Oct 1965 - 14 Nov 1965 �variste Kimba (b. 1926 - d. 1966)
28 Nov 1965 - 26 Oct 1966 L�onard Mulamba (b. 1928 - d. 1986)
First state commissioners (prime ministers)
6 Jul 1977 - 6 Mar 1979 Mpinga Kasenda (b. 1937 - d. 1994)
6 Mar 1979 - 27 Aug 1980 Bo-Boliko Lokonga Monse Mihambo (b. 1934)
27 Aug 1980 - 23 Apr 1981 Nguza Karl-I-Bond (1st time) (b. 1938 - d. 2003)
23 Apr 1981 - 5 Nov 1982 N'singa Udjuu Ongwankebi Untube (b. 1934)
5 Nov 1982 - 31 Oct 1986 Kengo Wa Dondo (1st time) (b. 1935)
22 Jan 1987 - 7 Mar 1988 Mabi Mulumba (b. 1941)
7 Mar 1988 - 26 Nov 1988 Sambwa Pida Nbagui (b. 1940 - d. 1998)
26 Nov 1988 - 4 May 1990 Kengo Wa Dondo (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 May 1990 - 1 Apr 1991 Lunda Bululu (b. 1942)
1 Apr 1991 - 29 Sep 1991 Mulumba Lukoji (b. 1943 - d. 1997)
29 Sep 1991 - 1 Nov 1991 �tienne Tshisekedi (1st time) (b. 1932)
1 Nov 1991 - 25 Nov 1991 Bernardin Mungul Diaka (b. 1933 - d. 1999)
25 Nov 1991 - 15 Aug 1992 Nguza Karl-I-Bond (2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Aug 1992 - 18 Mar 1993� �tienne Tshisekedi (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Mar 1993 - 14 Jan 1994 Faustin Birindwa (b. 1943 - d. 1999)
6 Jul 1994 - 2 Apr 1997 Kengo Wa Dondo (3rd time) (s.a.)
2 Apr 1997 - 9 Apr 1997 �tienne Tshisekedi (3rd time) (s.a.)
9 Apr 1997 - 16 May 1997 Likulia Bolongo (b. 1939)
Prime ministers
30 Dec 2006 - 10 Oct 2008 Antoine Gizenga (s.a.)
10 Oct 2008 - Adolphe Muzito (b. 1957)
President 7 Sep 1964 - 27 May 1965 Christophe Gbenye (b. 1927) President of the Supreme Council of the Congolese Revolution 27 May 1965 - ... Gaston Soumialot (b. 1922 - d. 2007)�President Kasavubu dismissed Prime Minister Lumumba on 5 Sep 1960 and appointed Il�o in his place, but this was not recognized by parliament and Lumumba continued as prime minister of a rival government until 14 Sep 1960.
Chairman of the Revolutionary Government 27 May 1965 - 5 Aug 1965 Christophe Gbenye (s.a.) Chairman of the Executive Council 6 Aug 1965 - ... Abdoulaye Yerodia (b. 1933)
5 Jun 1891 Cook Islands Federation
11 Jun 1901 incorporation into New Zealand
President of the Executive Council
5 Jun 1891 - 11 Jun 1901 Makea Takau Ariki (f) (b. 1845 - d. 1911)
Residents
1888 - 1891 Richard Exham (b. 1848 - d. 1915)
1891 - 1898 Frederick Joseph Moss (b. 1827 - d. 1904)
1898 - 1901 Walter Edward Gudgeon (b. 1842 - d. 1920)
Resident commissioners
1901 - 1909 Walter Edward Gudgeon (s.a.)
1909 - 1913 James Euan-Smith
1913 - 1916 Henry William Northcroft (b. 1844 - d. 1923)
1916 - 1921 Frederick William Platts (b. 1865 - d. 1941)
1921 - 1922 John George Lewis Hewitt
1922 - 1937 Hugh Fraser Ayson (1st time) (b. 1884 - d. 1948)
1937 - 1938 Stephan John Smith (b. 1887 - d. 1948)
1938 - 1943 Hugh Fraser Ayson (2nd time) (s.a.)
