East Timor - Ecuador - Egypt - El Salvador - Equatorial Guinea - Eritrea - Estonia - Ethiopia |
1642 Portuguese colony; subordinated to Portuguese India
1844 subordinated to Macau
1896 separate colony
17 Dec 1941 - 20 Feb 1942 occupied by Dutch and Australian forces
20 Feb 1942 - 5 Sep 1945 occupied by Japan
28 Nov 1975 Democratic Republic of East Timor proclaimed
7 Dec 1975 occupied by Indonesia
17 Jul 1976 annexed by Indonesia (Timor Timur province)
19 Oct 1999 annexation rescinded
25 Oct 1999 UN administration
20 May 2002 independence (Democratic Republic of East Timor)
(Portuguese name Timor-Leste often left untranslated)
Captains-major
1642 - 1702 ...
Governors
1702 - 1705 Ant�nio Coelho Guerreiro
1705 - 1706 Louren�o Lopes
1706 - 1708 Manuel Ferreira de Almeida
(1st time)
1708 - 1709 J�come de Morais Sarmento
1709 - 1714 Manuel de Souto-Maior
1714 Manuel Ferreira de Almeida
(2nd time)
1714 - 1718 Domingos da Costa
1718 - 1719 Francisco de Melo e Castro
1719 - 1722 Manuel de Santo Ant�nio
1722 - 1725 Ant�nio de Albuquerque Coelho
1725 - 1729 Ant�nio Moniz de Macedo (1st time)
1729 - 1731 Pedro de Melo
1731 - 1734 Pedro de Rego Barreto da Gama e
Castro
1734 - 1739 Ant�nio Moniz de Macedo (2nd time)
1741 - 1745 Manuel Leon�s de Castro
1745 - 1748 Francisco Xavier Doutel
1748 - 1751 Manuel Correia de Lacerda
1751 - 1759 Manuel Doutel de Figueiredo Sarmento
1759 - 1760 Sebasti�o de Azevedo e Brito
1760 - 1763 vacant
1763 - 1765 Dionisio Gon�alves Rebelo Galv�o
1765 - 1768 vacant
1768 - 1776 Ant�nio Jos� Teles de Meneses
1776 - 1779 Caetano de Lemos Telo de Meneses
1779 - 1782 Louren�o de Brito Correia
1782 - 1785 Jo�o Anselmo de Almeida Soares
1785 - 1788 Jo�o Baptista Vieira Godinho
1788 - 1790 Feliciano Ant�nio Nogueira Lisboa
1790 - 1794 Joaquim Xavier de Morais Sarmento
1794 - 1800 Jo�o Baptista Verquaim
1800 - 1804 Jos� Joaquim de Sousa
1804 - 1807 Jo�o Vicente Soares da Veiga
1807 - 1810 Ant�nio de Mendon�a Corte-Real
1810 Ant�nio Botelho Homem Bernardes
Pess�a
1812 - 1815 Vitorino Freire da Cunha Gusm�o
1815 - 1819 Jos� Pinto Alcoforado de Azevedo
e Sousa
1821 - 1832 Manuel Joaquim de Matos G�is
1832 Miguel da Silveira Lorena
1834 - 1839 Jos� Maria Marques
1839 - 1844 Frederico Le�o Cabreira
1844 - 1848 Juli�o Jos� da Silva Vieira
1848 - 1851 Ant�nio Olavo Monteiro T�rres
1851 - 1852 Jos� Joaquim Lopes de Lima
1852 - 1856 Manuel de Saldanha da Gama
1856 - 1859 Lu�s Augusto de Almeida Macedo
1859 - 1863 Afonso de Castro
1863 - 1864 Jos� Manuel Pereira de Almeida
1864 - 1866 Jos� Eduardo da Costa Meneses
1866 - 1869 Francisco Teixeira da Silva (b. 1826 - d. 1894)
1870 - 1871 Jo�o Cl�maco de Carvalho
1873 - 1876 Hugo Goodair de Lacerda Castelo
Branco (1st time)
1876 - 1878 Joaquim Ant�nio da Silva Ferr�o
1878 - 1880 Hugo Goodair de Lacerda Castelo
Branco (2nd time)
1880 - 1881 Augusto C�sar Cardoso de Carvalho (b. 1836 - d. 1905)
1882 - 1883 Bento da Fran�a Pinto de Oliveira (b. 1833 - d. 1889)
1883 - 1885 Jo�o Maria Pereira
1885 - 1887 Alfredo de Lacerda Maia
1887 - 1888 Ant�nio Francisco da Costa
1888 - 1890 Raphael J�come Lopes de Andrade (b. 1851 - d. 1900)
1891 - 1894 Cipriano Forjaz
1894 - 1908 Jos� Celestino da Silva
1908 - 1909 Eduardo Augusto Marqu�s
1910 Alfredo Augusto Soveral Martins
1911 - 1917 Filomeno da C�mara Melo Cabral (b. 1873 - d. 1934)
1917 - 1919 Lu�s Augusto de Oliveira Franco
(acting)
1919 - 1921 Manuel Paulo de Sousa Gentil (b. 1870 - d. 1937)
1921 - 1923 Jos� de Paiva Gomes
1924 - 1926 Raimundo Enes Meira
1926 - 1928 Te�filo Duarte (b. 1898 - d. 1958)
1929 - 1930 Ces�rio Augusto de Almeida Viana
1930 - 1933 Antonio Baptista Justo
1933 - 1936 Ra�l de Antas Manso Preto Mendes
Cruz
1937 - 1939 �lvaro Eugenio Neves de Fontoura
1940 - 8 Dec 1945 Manuel de Abreu Ferreira de
Carvalho (b. 1893 - d. af.1956)
17 Dec 1941 - 1942 William Watt Leggatt (b. 1894 - d. 1968)
(commander of Australian forces)
17 Dec 1941 - 1942 Nico Leonard Willem van Straten (b. 1897 - d. 1968)
(commander of Dutch forces)
1942 - 194. Sadashichi Doi
(commander of Japanese forces)
1946 - 1950 �scar Freire de Vasconcelos Ruas
1950 - 1958 C�sar Maria de Serpa Rosa (b. 1899 - d. 1968)
1959 - 1963 Filipe Jos� Freire Temudo Barata (b. 1918)
1963 - 1968 Jos� Alberty Correia
1968 - 1972 Jos� Nogueira Valente Pires (b. 1914)
1972 - 1974 Fernando Alves Aldeia
18 Nov 1974 - 26 Aug 1975 M�rio Lemos Pires
Presidents (from 7 Dec 1975 in rebellion against Indonesian rule)
28 Nov 1975 - Sep 1978 Francisco Xavier do Amaral (b. 1937)
Sep 1978 - 31 Dec 1978 Nicolau dos Reis Lobato (acting) (b. 1952 - d. 1978)
President of the Provisional Government
17 Dec 1975 - 17 Jul 1976 Arnaldo dos Reis Ara�jo
Governors
1976 - 1978 Arnaldo dos Reis Ara�jo
1978 - 1982 Guilherme Maria Gon�alves (b. 1920?)
18 Sep 1983 - 18 Sep 1992 M�rio Viegas Carrascal�o (b. 1937)
18 Sep 1992 - 25 Oct 1999 Abilio Jos� Os�rio Soares (b. 1947 - d. 2007)
Administrators
25 Oct 1999 - 16 Nov 1999 Ian Martin (U.K.) (acting) (b. 1946)
16 Nov 1999 - 19 May 2002 S�rgio Vieira de Mello (Brazil) (b. 1948 - d. 2003)
Presidents
20 May 2002 - 20 May 2007 Xanana Gusm�o (b. 1946)
20 May 2007 - Jos� Ramos-Horta (b. 1949)
11 Feb 2008 - 13 Feb 2008 Vicente Guterres
(acting for Ramos-Horta)
13 Feb 2008 - 17 Apr 2008 Fernando de Ara�jo (b. 1963)
(acting for Ramos-Horta)
Chief minister
20 Sep 2001 - 20 May 2002 Mari Alkatiri (b. 1949)
Prime ministers
20 May 2002 - 26 Jun 2006 Mari Alkatiri (s.a.)
26 Jun 2006 - 19 May 2007 Jos� Ramos-Horta (s.a.)
(acting to 10 Jul 2006)
19 May 2007 - 8 Aug 2007 Estanislau da Silva (b. 1952)
8 Aug 2007 - Xanana Gusm�o (s.a.)
9 Oct 1820 independence (Province of Guayaquil) 31 Jul 1822 incorporation into Great Colombia (see Colombia) Political Chief 9 Oct 1820 - 14 Oct 1820 Jos� Joaqu�n de Olmedo (b. 1780 - d. 1847) Presidents of the Governing Junta 14 Oct 1820 - 8 Nov 1820 Gregorio Escobedo (provisional) 8 Nov 1820 - 13 Jul 1822 Jos� Joaqu�n de Olmedo (s.a.) 13 Jul 1822 - 31 Jul 1822 Sim�n Bol�var (b. 1783 - d. 1830)
5 Nov 1820 independence (Free Province of Cuenca) 11 Apr 1822 incorporation into Great Colombia (see Colombia) Political Chief 5 Nov 1820 - 15 Nov 1820 Jos� Mar�a V�squez de Noboa President of the Supreme Governing Junta 15 Nov 1820 - 11 Apr 1822 Jos� Mar�a V�squez de Noboa
13 May 1830 State of the South of Colombia
22 Sep 1830 State of Ecuador (literally "State of the Equator")
8 Aug 1835 Republic of Ecuador
Chief of State
13 May 1830 - 22 Sep 1830 Juan Jos� Flores (b. 1800 - d. 1864)
(Head of Administration to 14 Aug 1830)