1943 - 1951 William Tailby
1951 - 1960 Geoffrey Nevill (b. 1901 - d. 1972)
1961 - 1965 Albert Oliver Dare (b. 1917)
High commissioners
1965 Albert Oliver Dare (s.a.)
1965 - 1972 Leslie James Davis (b. 1925)
16 Nov 1972 - 19 Jan 1975 George James Brocklehurst (b. 1906)
19 Jan 1975 - 10 Feb 1976 vacant
New Zealand Representatives
10 Feb 1976 - 1978 Terence C. O'Brien
21 May 1978 - 1980 Brian Absolum
16 Feb 1980 - 1982 Lindsay Watt
7 Mar 1982 - 1985 Paul A.J. Tipping
1 Apr 1985 - 1987 Lance A. Beath
12 Dec 1987 - 1990 Adrian George Simcock
22 Nov 1990 - 1993 Tim Caughley
High commissioners
1993 - 1994 Tim Caughley
16 Feb 1994 - 1997 Darryl Dunn
Feb 1997 - 1998 James Kember
Jul 1998 - Jul 2001 Rob Moore-Jones
6 Jul 2001 - 29 Aug 2005 Kurt Meyer
6 Sep 2005 - Feb 2008 John Bryan
21 Feb 2008 - Aug 2008 Brian Donnelly (b. 1949 - d. 2008)
Aug 2008 - Jan 2009 Sophie Vickers (f) (acting)
Jan 2009 - 15 Nov 2009 Tia Barrett (b. 1947? - d. 2009)
Nov 2009 - Nicola Ngawati (f) (acting)
Queen's Representatives
15 Oct 1975 - 18 Sep 1984 Gaven Donne (from 30 Dec 1978,
Sir Gaven Donne) (b. 1914 - d. 2010)
(acting to 26 Jun 1982)
18 Sep 1984 - 19 Dec 1984 Sir Graham Davies Speight (acting) (b. 1921)
19 Dec 1984 - 19 Dec 1990 Tangaroa Tangaroa (from 4 Mar
1987, Sir Tangaroa Tangaroa) (b. 1921 - d. 2009)
19 Dec 1990 - 14 Nov 2000 Apenera Short (from 14 Jun 1997,
Sir Apenera Short) (b. 1916)
14 Nov 2000 - 9 Feb 2001 Lawrence Murray Greig (acting)
9 Feb 2001 - Fred Goodwin (from 12 Jun 2004,
Sir Fred Goodwin)
Premiers (from 1981, prime ministers)
4 Aug 1965 - 25 Jul 1978 Albert Henry (from 1 Jan 1974,
Sir Albert Henry) (b. 1907 - d. 1981)
25 Jul 1978 - 13 Apr 1983 Tom Davis (from 31 Dec 1980,
Sir Tom Davis) (1st time) (b. 1917 - d. 2007)
13 Apr 1983 - 2 Aug 1983 Geoffrey Henry (1st time) (b. 1940)
19 Aug 1983 - 16 Nov 1983 Geoffrey Henry (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Nov 1983 - 29 Jul 1987 Sir Tom Davis (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Jul 1987 - 1 Feb 1989 Pupuke Robati (b. 1925 - d. 2009)
1 Feb 1989 - 29 Jul 1999 Geoffrey Henry (from 13 Jun 1992,
Sir Geoffrey Henry) (3rd time) (s.a.)
29 Jul 1999 - 18 Nov 1999 Joe Williams
18 Nov 1999 - 11 Feb 2002 Terepai Maoate (b. 1934)
11 Feb 2002 - 11 Dec 2004 Robert Woonton (b. 1949)
14 Dec 2004 - Jim Marurai (b. 1947)
High chiefs (title Ariki)
... - ... Makea Te Rangi Tukivao
... - ... Rangi Makea
... - ... Makea Te Patuakino
... - ... Makea Pini + Makea Ken
... - 1823 Makea Tinirau + Makea Tekao
1823 - c.1827 Makea Pori + Makea Karika II
c.1827 - 18.. Makea Davida + Makea Pa
*1852* Makea Te Vairua + Makea Tuaivi
18.. - c.1864 Makea Daniela
+ Makea Tavake (1st time) (b. ... - d. 189...)
c.1864 - 1868 Makea Abela
+ Makea Tavake (2nd time) (s.a.)
1868 - 1901 Makea Takau (f) (b. 1845 - d. 1911)
+ Makea Tavake (3rd time) (s.a.)
(to 189...)
1901 - 1950 Makea Mana (b. 1889 - d. 1950)
1950 - 1975 Makea Nui Teremona (f) (b. c.1910 - d. 1975)
1975 - c.1988 Makea Karika III (f) (b. c.1930 - d. c.1988)
c.1988 - 19.. Makea Tupou Fairoa
19.. - 19 Oct 1996 Makea Inanui Love-Nia (f) (b. ... - d. 1996)
1996 - Makea Margaret Karika (f) (b. 1919)
12 Nov 1821 independence (Province of Costa Rica)
4 Mar 1824 - 15 Nov 1838 constituent state of Central American Federation
(see under Guatemala)
8 Sep 1824 State of Costa Rica
14 Apr 1825 Free State of Costa Rica
10 Feb 1847 State of Costa Rica
31 Aug 1848 Republic of Costa Rica
Political Chief
11 Oct 1821 - 12 Nov 1821 Juan Manuel de Ca�as-Trujillo
Chairman of the Board of Peoples' Delegates
12 Nov 1821 - 1 Dec 1821 Nicol�s Carrillo (b. 1751 - d. 1845)
President of the Interim Junta
1 Dec 1821 - 12 Jan 1822 Pedro Jos� de Alvarado
Presidents of the Superior Governing Junta
12 Jan 1822 - 13 Apr 1822 Rafael Barroeta (b. 1766 - d. 1826)
13 Apr 1822 - 14 Jul 1822 Santiago Bonilla (b. 1756 - d. 1824)
15 Jul 1822 - 17 Oct 1822 Jos� Mar�a de Peralta (b. 1763 - d. 1826)
17 Oct 1822 - 31 Dec 1822 Rafael Jos� de Gallegos (b. 1784 - d. 1850)
1 Jan 1823 - 20 Mar 1823 Jos� Santos Lombardo (b. 1775 - d. 1831)
President of the Standing Commission
20 Mar 1823 - 29 Mar 1823 Rafael Francisco Osejo (b. 1790? - d. 1848?)
General Commandants
29 Mar 1823 - 5 Apr 1823 Joaqu�n de Oreamuno (in Cartago)
2 Apr 1823 - 16 Apr 1823 Gregorio Jos� Ram�rez (b. 1796 - d. 1823)
(in Alajuela and San Jos�)
President of the Constituent Congress
16 Apr 1823 - 10 May 1823 Jos� Mar�a de Peralta (s.a.)
Presidents of the Superior Governing Junta
10 May 1823 - 8 Jan 1824 Manuel Alvarado (1st time) (b. 1775 - d. 1836)
8 Jan 1824 - 12 Feb 1824 Eusebio Rodr�guez (b. 1778 - d. 1858)
12 Feb 1824 - 8 Sep 1824 Manuel Alvarado (2nd time) (s.a.)
Supreme Chiefs�
8 Sep 1824 - 8 Mar 1833 Juan Mora (b. 1784 - d. 1854)
(interim to 14 Apr 1825)