Presidents
22 Sep 1830 - 10 Sep 1834 Juan Jos� Flores (1st time) (s.a.)
10 Sep 1834 - 31 Jan 1839 Vicente Rocafuerte (b. 1783 - d. 1847)
(Supreme Chief of the Department of the Guayas; as such,
in rebellion 20 Oct 1833 - Jul 1834)
13 Jul 1834 - 18 Jan 1835 Jos� F�lix Valdivieso (b. 1780 - d. 1856)
(Supreme Chief, in rebellion)
31 Jan 1839 - 18 Jun 1845 Juan Jos� Flores (2nd time) (s.a.)
(interim 18 Jan - 1 Apr 1843)
18 Jun 1845 - 8 Dec 1845 Jos� Joaqu�n de Olmedo (s.a.)
(President of the Provisional Government;
in rebellion from 6 Mar 1845)
8 Dec 1845 - 15 Oct 1849 Vicente Ram�n Roca (b. 1792 - d. 1858)
15 Oct 1849 - 10 Jun 1850 Manuel de Asc�subi (1st time) (b. 1804 - d. 1876)
(acting)
Mar 1850 - 1850 Antonio de Elizalde (b. 1795 - d. 1862)
(Supreme Chief, in rebellion)
10 Jun 1850 - 17 Jul 1851 Diego Noboa y Arteta (b. 1789 - d. 1870)
(Supreme Chief [in rebellion from 20 Feb 1850] to 8 Dec
1850; interim 8 Dec 1850 - 26 Feb 1851)
17 Jul 1851 - 16 Oct 1856 Jos� Mar�a Urvina (b. 1808 - d. 1891)
(Supreme Chief [in rebellion from 13 Jul 1851] to 17 Jul
1852; interim 17 Jul - 6 Sep 1852)
16 Oct 1856 - 17 Sep 1859 Francisco Robles (b. 1811 - d. 1893)
1 May 1859 - 4 Jun 1859 Provisional Government
(in rebellion)
- Gabriel Garc�a Moreno (b. 1821 - d. 1875)
(from 25 May 1859)
- Manuel G�mez de la Torre (b. 1814 - d. 1887)
(to 25 May 1859)
- Jos� Mar�a Avil�s (acting) (b. 1816 - d. 1874)
- Pac�fico Chiriboga (b. 1811 - d. 1886)
6 Jun 1859 - 1859 Jer�nimo Carri�n (b. 1804 - d. 1873)
(acting; in rebellion)
17 Sep 1859 - 31 Aug 1865 Gabriel Garc�a Moreno (1st time) (s.a.)
(Supreme Chief [in rebellion from 4 Jun 1859] to 17 Jan
1861; interim 17 Jan 1861 - 2 Apr 1865)
17 Sep 1859 - 24 Sep 1860 Guillermo Franco (b. 1811 - d. 1886)
(Supreme Chief of Guayas and Azuay, in rebellion)
31 Aug 1865 - 7 Sep 1865 Rafael Carvajal (acting) (b. 1818 - d. 1881)
7 Sep 1865 - 6 Nov 1867 Jer�nimo Carri�n (s.a.)
6 Nov 1867 - 20 Jan 1868 Pedro Jos� de Arteta (acting) (b. 1797 - d. 1873)
20 Jan 1868 - 19 Jan 1869 Francisco Javier Espinosa (b. 1815 - d. 1875)
19 Jan 1869 - 16 May 1869 Gabriel Garc�a Moreno (2nd time) (s.a.)
(interim)
16 May 1869 - 10 Aug 1869 Manuel de Asc�subi (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
10 Aug 1869 - 6 Aug 1875 Gabriel Garc�a Moreno (3rd time) (s.a.)
6 Aug 1875 - 6 Oct 1875 Francisco Javier Le�n (acting) (b. 1832 - d. 1880)
6 Oct 1875 - 1875 Jos� Javier Eguiguren (acting) (b. 1816 - d. 1884)
1875 - 9 Dec 1875 Rafael P�lit (b. 1823 - d. 1897)
9 Dec 1875 - 18 Dec 1876 Antonio Borrero y Cort�zar (b. 1827 - d. 1911)
19 Dec 1876 - 9 Jul 1883 Ignacio de Veintemilla (b. 1828 - d. 1908)
(Supreme Chief [in rebellion from 8 Sep 1876] to 26 Jan
1878; interim to 31 Mar 1878; then again Supreme Chief
from 26 Mar 1882)
Feb 1883 - 11 Oct 1883 Eloy Alfaro (1st time) (b. 1842 - d. 1912)
(Supreme Chief of Manab� and Esmeraldas, in rebellion)
9 Jul 1883 - 11 Oct 1883 Provisional Government
(in rebellion from 14 Jan 1883)
- Jos� Mar�a Sarasti
- Pedro Ignacio Lizarzaburu (b. 1834 - d. 1902)
- Agust�n Guerrero (b. 1817 - d. 1902)
- Luis Cordero Crespo (b. 1833 - d. 1912)
(from 14 Feb 1883)
- Pablo Herrera (b. 1820 - d. 1896)
(to 14 Feb 1883)
- Rafael P�rez Pareja (b. ... - d. 1897)
17 Sep 1883 - 11 Oct 1883 Pedro Carbo (b. 1813 - d. 1895)
(Supreme Chief of Guayas, in rebellion)
11 Oct 1883 - 15 Oct 1883 Ram�n Borrero y Cort�zar (b. 1824 - d. 1894)
(Vice President of the National Convention)
15 Oct 1883 - 23 Nov 1883 Rafael P�rez Pareja (acting) (s.a.)
23 Nov 1883 - 1 Jul 1888 Jos� Mar�a Pl�cido Caama�o (b. 1837 - d. 1907)
(interim to 10 Feb 1884)
1 Jul 1888 - 17 Aug 1888 Pedro Jos� Cevallos (b. 1830 - d. 1892)
17 Aug 1888 - 1 Jul 1892 Antonio Flores (b. 1833 - d. 1915)
1 Jul 1892 - 16 Apr 1895 Luis Cordero Crespo (s.a.)
16 Apr 1895 - 23 Aug 1895 Vicente Lucio Salazar (acting) (b. 1832 - d. 1896)
23 Aug 1895 - 1 Sep 1901 Eloy Alfaro (2nd time) (s.a.)
(Supreme Chief [in rebellion from 19 Jun 1895] to 16 Apr
1896; interim 16 Apr 1896 - 13 Jan 1897)
1 Sep 1901 - 1 Sep 1905 Leonidas Plaza Guti�rrez
(1st time) (b. 1865 - d. 1932)
1 Sep 1905 - 16 Jan 1906 Lizardo Garc�a (b. 1842 - d. 1927)
16 Jan 1906 - 12 Aug 1911 Eloy Alfaro (3rd time) (s.a.)
(Supreme Head to 9 Oct 1906; interim president
9 Oct 1906 - 1 Jan 1907)
12 Aug 1911 - 1 Sep 1911 Carlos Freile Zaldumbide
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1851 - d. 1926)
1 Sep 1911 - 22 Dec 1911 Emilio Estrada (b. 1855 - d. 1911)
22 Dec 1911 - 6 Mar 1912 Carlos Freile Zaldumbide
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1911 - Jan 1912 Flavio E. Alfaro Santana (b. 1866 - d. 1912)
(in rebellion)
30 Dec 1911 - Jan 1912 Pedro J. Montero Maridue�a (b. 1862 - d. 1912)
(in rebellion)
6 Mar 1912 - 10 Aug 1912 Francisco Andrade Mar�n (acting) (b. 1841 - d. 1935)
10 Aug 1912 - 1 Sep 1912 Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1859 - d. 1951)
1 Sep 1912 - 1 Sep 1916 Leonidas Plaza Guti�rrez
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Sep 1916 - 1 Sep 1920 Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Sep 1920 - 1 Sep 1924 Jos� Luis Tamayo (b. 1858 - d. 1947)
1 Sep 1924 - 9 Jul 1925 Gonzalo S. C�rdova (b. 1863 - d. 1928)
9 Jul 1925 - 10 Jul 1925 Luis Telmo Paz y Mi�o (b. 1884 - d. 19...)
(chairman Supreme Military Junta)
10 Jul 1925 - 10 Jan 1926 Provisional Government Junta
- Luis Napole�n Dillon (b. 1875 - d. 1929)
- Pedro Pablo Garaicoa (b. 1874 - d. 19...)
- Mois�s Oliva (b. ... - d. 1926)
(to 14 Jul 1925)
- Francisco G�mez de la Torre (b. 1885 - d. 19...)
(to 24 Oct 1925)
- Jos� Rafael Bustamante (b. 1881 - d. 1961)
(to 22 Dec 1925)
- Jos� Modesto Larrea (b. 1890 - d. 1957)
(from 13 Jul 1925)
- Francisco J. Bolo�a (b. 1882 - d. 19...)
(from 13 Jul 1925)
- Francisco Ar�zaga Luque (b. 1900 - d. 1964)
(from 14 Jul 1925)
(chair rotating weekly)
10 Jan 1926 - 10 Mar 1926 Humberto Albornoz S�nchez (b. 1895 - d. ...)
(chairman Provisional Government Junta)
10 Mar 1926 - 1 Apr 1926 Julio Enrique Moreno (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1952)
(chairman Provisional Government Junta)
1 Apr 1926 - 24 Aug 1931 Isidro Ayora (b. 1879 - d. 1978)
(provisional to 10 Oct 1928; interim 10 Oct 1928 -
17 Apr 1929)
24 Aug 1931 - 15 Oct 1931 Luis A. Larrea Alba (acting) (b. 1895 - d. 1980)
15 Oct 1931 - 27 Aug 1932 Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno
(3rd time) (acting) (s.a.)
27 Aug 1932 - 2 Sep 1932 Carlos Freile Larrea (acting) (b. 1876 - d. 1942)
2 Sep 1932 - 5 Dec 1932 Alberto Guerrero Mart�nez (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1941)
5 Dec 1932 - 20 Oct 1933 Juan de Dios Mart�nez Mera (b. 1875 - d. 1955)
20 Oct 1933 - 1 Sep 1934 Abelardo Montalvo (acting) (b. 1876 - d. 1950)
1 Sep 1934 - 21 Aug 1935 Jos� Mar�a Velasco Ibarra
(1st time) (b. 1893 - d. 1979)
21 Aug 1935 - 26 Sep 1935 Antonio Pons Campuzano (acting) (b. 1897 - d. 1980)
26 Sep 1935 (hours) Benigno Andrade Flores
(chairman military junta)
26 Sep 1935 - 23 Oct 1937 Federico P�ez Chiriboga (b. 1876 - d. 1974)
(acting head of state to 10 Aug 1937, then interim
president)
23 Oct 1937 - 10 Aug 1938 Gil Alberto Enr�quez Gallo (b. 1893 - d. 1962)
(Supreme Head of State)
10 Aug 1938 - 2 Dec 1938 Manuel Mar�a Borrero Gonz�lez (b. 1883 - d. 1975)
(interim)
2 Dec 1938 - 17 Nov 1939 Aurelio Mosquera Narv�ez (b. 1883 - d. 1939)
17 Nov 1939 - 11 Dec 1939 Carlos Alberto Arroyo del R�o
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1893 - d. 1969)
11 Dec 1939 - 10 Aug 1940 Andr�s F. C�rdova Nieto (acting) (b. 1892 - d. 1983)
10 Aug 1940 - 1 Sep 1940 Julio Enrique Moreno (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
1 Sep 1940 - 29 May 1944 Carlos Alberto Arroyo del R�o
(2nd time) (s.a.)
29 May 1944 - 31 May 1944 Julio Teodoro Salem (b. 1909)
(rotating chairman of the Political Bureau of Alianza
Democr�tica Ecuatoriana, in charge of the executive power)
31 May 1944 - 23 Aug 1947 Jos� Mar�a Velasco Ibarra
(2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Aug 1947 - 2 Sep 1947 Carlos Mancheno Cajas (acting) (b. 1902 - d. 1996)
2 Sep 1947 - 15 Sep 1947 Mariano Su�rez Veintimilla (b. 1897 - d. 1980)
15 Sep 1947 - 1 Sep 1948 Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola (b. 1888 - d. 1952)
1 Sep 1948 - 1 Sep 1952 Galo Plaza Lasso (b. 1906 - d. 1987)
1 Sep 1952 - 1 Sep 1956 Jos� Mar�a Velasco Ibarra
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Sep 1956 - 1 Sep 1960 Camilo Ponce Enr�quez (b. 1912 - d. 1976)
1 Sep 1960 - 7 Nov 1961 Jos� Mar�a Velasco Ibarra
(4th time) (s.a.)
7 Nov 1961 - 11 Jul 1963 Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy (b. 1919 - d. 2004)
8 Nov 1961 Camilo Gallegos Toledo (b. 1895 - d. 1986)
(in rebellion)
11 Jul 1963 - 29 Mar 1966 Ram�n Castro Jij�n (b. 1915 - d. 1984)
(chairman military junta)
29 Mar 1966 (hours) Telmo Vargas
(Chief of Staff of Armed Forces)
29 Mar 1966 - 16 Nov 1966 Clemente Yerovi Indaburu (interim) (b. 1904 - d. 1981)
16 Nov 1966 - 1 Sep 1968 Otto Arosemena G�mez (interim) (b. 1925 - d. 1984)
1 Sep 1968 - 15 Feb 1972 Jos� Mar�a Velasco Ibarra
(5th time) (s.a.)
15 Feb 1972 - 11 Jan 1976 Guillermo Rodr�guez Lara (b. 1923)
11 Jan 1976 - 10 Aug 1979 Alfredo Ernesto Poveda Burbano (b. 1926 - d. 1990)
(chairman Supreme Council)
10 Aug 1979 - 24 May 1981 Jaime Rold�s Aguilera (b. 1940 - d. 1981)
24 May 1981 - 10 Aug 1984 Osvaldo Hurtado Larrea (b. 1939)
10 Aug 1984 - 10 Aug 1988 Le�n Febres Cordero (b. 1931 - d. 2008)
10 Aug 1988 - 10 Aug 1992 Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (b. 1935)
10 Aug 1992 - 10 Aug 1996 Sixto Dur�n Ball�n (b. 1921)
10 Aug 1996 - 6 Feb 1997 Abdal� Bucaram Ortiz (b. 1952)
6 Feb 1997 - 9 Feb 1997 Fabi�n Alarc�n (1st time) (b. 1947)
(interim)
9 Feb 1997 - 11 Feb 1997 Rosal�a Arteaga Serrano (f) (b. 1956)
(acting)
11 Feb 1997 - 10 Aug 1998 Fabi�n Alarc�n (2nd time) (s.a.)
(interim)
10 Aug 1998 - 21 Jan 2000 Jamil Mahuad (b. 1949)
21 Jan 2000 Lucio Guti�rrez (1st time) (b. 1957)
21 Jan 2000 - 22 Jan 2000 Council of State
- Carlos Mendoza
- Antonio Vargas (b. 1958)
- Carlos Sol�rzano (b. 1939)
22 Jan 2000 - 15 Jan 2003 Gustavo Noboa (b. 1937)
15 Jan 2003 - 20 Apr 2005 Lucio Guti�rrez (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Apr 2005 - 15 Jan 2007 Alfredo Palacio (b. 1939)
15 Jan 2007 - Rafael Correa (b. 1963)
1517 part of Ottoman Empire
25 Jul 1798 French occupation
27 Jun 1801 British occupation
9 Jul 1805 Muhammad `Ali dynasty informally inaugurated
8 Jun 1867 Khediviate of Egypt (under Ottoman suzerainty)
14 Sep 1882 British occupation
18 Dec 1914 British protectorate declared
19 Dec 1914 Egyptian Sultanate
16 Mar 1922 Egyptian Kingdom
14 Nov 1936 full independence
18 Jun 1953 Republic of Egypt
22 Feb 1958 United Arab Republic (united with Syria to 28 Sep 1961)
11 Sep 1971 Arab Republic of Egypt
Walis (governors)
9 Jul 1805 - 1 Sep 1848 Muhammad Ali Pasha (1st time) (b. 1769 - d. 1849)
1 Sep 1848 - 10 Nov 1848 Ibrahim Pasha (b. 1789 - d. 1848)
10 Nov 1848 - 2 Aug 1849 Muhammad Ali Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Aug 1849 - 13 Jul 1854 Abbas Hilmi Pasha (b. 1813 - d. 1854)
13 Jul 1854 - 18 Jan 1863 Muhammad Said Pasha (b. 1822 - d. 1863)
18 Jan 1863 - 8 Jun 1867 Ismail Pasha (b. 1830 - d. 1895)
Khedives
8 Jun 1867 - 26 Jun 1879 Ismail Pasha (s.a.)
26 Jun 1879 - 7 Jan 1892 Muhammad Tawfiq Pasha (b. 1852 - d. 1892)
8 Jan 1892 - 19 Dec 1914 Abbas Hilmi Pasha (b. 1874 - d. 1944)
Sultans
19 Dec 1914 - 9 Oct 1917 Hussein Kamil (b. 1853 - d. 1917)
9 Oct 1917 - 16 Mar 1922 Ahmad Fuad (b. 1868 - d. 1936)
Kings (title Malik Misr)
16 Mar 1922 - 28 Apr 1936 Fuad I (s.a.)
28 Apr 1936 - 26 Jul 1952 Faruq I (b. 1920 - d. 1965)
28 Apr 1936 - 29 Jul 1937 Prince Muhammad Ali (b. 1875 - d. 1955)
(chairman Council of Regency)
26 Jul 1952 - 18 Jun 1953 Fuad II (b. 1952)
26 Jul 1952 - 18 Jun 1953 Prince Muhammad Abdul Moneim (b. 1899 - d. 1979)
(chairman Council of Regency)
Presidents
18 Jun 1953 - 25 Feb 1954 Muhammad Naguib (1st time) (b. 1901 - d. 1984)
25 Feb 1954 - 27 Feb 1954 Gamal Abdel Nasser (1st time) (b. 1918 - d. 1970)
(chairman Revolutionary Command Council)
27 Feb 1954 - 14 Nov 1954 Muhammad Naguib (2nd time) (s.a.)
14 Nov 1954 - 28 Sep 1970 Gamal Abdel Nasser (2nd time) (s.a.)
(chairman Revolutionary Command Council to 25 Jun 1956)
28 Sep 1970 - 6 Oct 1981 Anwar as-Sadat (b. 1918 - d. 1981)
(acting to 17 Oct 1970)