9 Mar 1833 - 4 Mar 1835 Rafael Jos� de Gallegos (s.a.)
4 Mar 1835 - 18 Mar 1835 Juan Jos� Lara (acting) (b. 1780 - d. 18...)
18 Mar 1835 - 5 May 1835 Manuel Fern�ndez (acting) (b. 1786 - d. 1840)
5 May 1835 - 28 Feb 1837 Braulio Carrillo (1st time) (b. 1800 - d. 1845)
1 Mar 1837 - 17 Apr 1837 Joaqu�n Mora (provisional)
17 Apr 1837 - 27 May 1838 Manuel Aguilar (b. 1797 - d. 1846)
27 May 1838 - 12 Apr 1842 Braulio Carrillo (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Apr 1842 - 11 Sep 1842 Francisco Moraz�n (b. 1792 - d. 1842)
(provisional to 15 Jul 1842)
11 Sep 1842 - 27 Sep 1842 Antonio Pinto (Supreme Commander) (b. 1780 - d. 1865)
27 Sep 1842 - 29 Nov 1844 Jos� Mar�a Alfaro (1st time) (b. 1799 - d. 1856)
(provisional)
29 Nov 1844 - 7 Jun 1846 Francisco Mar�a Oreamuno (b. 1801 - d. 1856)
7 Jun 1846 - 10 Feb 1847 Jos� Mar�a Alfaro (2nd time) (s.a.)
(provisional)
Presidents
10 Feb 1847 - 8 May 1847 Jos� Mar�a Alfaro (provisional) (s.a.)
8 May 1847 - 16 Nov 1849 Jos� Mar�a Castro (1st time) (b. 1818 - d. 1892)
16 Nov 1849 - 26 Nov 1849 Miguel Mora (acting) (b. 1816 - d. 1887)
26 Nov 1849 - 14 Aug 1859 Juan Rafael Mora (b. 1814 - d. 1860)
(acting to 30 Dec 1849)
14 Aug 1859 - 8 May 1863 Jos� Mar�a Montealegre (b. 1815 - d. 1887)
(acting to 29 Apr 1860)
8 May 1863 - 8 May 1866 Jes�s Jim�nez Zamora (1st time) (b. 1823 - d. 1897)
8 May 1866 - 1 Nov 1868 Jos� Mar�a Castro (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Nov 1868 - 27 Apr 1870 Jes�s Jim�nez Zamora (2nd time) (s.a.)
(provisional to 8 May 1869)
27 Apr 1870 - 9 Aug 1870 Bruno Carranza (b. 1822 - d. 1891)
(Provisional Chief)
10 Aug 1870 - 8 May 1876 Tom�s Guardia (1st time) (b. 1831 - d. 1882)
(provisional to 8 May 1872, initially styled Provisional Chief)
8 May 1876 - 30 Jul 1876 Aniceto Esquivel (b. 1824 - d. 1898)
30 Jul 1876 - 11 Sep 1877 Vicente Herrera (acting) (b. 1821 - d. 1888)
11 Sep 1877 - 6 Jul 1882 Tom�s Guardia (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 8 May 1880)
6 Jul 1882 - 20 Jul 1882 Saturnino Lizano (acting) (b. 1826 - d. 1905)
20 Jul 1882 - 12 Mar 1885 Pr�spero Fern�ndez Oreamuno (b. 1834 - d. 1885)
(acting to 10 Aug 1882)
12 Mar 1885 - 8 May 1890 Bernardo Soto Alfaro (b. 1854 - d. 1931)
(acting to 8 May 1886)
8 May 1890 - 8 May 1894 Jos� Joaqu�n Rodr�guez (b. 1838 - d. 1917)
8 May 1894 - 8 May 1902 Rafael Iglesias Castro (b. 1861 - d. 1924)
8 May 1902 - 8 May 1906 Ascensi�n Esquivel Ibarra (b. 1848 - d. 1927)
8 May 1906 - 8 May 1910 Cleto Gonz�lez V�quez (1st time) (b. 1858 - d. 1937)
8 May 1910 - 8 May 1914 Ricardo Jim�nez Oreamuno
(1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1945)
8 May 1914 - 27 Jan 1917 Alfredo Gonz�lez Flores (b. 1877 - d. 1962)
27 Jan 1917 - 20 Aug 1919 Federico Tinoco Granados (b. 1868 - d. 1931)
(Provisional Head of Government to 11 Apr 1917)
20 Aug 1919 - 2 Sep 1919 Juan Bautista Quir�s Segura (b. 1853 - d. 1934)
(acting)
2 Sep 1919 - 8 May 1920 Francisco Aguilar Barquero (b. 1857 - d. 1924)
(provisional)
8 May 1920 - 8 May 1924 Julio Acosta Garc�a (b. 1876 - d. 1954)
8 May 1924 - 8 May 1928 Ricardo Jim�nez Oreamuno
(2nd time) (s.a.)