6 Oct 1981 - 14 Oct 1981 Sufi Abu Taleb (acting) (b. 1925 - d. 2008)
14 Oct 1981 - Hosni Mubarak (b. 1928)
Prime ministers
28 Aug 1878 - 23 Feb 1879 Nubar Pasha (1st time) (b. 1824 - d. 1899)
10 Mar 1879 - 7 Apr 1879 Prince Muhammad Tawfiq Pasha (s.a.)
7 Apr 1879 - 18 Aug 1879 Muhammad Sharif Pasha (1st time) (b. 1826 - d. 1887)
21 Sep 1879 - 10 Sep 1881 Riyad Pasha (1st time) (b. 1836 - d. 1911)
14 Sep 1881 - 4 Feb 1882 Muhammad Sharif Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Feb 1882 - 26 May 1882 Mahmoud Sami al-Baroudi (b. 1838 - d. 1904)
18 Jun 1882 - 21 Aug 1882 Raghib Pasha
Jul 1882 - 13 Sep 1882 Arabi Pasha (in rebellion) (b. 1841 - d. 1911)
21 Aug 1882 - 7 Jan 1884 Muhammad Sharif Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
10 Jan 1884 - 9 Jun 1888 Nubar Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Jun 1888 - 12 May 1891 Riyad Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 May 1891 - 15 Jan 1893 Mustafa Fahmi Pasha (1st time) (b. 1840 - d. 1914)
15 Jan 1893 - 18 Jan 1893 Hussein Fakhri Pasha (b. 1843 - d. 1910)
18 Jan 1893 - 16 Apr 1894 Riyad Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
16 Apr 1894 - 12 Nov 1895 Nubar Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
12 Nov 1895 - 12 Nov 1908 Mustafa Fahmi Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Nov 1908 - 21 Feb 1910 Boutros Ghali Pasha (b. 1847 - d. 1910)
23 Feb 1910 - 5 Apr 1914 Muhammad Said Pasha (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1928)
5 Apr 1914 - 12 Apr 1919 Hussein Rushdi Pasha (b. 1863 - d. 1928)
21 May 1919 - 19 Nov 1919 Muhammad Said Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Nov 1919 - 20 May 1920 Yusuf Wahba Pasha (b. 1865 - d. 1934)
20 May 1920 - 16 Mar 1921 Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 1938)
16 Mar 1921 - 1 Mar 1922 Adli Yakan Pasha (1st time) (b. 1864 - d. 1933)
1 Mar 1922 - 30 Nov 1922 Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1873 - d. 1928)
30 Nov 1922 - 15 Mar 1923 Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Mar 1923 - 26 Jan 1924 Abdel Fattah Yahya Ibrahim Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1876 - d. 1951)
26 Jan 1924 - 24 Nov 1924 Saad Zaghlul Pasha (b. 1857 - d. 1927)
24 Nov 1924 - 7 Jun 1926 Ahmed Ziwar Pasha (b. 1864 - d. 1945)
7 Jun 1926 - 26 Apr 1927 Adli Yakan Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Apr 1927 - 16 Mar 1928 Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Mar 1928 - 27 Jun 1928 Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1965)
27 Jun 1928 - 4 Oct 1929 Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha (1st time) (b. 1877 - d. 1941)
4 Oct 1929 - 1 Jan 1930 Adli Yakan Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1930 - 20 Jun 1930 Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Jun 1930 - 22 Sep 1933 Ismail Sedki Pasha (1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 1950)
22 Sep 1933 - 15 Nov 1934 Abdel Fattah Yahya Ibrahim Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Nov 1934 - 30 Jan 1936 Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha
(3rd time) (s.a.)
30 Jan 1936 - 9 May 1936 Ali Maher Pasha (1st time) (b. 1882 - d. 1960)
9 May 1936 - 29 Dec 1937 Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
29 Dec 1937 - 18 Aug 1939 Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Aug 1939 - 28 Jun 1940 Ali Maher Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Jun 1940 - 14 Nov 1940 Hassan Sabry Pasha (b. 1879 - d. 1940)
15 Nov 1940 - 5 Feb 1942 Hussein Sirri Pasha (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1960)
5 Feb 1942 - 10 Oct 1944 Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
10 Oct 1944 - 24 Feb 1945 Ahmed Maher Pasha (b. 1888 - d. 1945)
26 Feb 1945 - 17 Feb 1946 Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1888 - d. 1948)
17 Feb 1946 - 9 Dec 1946 Ismail Sedki Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Dec 1946 - 28 Dec 1948 Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Dec 1948 - 26 Jul 1949 Ibrahim Abdel Hadi Pasha (b. 1896 - d. 1981)
26 Jul 1949 - 12 Jan 1950 Hussein Sirri Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Jan 1950 - 27 Jan 1952 Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)
27 Jan 1952 - 2 Mar 1952 Ali Maher Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
2 Mar 1952 - 2 Jul 1952 Ahmad Naguib Hilali Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1891 - d. 1958)
2 Jul 1952 - 22 Jul 1952 Hussein Sirri Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
22 Jul 1952 - 23 Jul 1952 Ahmad Naguib Hilali Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Jul 1952 - 7 Sep 1952 Ali Maher Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
7 Sep 1952 - 25 Feb 1954 Muhammad Naguib (1st time) (s.a.)
25 Feb 1954 - 8 Mar 1954 Gamal Abdel Nasser (1st time) (s.a.)
8 Mar 1954 - 18 Apr 1954 Muhammad Naguib (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Apr 1954 - 5 Mar 1958 Gamal Abdel Nasser (2nd time) (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Egyptian Region
7 Oct 1958 - 20 Sep 1960 Nureddin Tarraf
20 Sep 1960 - 16 Aug 1961 Kamaleddin Hussein (b. 1921 - d. 1999)
Prime ministers
29 Sep 1962 - 3 Oct 1965 Ali Sabri (b. 1920 - d. 1991)
3 Oct 1965 - 10 Sep 1966 Zakaria Mohieddin (b. 1918 - d. 2009)
10 Sep 1966 - 19 Jun 1967 Muhammad Sedki Sulayman (b. 1919 - d. 1996)
19 Jun 1967 - 28 Sep 1970 Gamal Abdel Nasser (3rd time) (s.a.)
21 Oct 1970 - 17 Jan 1972 Mahmoud Fawzi (b. 1900 - d. 1981)
17 Jan 1972 - 26 Mar 1973 Aziz Sedki (b. 1920)
26 Mar 1973 - 25 Sep 1974 Anwar as-Sadat (1st time) (s.a.)
25 Sep 1974 - 16 Apr 1975 Abdelaziz Hejazi (b. 1923)
16 Apr 1975 - 2 Oct 1978 Mamdouh Salem (b. 1918 - d. 1988)
2 Oct 1978 - 15 May 1980 Mustafa Khalil (b. 1920 - d. 2008)
15 May 1980 - 6 Oct 1981 Anwar as-Sadat (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Oct 1981 - 2 Jan 1982 Hosni Mubarak (s.a.)
2 Jan 1982 - 5 Jun 1984 Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin (b. 1926 - d. 1984)
17 Jul 1984 - 4 Sep 1985 Kamal Hassan Ali (b. 1921 - d. 1993)
4 Sep 1985 - 10 Nov 1986 Ali Lutfi (b. 1935)
10 Nov 1986 - 4 Jan 1996 Atef Sedki (b. 1930 - d. 2005)
4 Jan 1996 - 5 Oct 1999 Kamal Ganzouri (b. 1933)
5 Oct 1999 - 14 Jul 2004 Atef Ebeid (b. 1932)
14 Jul 2004 - Ahmed Nazif (b. 1952)
British consuls-general
11 Sep 1883 - 6 May 1907 Sir Evelyn Baring (from 1892,
Evelyn Baring, Baron Cromer; from
1899, Evelyn Baring, Viscount
Cromer; from 1901, Evelyn Baring,
Earl of Cromer) (b. 1841 - d. 1917)
16 May 1907 - 12 Jul 1911 Sir Eldon Gorst (b. 1861 - d. 1911)
29 Nov 1911 - 19 Dec 1914 Horatio Herbert Kitchener,
Viscount Kitchener (b. 1850 - d. 1916)
High commissioners
19 Dec 1914 - 9 Jan 1915 Sir Milne Cheetham (acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1938)
9 Jan 1915 - 1 Jan 1917 Sir Henry McMahon (b. 1862 - d. 1949)
1 Jan 1917 - 7 Oct 1919 Sir Reginald Wingate (b. 1861 - d. 1953)
7 Oct 1919 - 15 Jun 1925 Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby,
Viscount Allenby (b. 1861 - d. 1936)
20 Oct 1925 - 8 Aug 1929 Sir George Ambrose Lloyd (from 16
Nov 1925, George Ambrose Lloyd,
Baron Lloyd of Dolobran) (b. 1879 - d. 1941)
8 Aug 1929 - 16 Dec 1933 Sir Percy Lyham Loraine (b. 1880 - d. 1961)
8 Jan 1934 - 14 Nov 1936 Sir Miles Wedderburn Lampson (b. 1880 - d. 1964)
21 Sep 1821 independence declared (Province of San Salvador, constituent
of the Kingdom of Guatemala which declared its independence
15 Sep 1821)
11 Jan 1822 the province repudiates the decision by the Guatemala junta
to incorporate the Kingdom of Guatemala into Mexico, and
declares its secession
10 Feb 1823 incorporation into Mexico
1 Jul 1823 Central America (the former Kingdom of Guatemala) proclaims
its independence from Spain and Mexico; Province of San
Salvador is part of the newly established republic
(see under Guatemala)
22 Apr 1824 constituent state of the Central American Republic
(State of Salvador)
Apr 1840 federal authorities cease to exist
2 Feb 1841 formal secession decreed (El Salvador)
25 Jan 1859 Republic of El Salvador (in sporadic official use until at
least 1914 also Republic of Salvador)
13 Jun 1921 - 4 Feb 1922 State of El Salvador during a later aborted attempt at
recreating a Central American Federation
Intendant and Superior Political Chief
21 Sep 1821 - 28 Nov 1821 Pedro Barriere (b. ... - d. 1827)
Intendant and Governor (from 11 Jan 1822, President of the Junta of Government)
28 Nov 1821 - 9 Feb 1823 Jos� Mat�as Delgado (b. 1767 - d. 1832)
Supreme Political Chief
1 Jul 1823 - 22 Apr 1824 Mariano Prado
Chief of State
22 Apr 1824 - 1 Oct 1824 Juan Manuel Rodr�guez (b. 1771 - d. 1847)
Supreme Chiefs of State
1 Oct 1824 - 13 Dec 1824 Mariano Prado (1st time) (acting)
13 Dec 1824 - 1 Nov 1826 Juan Vicente Villacorta (b. 1764 - d. 1828)
1 Nov 1826 - 30 Jan 1829 Mariano Prado (2nd time) (acting)
30 Jan 1829 - 29 Mar 1832 Jos� Mar�a Cornejo (b. 1788 - d. 1864)
29 Mar 1832 - 13 May 1832 Francisco Moraz�n (1st time) (b. 1792 - d. 1842)
(provisional)
13 May 1832 - 25 Jul 1832 Joaqu�n de San Mart�n (1st time) (b. 1770 - d. 1854)
(acting)
25 Jul 1832 - 1 Jul 1833 Mariano Prado (3rd time)
1 Jul 1833 - 23 Jun 1834 Joaqu�n de San Mart�n (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Jun 1834 - 13 Jul 1834 Carlos Salazar (b. 1800 - d. 1867)
(provisional; in rebellion from 12 Jun 1834)
13 Jul 1834 - 30 Sep 1834 direct rule by federal government
30 Sep 1834 - 14 Oct 1834 Joaqu�n Escol�n y Balibrera
(acting)
14 Oct 1834 - 10 Apr 1835 Jos� Mar�a Silva (1st time) (b. 1804? - d. 1876)
(acting)
10 Apr 1835 - 15 Nov 1835 Nicol�s Espinoza (b. 1795 - d. 1845)
15 Nov 1835 - 7 Mar 1836 Francisco G�mez Elizondo (acting) (b. 1796 - d. 1838)
7 Mar 1836 - May 1838 Diego Vigil (b. 1799 - d. 1845)
May 1838 - 1 May 1839 Timoteo Men�ndez (acting)
1 May 1839 - 13 Jul 1839 Antonio Jos� Ca�as (1st time) (b. 1785 - d. 1844)
(acting)
13 Jul 1839 - 4 Apr 1840 Francisco Moraz�n (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Apr 1840 - 15 Apr 1840 Jos� Mar�a Silva (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting; leaves the country 5 Apr 1840; the Municipal
Council of San Salvador then assumes the government)
15 Apr 1840 - 7 Jan 1841 Antonio Jos� Ca�as (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 1840, then provisional)
7 Jan 1841 - 22 Feb 1841 Juan Lindo (provisional) (b. 1790 - d. 1857)
Presidents
22 Feb 1841 - 1 Feb 1842 Juan Lindo (provisional) (s.a.)
1 Feb 1842 - 14 Apr 1842 Jos� Escol�stico Mar�n (acting) (b. ... - d. 1846)
14 Apr 1842 - 1 Feb 1844 Juan Jos� Guzm�n
(provisional to 20 Sep 1842)
1 Feb 1844 - 7 Feb 1844 Ferm�n Palacios (1st time) (acting)
7 Feb 1844 - 15 Feb 1845 Francisco Malesp�n (b. ... - d. 1846)
15 Feb 1845 - 1 Feb 1846 Joaqu�n Eufrasio Guzm�n (1st time) (b. 1801 - d. c.1875)
(in rebellion from 2 Feb 1845)
1 Feb 1846 - 21 Feb 1846 Ferm�n Palacios (2nd time) (acting)
21 Feb 1846 - 1 Feb 1848 Eugenio Aguilar (b. 1804 - d. 1879)
1 Feb 1848 - 3 Feb 1848 Tom�s Medina (acting) (b. 1803 - d. 1884)
3 Feb 1848 - 7 Feb 1848 Jos� F�lix Quir�s (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1883)
(acting)
7 Feb 1848 - 1 Feb 1850 Doroteo Vasconcelos (1st time) (b. 1803 - d. 1883)
1 Feb 1850 - 4 Feb 1850 Ram�n Rodr�guez (acting)
4 Feb 1850 - 1 Mar 1851 Doroteo Vasconcelos (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Mar 1851 - 3 May 1851 Jos� F�lix Quir�s (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
13 May 1851 - 30 Jan 1852 Francisco Due�as (1st time) (b. 1810 - d. 1884)
(acting)
30 Jan 1852 - 1 Feb 1852 Jos� Mar�a San Mart�n (1st time) (b. 1811 - d. 1857)
(acting)
1 Feb 1852 - 1 Feb 1854 Francisco Due�as (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Feb 1854 - 15 Feb 1854 Vicente G�mez (acting)
15 Feb 1854 - 1 Feb 1856 Jos� Mar�a San Mart�n (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Feb 1856 - 12 Feb 1856 Francisco Due�as (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
12 Feb 1856 - 1 Feb 1858 Rafael Campo (b. 1813 - d. 1890)
1 Feb 1858 - 7 Feb 1858 Lorenzo Zepeda (acting)
7 Feb 1858 - 1 Feb 1860 Miguel Sant�n del Castillo
(deposed de facto 19 Jan 1859)
24 Jan 1859 - 15 Feb 1859 Joaqu�n Eufrasio Guzm�n
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
15 Feb 1859 - 12 Mar 1859 Jos� Mar�a Peralta (acting) (b. 1807 - d. 1883)
12 Mar 1859 - 26 Oct 1863 Gerardo Barrios (b. 1813 - d. 1865)
(acting to 1 Feb 1860)
26 Oct 1863 - 15 Apr 1871 Francisco Due�as (4th time) (s.a.)
(provisional [in rebellion from 10 Jul 1863] to 1 Feb
1865)
15 Apr 1871 - 1 Feb 1876 Santiago Gonz�lez (b. 1818 - d. 1887)
(provisional to 1 Feb 1872)
1 Feb 1876 - 1 May 1876 Andr�s del Valle (b. 1833 - d. 1888)
1 May 1876 - 21 Jun 1885 Rafael Zald�var (b. 1834 - d. 1903)
(provisional to 15 Jul 1876 and 1-19 Feb 1880)
21 Jun 1885 - 22 Jun 1890 Francisco Men�ndez (b. 1830 - d. 1890)
(provisional [in rebellion from 15 May 1885] to 1 Mar
1887)
22 Jun 1890 - 9 Jun 1894 Carlos Ezeta (b. 1852 - d. 1903)
(provisional to 1 Mar 1891)
10 Jun 1894 - 13 Nov 1898 Rafael Antonio Guti�rrez (b. 1845 - d. 1921)
(provisional to 1 Mar 1895)
14 Nov 1898 - 1 Mar 1903 Tom�s Regalado (b. 1861 - d. 1906)
(provisional to 1 Mar 1899)
1 Mar 1903 - 1 Mar 1907 Pedro Jos� Escal�n (b. 1847 - d. 1923)
1 Mar 1907 - 1 Mar 1911 Fernando Figueroa (b. 1849 - d. 1919)
1 Mar 1911 - 8 Feb 1913 Manuel Enrique Araujo (b. 1865 - d. 1913)
9 Feb 1913 - 29 Aug 1914 Carlos Mel�ndez (1st time) (b. 1861 - d. 1919)
(provisional)
29 Aug 1914 - 1 Mar 1915 Alfonso Qui��nez Molina
(1st time) (provisional) (b. 1874 - d. 1950)
1 Mar 1915 - 21 Dec 1918 Carlos Mel�ndez (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1918 - 1 Mar 1919 Alfonso Qui��nez Molina
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
1 Mar 1919 - 1 Mar 1923 Jorge Mel�ndez (b. 1871 - d. 1953)
(13 Jun 1921 - 4 Feb 1922 Head of State)
1 Mar 1923 - 1 Mar 1927 Alfonso Qui��nez Molina
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Mar 1927 - 1 Mar 1931 P�o Romero Bosque (b. 1860 - d. 1935)
1 Mar 1931 -3/4 Dec 1931 Arturo Araujo (b. 1878 - d. 1967)
4 Dec 1931 - 28 Aug 1934 Maximiliano Hern�ndez Mart�nez
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1882 - d. 1966)
29 Aug 1934 - 1 Mar 1935 Andr�s Ignacio Men�ndez (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1962)
(provisional)
1 Mar 1935 - 9 May 1944 Maximiliano Hern�ndez Mart�nez
(2nd time) (s.a.)
9 May 1944 - 20 Oct 1944 Andr�s Ignacio Men�ndez (2nd time) (s.a.)
(provisional)
21 Oct 1944 - 1 Mar 1945 Osm�n Aguirre y Salinas (b. 1889 - d. 1977)
(provisional)
4 Nov 1944 - 1 Mar 1945 Miguel Tom�s Molina
(in rebellion)
1 Mar 1945 - 14 Dec 1948 Salvador Castaneda Castro (b. 1888 - d. 1965)
15 Dec 1948 - 14 Sep 1950 Revolutionary Council of Government
- Manuel de Jes�s C�rdova (b. 1894 - d. ...)
(to 5 Jan 1949)
- �scar Osorio (b. 1910 - d. 1969)
(to 23 Oct 1949)
- Reinaldo Galindo Pohl
(to 23 Oct 1949)
- �scar A. Bola�os
- Humberto Costa
14 Sep 1950 - 14 Sep 1956 �scar Osorio (s.a.)
14 Sep 1956 - 26 Oct 1960 Jos� Mar�a Lemus (b. 1911 - d. 1993)
26 Oct 1960 - 25 Jan 1961 Junta of Government
- Miguel �ngel Castillo (b. 1915 - d. 19...)
- Fabio Castillo Figueroa
- Ricardo Falla C�ceres (b. 1921)
- Ren� Fort�n Maga�a (b. 1931)
- Rub�n Alonso Rosales (b. 1925)
- C�sar Yanes Ur�as (b. 1931)
25 Jan 1961 - 25 Jan 1962 Civic-Military Directory
- An�bal Portillo (b. 1914)
- Feliciano Avelar (b. 1919)
- Jos� Antonio Rodr�guez Porth (b. 1915 - d. 1989)
(to 6 Apr 1961)
- Jos� Francisco Valiente (b. 1911)
(to 6 Apr 1961)
- Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo (b. 1921 - d. 1973)
(to 11 Sep 1961)
- Mariano Castro Mor�n (b. 1916 - d. 2005)
(from 11 Sep 1961)
25 Jan 1962 - 1 Jul 1962 Eusebio Rodolfo Cord�n Cea (b. 1899 - d. 1966)
(provisional)
1 Jul 1962 - 1 Jul 1967 Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo (s.a.)
1 Jul 1967 - 1 Jul 1972 Fidel S�nchez Hern�ndez (b. 1917 - d. 2003)
1 Jul 1972 - 1 Jul 1977 Arturo Armando Molina (b. 1927)
1 Jul 1977 - 15 Oct 1979 Carlos Humberto Romero (b. 1924)
15 Oct 1979 - 2 May 1982 Revolutionary Junta
- Adolfo Arnoldo Majano Ramos (b. 1938)
(to 7 Dec 1980)
- Jaime Abdul Guti�rrez Avenda�o (b. 1936)
- Rom�n Mayorga Quir�s
(17 Oct 1979 - 5 Jan 1980)
- Guillermo Ungo (b. 1931 - d. 1991)
(17 Oct 1979 - 5 Jan 1980)
- Mario Antonio Andino (b. 1936?)