8 May 1928 - 8 May 1932 Cleto Gonz�lez V�quez (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 May 1932 - 8 May 1936 Ricardo Jim�nez Oreamuno
(3rd time) (s.a.)
8 May 1936 - 8 May 1940 Le�n Cort�s Castro (b. 1882 - d. 1946)
8 May 1940 - 8 May 1944 Rafael �ngel Calder�n Guardia (b. 1900 - d. 1970)
8 May 1944 - 8 May 1948 Teodoro Picado Michalski (b. 1900 - d. 1960)
8 May 1948 - 8 Nov 1949 Jos� Figueres Ferrer (1st time) (b. 1906 - d. 1990)
(chairman Founding Junta of the Second Republic)
8 Nov 1949 - 8 Nov 1953 Otilio Ulate Blanco (b. 1891 - d. 1973)
8 Nov 1953 - 8 May 1958 Jos� Figueres Ferrer (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 May 1958 - 8 May 1962 Mario Echandi Jim�nez (b. 1915)
8 May 1962 - 8 May 1966 Francisco Jos� Orlich Bolmarcich (b. 1907 - d. 1969)
8 May 1966 - 8 May 1970 Jos� Joaqu�n Trejos Fern�ndez (b. 1916 - d. 2010)
8 May 1970 - 8 May 1974 Jos� Figueres Ferrer (3rd time) (s.a.)
8 May 1974 - 8 May 1978 Daniel Oduber Quir�s (b. 1921 - d. 1991)
8 May 1978 - 8 May 1982 Rodrigo Carazo Odio (b. 1926 - d. 2009)
8 May 1982 - 8 May 1986 Luis Alberto Monge �lvarez (b. 1925)
8 May 1986 - 8 May 1990 �scar Arias S�nchez (1st time) (b. 1941)
8 May 1990 - 8 May 1994 Rafael �ngel Calder�n Fournier (b. 1949)
8 May 1994 - 8 May 1998 Jos� Mar�a Figueres Olsen (b. 1954)
8 May 1998 - 8 May 2002 Miguel �ngel Rodr�guez Echeverr�a (b. 1940)
8 May 2002 - 8 May 2006 Abel Pacheco de la Espriella (b. 1933)
8 May 2006 - �scar Arias S�nchez (2nd time) (s.a.)
�In some constitutional use the Supreme Chief (Jefe Supremo) was alternatively styled First Chief (Primer Jefe). This style became the only constitutional one from 27 May 1841 to 6 Jun 1842.
10 Mar 1893 French colony
16 Jun 1895 part of French West Africa (see under Senegal)
27 Oct 1946 French overseas territory
4 Dec 1958 autonomy (Republic of Ivory Coast)
7 Aug 1960 independence
14 Oct 1985 Republic of C�te d'Ivoire (French name no longer translated)
Governors (from 1958, high commissioners)
20 Mar 1893 - 28 Aug 1895 Louis Gustave Binger (b. 1856 - d. 1936)
25 Feb 1896 - 13 May 1896 Eug�ne Bertin (acting) (b. 18... - d. 1896)
14 May 1896 - 11 Sep 1898 Louis Mouttet (b. 1857 - d. 1902)
(acting to 19 Mar 1897)
11 Sep 1898 - 5 Nov 1902 Henri Charles Roberdeau (b. 1849 - d. 1916)
5 Nov 1902 - 25 Nov 1902 Albert Nebout (1st time) (acting) (b. 1862 - d. 1939)
25 Nov 1902 - 25 Aug 1907 Fran�ois Joseph Clozel (b. 1860 - d. 1918)
(acting to 4 May 1903)
25 Aug 1907 - 25 Apr 1908 Albert Nebout (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
25 Apr 1908 - 27 Dec 1916 Gabriel Angoulvant (b. 1872 - d. 1932)
27 Dec 1916 - Jan 1918 Maurice Pierre Lapalud (1st time)
(acting)
Jan 1918 - 2 Apr 1924 Rapha�l Antonetti (b. 1872 - d. 1938)