(17 Oct 1979 - 5 Jan 1980)
- Jos� Antonio Morales Ehrlich (b. 1935)
(from 9 Jan 1980)
- Jos� Ram�n �valos Navarrete
(from 9 Jan 1980)
- H�ctor Miguel Antonio Dada
Hirezi (9 Jan - 3 Mar 1980) (b. 1938)
- Jos� Napole�n Duarte (b. 1925 - d. 1990)
(from 10 Mar 1980; president from 22 Dec 1980)
2 May 1982 - 1 Jun 1984 �lvaro Alfredo Maga�a Borja (b. 1925 - d. 2001)
1 Jun 1984 - 1 Jun 1989 Jos� Napole�n Duarte (s.a.)
1 Jun 1989 - 1 Jun 1994 Alfredo Cristiani (b. 1947)
1 Jun 1994 - 1 Jun 1999 Armando Calder�n Sol (b. 1948)
1 Jun 1999 - 1 Jun 2004 Francisco Flores (b. 1959)
1 Jun 2004 - 1 Jun 2009 Antonio Saca (b. 1965)
1 Jun 2009 - Mauricio Funes (b. 1959)
1 Jan 1474 Fernando P�o and Annob�n islands Portuguese colonies
11 Mar 1778 ceded to Spain by Treaty of El Pardo
30 Oct 1780 - 1844 no Spanish settlement
27 Oct 1827 - 1855 British-leased administration of Fernando P�o
9 Jan 1885 R�o Muni a Spanish protectorate (administered from
Fernando P�o)
27 Jun 1900 R�o Muni a Spanish colony (administered from
Fernando P�o)
1926 R�o Muni, Fernando P�o, and Annob�n united as Spanish Guinea
30 Jun 1959 Spanish overseas provinces of Fernando P�o and R�o Muni
15 Dec 1963 Equatorial Guinea
12 Oct 1968 independence (Republic of Equatorial Guinea)
Governors (from 15 Dec 1963, high commissioners)
1 Jun 1778 - 14 Nov 1778 Felipe de Santos Toro (b. ... - d. 1778)
14 Nov 1778 - 30 Oct 1780 Primo de Rivera
27 Oct 1827 - 1829 William Owens
1829 - 1830 Edward Nicolls (1st time)
1830 - 1832 John Beecroft (1st time) (acting) (b. ... - d. 1854)
1832 - 1833 Edward Nicolls (2nd time)
1833 - 10 Jun 1854 John Beecroft (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Jun 1854 - 1855 James Lynslager
1855 - 28 Aug 1858 Domingo Mustrich
28 Aug 1858 - 1 Sep 1859 Carlos de Chac�n y Michelena
1 Sep 1859 - 30 Jun 1862 Jos� de la G�ndara y Navarro (b. 1820 - d. 1885)
30 Jun 1862 - 1 Aug 1865 Pantale�n L�pez Ayll�n
1 Aug 1865 - 31 Aug 1865 Francisco Osorio (acting)
31 Aug 1865 - 18 Sep 1865 F�lix Recio (1st time) (acting)
18 Sep 1865 - 1 Apr 1868 Jos� G�mez Barreda
1 Apr 1868 - 9 Aug 1868 F�lix Recio (2nd time) (acting)
9 Aug 1868 - 18 Jul 1869 Joaqu�n Souza Gallardo
21 Aug 1869 - 11 Sep 1869 Clemente Ramos (acting)
11 Sep 1869 - 21 Jan 1870 Manuel Vial (1st time) (acting)
21 Jan 1870 - 11 Jun 1870 Zoilo S�nchez Oca�a
11 Jun 1870 - 16 Aug 1870 Manuel Vial (2nd time) (acting)
16 Aug 1870 - 14 Feb 1871 Felipe C. Arg�elles (1st time)
(acting)
14 Feb 1871 - 28 Apr 1871 Federico Anrich
28 Apr 1871 - 1 Oct 1871 Felipe C. Arg�elles (2nd time)
(acting)
1 Oct 1871 - 23 Jun 1872 Antonio Vivar (acting)
23 Jun 1872 - 5 Dec 1872 Pedro Osa (acting)
5 Dec 1872 - 22 Nov 1874 Ignacio Garc�a Tudela
22 Nov 1874 - 22 Jan 1875 Jacobo Varela (acting)
22 Jan 1875 - 13 Feb 1877 Diego Santisteban Chamorro
13 Feb 1877 - 1 Feb 1879 Alejandro Arias Salgado
1 Feb 1879 - 21 Apr 1879 Luis de la Pila (acting)
21 Apr 1879 - 20 Jun 1879 Juan Aguilar (acting)
20 Jun 1879 - 24 Jul 1879 Jos� Montes de Oca (1st time)
(acting)
24 Jul 1879 - 3 Sep 1880 Enrique Santal�
3 Sep 1880 - 24 Jan 1883 Jos� Montes de Oca (2nd time)
24 Jan 1883 - 25 Jan 1883 Francisco Romera (acting)
25 Jan 1883 - 28 Dec 1884 Antonio Cano
28 Dec 1884 - 28 Jan 1885 Waldo P�rez Cossio (acting)
28 Jan 1885 - 1 Oct 1887 Jos� Montes de Oca (3rd time)
1 Oct 1887 - 8 Nov 1887 Juan de la Rocha (acting)
8 Nov 1887 - 4 Feb 1888 Luis Navarro
4 Feb 1888 - 20 Apr 1888 Jos� de Ibarra (1st time) (acting)
20 Apr 1888 - 21 Apr 1890 Antonio Morena Guerra
21 Apr 1890 - 4 Nov 1890 Jos� de Ibarra (2nd time)
4 Nov 1890 - 22 Dec 1890 Jos� G�mez Barreda
22 Dec 1890 - 24 Dec 1891 Jos� de Barrasa
24 Dec 1891 - 10 Apr 1892 Antonio Mart�nez
10 Apr 1892 - 12 May 1893 Eulogio Merch�n
12 May 1893 - 17 May 1893 Dionisio Shelly (1st time) (acting)
17 May 1893 - 1 Jun 1893 Pio Porcell (acting)
1 Jun 1893 - 29 Jul 1893 Dionisio Shelly (2nd time) (acting)
29 Jul 1893 - 16 Feb 1895 Jos� de la Puente Basseve
16 Feb 1895 - 21 Jul 1895 Agust�n Cuesta (acting)
21 Jul 1895 - 19 May 1897 Adolfo de Espa�a y G�mez de Humar�n
19 May 1897 - 19 Jun 1897 Armando Pontes (acting)
19 Jun 1897 - 21 Jul 1897 Mateo Mezquida (acting)
21 Jul 1897 - 19 Oct 1897 Manuel Rico
19 Oct 1897 - 7 Nov 1899 Jos� Rodr�guez Vera
7 Nov 1899 - 30 Nov 1899 Francisco Guarro (acting)
30 Nov 1899 - 12 Dec 1899 Guillermo Lacave (acting)
14 Dec 1899 - 3 Mar 1901 Francisco Due�as
3 Mar 1901 - 25 Feb 1905 Jos� de Ibarra Autr�n
25 Feb 1905 - 26 Mar 1906 Jos� G�mez de la Serna
26 Mar 1906 - 20 Sep 1906 Diego Saavedra y Magdalena
(1st time)
20 Sep 1906 - 18 Feb 1907 �ngel Barrera y Luyando (1st time)
18 Feb 1907 - 17 Aug 1908 Luis Ramos Izquierdo y Vivar
17 Aug 1908 - 30 Sep 1908 Luis Dab�n (acting)
30 Sep 1908 - 19 Oct 1908 Diego Saavedra y Magdalena
(2nd time) (acting)
19 Oct 1908 - 10 Sep 1910 Jos� Cente�o Anchorena
10 Sep 1910 - 8 Feb 1924 �ngel Barrera y Luyando (2nd time)
8 Feb 1924 - 1926 Carlos Tovar de Revilla
1926 - 1931 Miguel N��ez de Prado
1931 - 1932 Gustavo de Sostoa y Sthamer (b. ... - d. 1932)
1933 - 1934 Estanislao Lluesma Garc�a
1934 - 1935 �ngel Manzaneque Feltrer
1935 - 1936 Luis S�nchez Guerra S�ez
1936 - 1937 Manuel de Mend�vil y Elfo
1937 - 1941 Juan Font�n y Lob� (b. 1899 - d. 1944)
1942 - 1943 Mariano Alonso Alonso (b. 1899 - d. 19...)
1943 - 1949 Juan Mar�a Bonelli Rubio (b. 1904 - d. 1982)
1949 - 1962 Faustino Ru�z Gonz�lez
1962 - 1964 Francisco N��ez Rodr�guez (b. 1902 - d. 1972)
15 Dec 1964 - 1966 Pedro Latorre Alcubierre (b. 1900 - d. 1995)
1966 - 12 Oct 1968 V�ctor Suances D�az del R�o
Presidents
12 Oct 1968 - 3 Aug 1979 Francisco Mac�as Nguema (from
14 Jul 1972, Francisco Mac�as
Nguema Biyogo; from 26 Sep 1975,
Mac�as Nguema Biyogo �egue Ndong;
from 1976, Masie Nguema Biyogo
�egue Ndong) (b. 1922 - d. 1979)
3 Aug 1979 - Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (b. 1942)
(chairman Revolutionary Military Council to 25 Aug 1979,
chairman Supreme Military Council 25 Aug 1979 -
12 Oct 1982)
Prime ministers
15 Dec 1963 - 12 Oct 1968 Bonifacio Ond� Edu (b. 19... - d. 1969)
15 Aug 1982 - 4 Mar 1992 Cristino Seriche Bioko (b. 1940?)
4 Mar 1992 - 1 Apr 1996 Silvestre Siale Bileka (b. 1939?)
1 Apr 1996 - 4 Mar 2001 �ngel Seraf�n Seriche Dougan (b. 1946)
4 Mar 2001 - 14 Jun 2004 C�ndido Muatetema Rivas (b. 1960)
14 Jun 2004 - 14 Aug 2006 Miguel Abia Biteo Boric� (b. 1961)
14 Aug 2006 - 8 Jul 2008 Ricardo Mangue Obama Nfubea (b. 1961?)
8 Jul 2008 - Ignacio Milam Tang (b. 1940)
1557/58 Ottoman rule
1865 Egyptian rule
1882 port of Assab is taken over by the Italian government
6 Feb 1885 port of Massawa is taken over by Italy;
expansion in the hinterland follows
1 Jan 1890 Italian colony (Eritrea)
1 Jun 1936 part of Italian East Africa (province of Eritrea, formed by
the merger of the colony and the Ethiopian region of Tigre)
1941 British administration
15 Sep 1952 federated with Ethiopia, under the sovereignty of the
Ethiopian crown
14 Nov 1962 integral part of Ethiopia
29 May 1991 provisional government established
24 May 1993 independence (State of Eritrea)
Commandant of Assab
1882 - 1885 Giulio Pestalozza (b. 1850 - d. 1930)
Commandants of Massawa
5 Feb 1885 - 15 Dec 1885 Tancredi Saletta (1st time) (b. 1843 - d. 1909)
15 Dec 1885 - 18 Mar 1887 Carlo Gen� (b. 1836 - d. 1890)
18 Mar 1887 - Oct 1887 Tancredi Saletta (2nd time) (s.a.)
Nov 1887 - 1888 Alessandro Asinardi di San Mariano
1888 - 20 Dec 1889 Antonio Baldissera (b. 1838 - d. 1917)
20 Dec 1889 - 30 Jun 1890 Baldassare Orero (b. 1832 - d. 1914)
Governors
30 Jun 1890 - 28 Feb 1892 Giacomo Gandolfi
28 Feb 1892 - 22 Feb 1896 Oreste Baratieri (b. 1841 - d. 1901)
22 Feb 1896 - 16 Dec 1897 Antonio Baldissera (s.a.)
16 Dec 1897 - 25 Mar 1907 Ferdinando Martini (b. 1841 - d. 1928)
25 Mar 1907 - 17 Aug 1915 Giuseppe Salvago Raggi
17 Aug 1915 - 16 Sep 1916 Giovanni Cherina Ferroni
(1st time) (acting)
16 Sep 1916 - 20 Jul 1919 Giacomo De Martino (b. 1849 - d. 1921)
20 Jul 1919 - 20 Nov 1920 Camillo De Camillis
20 Nov 1920 - 14 Apr 1921 Ludovico Pollera
14 Apr 1921 - 1 Jun 1923 Giovanni Cherina Ferroni
(2nd time)
1 Jun 1923 - 1 Jun 1928 Jacopo Gasparini (b. 1879 - d. 19...)
Sep 1928 - 11 Jul 1930 Corrado Zoli (b. 1877 - d. 1951)
11 Jul 1930 - 15 Jan 1935 Riccardo Astuto dei Duchi
di Lucchesi
18 Jan 1935 - 22 Nov 1935 Emilio De Bono (b. 1866 - d. 1944)
22 Nov 1935 - 22 May 1936 Pietro Badoglio (b. 1871 - d. 1956)
1 Jun 1936 - 1 Apr 1937 Alfredo Guzzoni (b. 1877 - d. 1965)
1 Apr 1937 - 15 Dec 1937 Vincenzo De Feo (b. 1876 - d. 19...)
15 Dec 1937 - 2 Jun 1940 Giuseppe Daodice
2 Jun 1940 - 19 May 1941 Luigi Frusci (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1949)
Administrators
5 Feb 1941 - 4 May 1942 Sir William Platt (b. 1885 - d. 1975)
4 May 1942 - 9 Nov 1944 Stephen Hemsley Longrigg (b. 1893 - d. 1979)
9 Nov 1944 - 14 Aug 1945 C.D. McCarthy
14 Aug 1945 - 1 Nov 1946 John Meredith Benoy (b. 1896 - d. 1977)
1 Nov 1946 - 19 Feb 1951 Francis Greville Drew (b. 1892 - d. 1962)
UN high commissioner
19 Feb 1951 - 15 Sep 1952 Eduardo Anze Matienzo (Bolivia) (b. 1902 - d. 1979)
Chief administrator
19 Feb 1951 - 15 Sep 1952 Duncan Cameron Cumming (b. 1903 - d. 1979)
Chief executives
15 Sep 1952 - 29 Jul 1955 Tedla Bairu (b. 1914 - d. 1981)
8 Aug 1955 - Dec 1959 Asfaha Woldemikael (b. 1914 - d. ...)
Dec 1959 - 14 Nov 1962 Abiye Abebe (b. 1918 - d. 1974)
(from 20 May 1960 chief administrator)
Secretary-general of the Provisional Government
29 May 1991 - 24 May 1993 Isaias Afewerki (b. 1946)
President
24 May 1993 - Isaias Afewerki (s.a.)
24 Feb 1918 independence declared (Republic of Estonia),
followed by German occupation (until 11 Nov 1918)
(for Baltic State of Apr-Nov 1918 see Latvia)
29 Nov 1918 - 24 May 1919 Estonian Conciliar ("Soviet") Republic
(in Russian-occupied territory)
17 Jun 1940 Soviet occupation
21 Jul 1940 Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
6 Aug 1940 incorporation into the Soviet Union (see Soviet republics)
8 May 1990 Republic of Estonia
20 Aug 1991 independence declared
6 Sep 1991 independence recognized by U.S.S.R.
State elders
24 Feb 1918 - 24 Apr 1919 Estonian Liberation Committee
- Konstantin P�ts (b. 1874 - d. 1956)
- Konstantin Konik (b. 1873 - d. 1936)
- J�ri Vilms (to 13 Apr 1918) (b. 1889 - d. 1918)
29 Nov 1918 - 24 May 1919 Jaan Anvelt (b. 1884 - d. 1937)
(chairman Council of Estonian Workers' Commune)
24 Apr 1919 - 21 Dec 1920 August Rei (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1963)
(chairman Constituent Assembly)
21 Dec 1920 - 25 Jan 1921 Ants Piip (b. 1884 - d. 1942)
25 Jan 1921 - 21 Nov 1922 Konstantin P�ts (1st time) (s.a.)
21 Nov 1922 - 2 Aug 1923 Juhan Kukk (b. 1885 - d. 1945)
2 Aug 1923 - 26 Mar 1924 Konstantin P�ts (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Mar 1924 - 16 Dec 1924 Friedrich Akel (b. 1871 - d. 1941)
16 Dec 1924 - 15 Dec 1925 J�ri Jaakson (b. 1870 - d. 1942)
15 Dec 1925 - 9 Dec 1927 Jaan Teemant (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1941)
9 Dec 1927 - 4 Dec 1928 Jaan T�nisson (1st time) (b. 1868 - d. af.1941)
4 Dec 1928 - 9 Jul 1929 August Rei (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Jul 1929 - 12 Feb 1931 Otto Strandman (b. 1875 - d. 1941)
12 Feb 1931 - 19 Feb 1932 Konstantin P�ts (3rd time) (s.a.)
19 Feb 1932 - 19 Jul 1932 Jaan Teemant (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Jul 1932 - 1 Nov 1932 Karl August Einbund (b. 1888 - d. 1942)
1 Nov 1932 - 18 May 1933 Konstantin P�ts (4th time) (s.a.)
18 May 1933 - 21 Oct 1933 Jaan T�nisson (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Oct 1933 - 23 Jul 1940 Konstantin P�ts (5th time) (s.a.)
(acting 24 Jan 1934 - 3 Sep 1937; state protector
[riigihoidja] 3 Sep 1937 - 24 Apr 1938;
president from 24 Apr 1938)
23 Jul 1940 - 25 Aug 1940 Johannes Vares "Barbarus" (b. 1890 - d. 1946)
(acting president)
Chairman of the Supreme Council
29 Mar 1990 - 6 Oct 1992 Arnold R��tel (b. 1928)
Presidents
6 Oct 1992 - 8 Oct 2001 Lennart Meri (b. 1929 - d. 2006)
8 Oct 2001 - 9 Oct 2006 Arnold R��tel (s.a.)
9 Oct 2006 - Toomas Hendrik Ilves (b. 1953)
Prime ministers
24 Feb 1918 - 9 May 1919 Konstantin P�ts (1st time) (s.a.)
(chairman Council of Ministers to 12 Nov 1918)
9 May 1919 - 18 Nov 1919 Otto Strandman (s.a.)
18 Nov 1919 - 28 Jul 1920 Jaan T�nisson (1st time) (s.a.)
28 Jul 1920 - 30 Jul 1920 Ado Birk (b. 1883 - d. 1942)
30 Jul 1920 - 26 Oct 1920 Jaan T�nisson (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Oct 1920 - 21 Dec 1920 Ants Piip (s.a.)
24 Jan 1934 - 3 Sep 1937 Konstantin P�ts (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 May 1938 - 12 Oct 1939 Kaarel Eenpalu (= Einbund) (s.a.)