2 Apr 1924 - 2 Jul 1925 Richard Brunot (acting) (b. 1883 - d. 1958)
2 Jul 1925 - 25 Aug 1930 Maurice Pierre Lapalud (2nd time)
25 Aug 1930 - 28 Oct 1930 Jules Br�vi� (b. 1880 - d. 1964)
28 Oct 1930 - 16 Jan 1931 Jean Paul Boutonnet (acting)
16 Jan 1931 - 7 May 1935 Fran�ois Joseph Reste (b. 1879 - d. 1976)
7 May 1935 - 28 Jun 1935 Marie Alphonse Flottes de Pouzols (b. 1884 - d. 1935)
(acting)
28 Jun 1935 - 7 Mar 1936 Adolphe Deitte (b. 1879 - d. 1949)
7 Mar 1936 - 28 Nov 1936 Julien Georges Lamy (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
28 Nov 1936 - 16 Jul 1938 Gaston Charles Julien Mondon
16 Jul 1938 - 27 Jan 1939 Louis Bressolles (acting)
27 Jan 1939 - 1 Jan 1941 Horace Valentin Crocicchia
(acting to 5 Mar 1940)
1 Jan 1941 - 29 Sep 1942 Hubert Deschamps (b. 1900 - d. 1979)
29 Sep 1942 - 3 Aug 1943 Georges Pierre Rey
3 Aug 1943 - 26 Aug 1943 Jean Toby (b. 1900 - d. 1964)
26 Aug 1943 - 16 Aug 1945 Andr� Latrille (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1987)
16 Aug 1945 - Apr 1946 Henry de Mauduit (b. 1897 - d. 1975)
Apr 1946 - 20 Feb 1947 Andr� Latrille (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Feb 1947 - 29 Jan 1948 Oswald Durand (b. 1888 - d. 1982)
(acting to 20 May 1947)
29 Jan 1948 - 10 Nov 1948 Georges Orselli
10 Nov 1948 - 25 Apr 1952 Laurent P�choux (b. 1904 - d. 2000)
25 Apr 1952 - 27 Jun 1952 Pierre Fran�ois P�lieu (b. 1906 - d. 1952)
10 Jul 1952 - 19 Feb 1954 Camille Bailly (b. 1907 - d. 1984)
19 Feb 1954 - 18 Feb 1956 Pierre Messmer (b. 1916 - d. 2007)
18 Feb 1956 - 23 Feb 1957 Pierre Lami (b. 1909 - d. 1994)
(acting to 28 May 1956)
23 Feb 1957 - 15 Jul 1959 Ernest de Nattes (b. 1908)
15 Jul 1959 - 7 Aug 1960 Yves Gu�na (b. 1922)
Presidents
7 Aug 1960 - 7 Dec 1993 F�lix Houphou�t-Boigny (b. 1905 - d. 1993)
(Head of State to 3 Nov 1960)
7 Dec 1993 - 24 Dec 1999 Henri Konan B�di� (b. 1934)
25 Dec 1999 - 25 Oct 2000 Robert Gu�i (b. 1941 - d. 2002)
(president of National Public Salvation Committee
to 4 Jan 2000)
26 Oct 2000 - Laurent Gbagbo (b. 1945)
Prime ministers
15 May 1957 - 30 Apr 1959 Auguste Denise (b. 1906 - d. 1991)
(vice president of the Government Council to 26 Jul 1958,
president of the Government Council 26 Jul - 4 Dec 1958,
president of the provisional government from 4 Dec 1958)
1 May 1959 - 3 Nov 1960 F�lix Houphou�t-Boigny (s.a.)
7 Nov 1990 - 11 Dec 1993 Alassane Ouattara (b. 1942)
11 Dec 1993 - 24 Dec 1999 Daniel Kablan Duncan (b. 1943)
18 May 2000 - 27 Oct 2000 Seydou Diarra (1st time) (b. 1933)
27 Oct 2000 - 10 Feb 2003 Affi N'Guessan (b. 1953)
10 Feb 2003 - 7 Dec 2005 Seydou Diarra (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Dec 2005 - 4 Apr 2007 Charles Konan Banny (b. 1942)
4 Apr 2007 - Guillaume Soro (b. 1972)