12 Oct 1939 - 21 Jun 1940 J�ri Uluots (b. 1890 - d. 1945)
21 Jun 1940 - 25 Aug 1940 Johannes Vares "Barbarus" (s.a.)
3 Apr 1990 - 30 Jan 1992 Edgar Savisaar (b. 1950)
30 Jan 1992 - 21 Oct 1992 Tiit V�hi (1st time) (b. 1947)
21 Oct 1992 - 8 Nov 1994 Mart Laar (1st time) (b. 1960)
8 Nov 1994 - 17 Apr 1995 Andres Tarand (b. 1940)
17 Apr 1995 - 17 Mar 1997 Tiit V�hi (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Mar 1997 - 25 Mar 1999 Mart Siimann (b. 1946)
25 Mar 1999 - 28 Jan 2002 Mart Laar (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Jan 2002 - 10 Apr 2003 Siim Kallas (b. 1948)
10 Apr 2003 - 13 Apr 2005 Juhan Parts (b. 1966)
13 Apr 2005 - Andrus Ansip (b. 1956)
Prime ministers acting as presidents
21 Jun 1940 - 9 Jan 1945 J�ri Uluots (s.a.)
(from 22 Sep 1944 in Stockholm, Sweden)
9 Jan 1945 - 29 Mar 1963 August Rei (s.a.)
(in Stockholm, Sweden; from 12 Jan 1953 in Oslo, Norway;
then in Lund, Sweden; from 1 Jan 1962 in Stockholm)
29 Mar 1963 - 23 Dec 1970 Aleksander Warma (b. 1890 - d. 1970)
23 Dec 1970 - 1 Mar 1990 T�nis Kint (b. 1896 - d. 1991)
1 Mar 1990 - 8 Oct 1992 Heinrich Mark (b. 1911 - d. 2004)
15 Sep 1992�- 28 Nov 2003 Mihkel Mathiesen (b. 1918 - d. 2003)
28 Nov 2003 - Kalev Ots (b. 1949)
Acting prime ministers
21 Jun 1940 - 15 Jun 1942 August J�rima (b. 1887 - d. 1942)
21 Apr 1944 - 18 Sep 1944 Alfred Maurer (b. 1888 - d. 1954)
18 Sep 1944 - 12 Jan 1953 Otto Tief (b. 1889 - d. 1976)
(Soviet captive from Oct 1944)
12 Jan 1953 - 22 Aug 1960 Johannes Sikkar (b. 1897 - d. 1960)
1 Jan 1962 - 29 Mar 1963 Aleksander Warma (s.a.)
1 Mar 1964 - 23 Dec 1970 T�nis Kint (s.a.)
8 May 1971 - 1 Mar 1990 Heinrich Mark (s.a.)
20 Jun 1990 - 7 Oct 1992 Enno Penno (b. 1930)
15 Sep 1992�- 28 Nov 2003 Kalev Ots (s.a.)
7 Dec 2003 - Ahti M�nd (b. 1958)
�The government set up on 15 Sep 1992 declared its intent to "continue to preserve constitutional continuity until the actual end of the occupation," referring to the large number of Russians living in Estonia. The previous exile government gave its mandates to the government in Tallinn.
... Empire of Ethiopia
3 Oct 1935 Italian invasion
9 May 1936 annexed by Italy
1 Jun 1936 Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia are united into Italian East
Africa and reorganized as a federation of six provinces:
Eritrea (formed by the merger of the former colony of Eritrea
and the Ethiopian region of Tigre), Somalia (formed by the
merger of the former colony of Somalia and the Ethiopian
region of Ogaden), Addis Ababa (capital region of Ethiopia),
Amhara, Harar, and Galla-Sidama (parts of Ethiopia)
1 Jan 1939 Addis Ababa and parts of the provinces of Amhara and
Galla-Sidama are united into the new province of Showa
5 May 1941 Addis Ababa liberated by Allies
27 Nov 1941 last Italian administrators surrender
12 Sep 1974 Ethiopia (semi-officially Socialist Ethiopia)
21 Mar 1975 monarchy abolished
10 Sep 1987 People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
27 May 1991 Ethiopia
22 Aug 1995 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Emperors/Empresses�
- Solomonic dynasty -
19 Jul 1682 - 13 Oct 1706 Iyasu I Yohannes (b. 1662 - d. 1706)
1685 Yeshaq Iyasu? (in opposition)
13 Oct 1706 - 30 Jun 1708 Tekle Haymanot I Iyasu (b. 16... - d. 1708)
(in opposition from 27 Mar 1706)
Sep 1707 Amda Seyon (in opposition)
30 Jun 1708 - 1 Jul 1708 Na'od II Tekle Haymanot (b. 1704 - d. 1722)
1 Jul 1708 - 14 Oct 1711 Tewoflos Yohannes (b. 16... - d. 1711)
1709 - Jul 1710 Nebahne Yohannes (in opposition)
14 Oct 1711 - 19 Feb 1716 Yostos Delba Iyasus (b. 16... - d. 1716)
[from a different lineage]
19 Feb 1716 - 18 May 1721 Dawit III Iyasu (b. 1695 - d. 1721)
(in opposition from 8 Feb 1716)
18 May 1721 - 21 May 1721 Walda Giyorgis Iyasu
21 May 1721 - 19 Sep 1730 Asma Giyorgis Iyasu (b. 1694 - d. 1730)
19 Sep 1730 - 26 Jun 1755 Iyasu II Asma Giyorgis (b. 1723 - d. 1755)
1736 - 1737 Hezqeyas (in opposition)
26 Jun 1755 - 7 May 1769 Iyoas I Iyasu (b. 174... - d. 1769)
7 May 1769 - 18 Oct 1769 Yohannes II Iyasu (b. 1699 - d. 1769)
18 Oct 1769 - Jun 1770 Tekle Haymanot II Yohannes
(1st time) (b. 1754 - d. 1777)
Jun 1770 - Dec 1770 Susenyos II Iyasu?
Dec 1770 - 13 Apr 1777 Tekle Haymanot II Yohannes
(2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Apr 1777 - 20 Jul 1779 Salomon II Adigo
20 Jul 1779 - 8 Feb 1784 Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
(1st time) (b. 1755 - d. 1817)
16 Feb 1784 - 24 Apr 1788 Iyasu III Azequ (b. ... - d. 1788)
1787 - 1788 Iyasu (in opposition)
1787 - 1788 Be'ede Mariam (in opposition)
Feb 1788 - 1789 Tekle Haymanot (in opposition)
24 Apr 1788 - 26 Jul 1789 Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
(2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Jul 1789 - Jan 1794 Hezqeyas Iyasu (b. 17... - d. 1816)
Jan 1794 - 15 Apr 1795 Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
(3rd time) (s.a.)
15 Apr 1795 - Dec 1795 Be'ede Mariam III Salomon
Dec 1795 - 20 May 1796 Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
(4th time) (s.a.)
20 May 1796 - 15 Jul 1797 Salomon III Tekle Haymanot
(1st time)
18 Aug 1797 - 4 Jan 1798 Yonas Letezum (b. 1766 - d. 1832)
4 Jan 1798 - 20 May 1799 Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
(5th time) (s.a.)
20 May 1799 - 1799 Salomon III Tekle Haymanot
(2nd time)
1799 - 24 Mar 1800 Demetros Arqedewos (1st time) (b. 17... - d. 1803)
24 Mar 1800 - Jun 1800 Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
(6th time) (s.a.)
Jun 1800 - Jun 1801 Demetros Arqedewos (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1801 - 3 Jun 1818 Egwale Seyon Hezqeyas (b. ... - d. 1818)
19 Jun 1818 - 3 Jun 1821 Iyoas II Hezqeyas (b. ... - d. 1821)
1821 - Apr 1826 Gigar Iyasu (1st time) (b. 1745 - d. 1831)
Apr 1826 Be'ede Mariam IV
Apr 1826 - 18 Jun 1830 Gigar Iyasu (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Jun 1830 - 18 Mar 1832 Iyasu IV Salomon
18 Mar 1832 - 1832 Gebre Krestos Gebre Mesay
(1st time) (b. ... - d. 1832)
1832 Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
(1st time) (b. c.1778 - d. 18...)
1832 - 8 Jun 1832 Gebre Krestos Gebre Mesay
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Oct 1832 - 29 Aug 1840 Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1832 Egwale Anbesa (in rebellion)
30 Aug 1840 - Oct 1841 Yohannes III Tekle Giyorgis
(1st time) (b. 1797 - d. af.1868)
Oct 1841 - 1845 Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1845 Yohannes III Tekle Giyorgis
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1845 - 1850 Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
(4th time) (s.a.)
1850 - 1851 Yohannes III Tekle Giyorgis
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1851 - Feb 1855 Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
(5th time) (s.a.)
1851 - 29 Jun 1853 Ali Alula (usurper) (b. c.1819 - d. 1853)
Jul 1853 - 9 Feb 1855 Webe Haile Mariam (usurper)
- Tewodros dynasty -
9 Feb 1855 - 13 Apr 1868 Tewodros II (b. c.1818 - d. 1868)
- Zagwe dynasty -
11 Jun 1868 - 11 Jul 1871 Tekle Giyorgis II (b. c.1836 - d. 1872)
1868 - 15 Nov 1868 Menelik II (in rebellion) (b. 1844 - d. 1913)
- Tigray dynasty -
11 Jul 1871 - 9 Mar 1889 Yohannes IV (b. 1837 - d. 1889)
- Solomonic dynasty -
9 Mar 1889 - 12 Dec 1913 Menelik II (s.a.)
1910 Etege T'aytu Bet'ul (f) (regent) (b. 1853 - d. 1918)
1910 - 11 Apr 1911 Ras Tesemma (regent) (b. ... - d. 1911)
1912 - 1913 Lij Iyasu (regent) (b. 1898 - d. 1935)
12 Dec 1913 - 27 Sep 1916 Iyasu V (s.a.)
27 Sep 1916 - 2 Apr 1930 Zauditu (f) (b. 1876 - d. 1930)
27 Sep 1916 - 2 Apr 1930 Ras Tafari Makonnen (regent) (b. 1892 - d. 1975)
3 Apr 1930 - 12 Sep 1974 Haile Selassie
(= Ras Tafari Makonnen) (s.a.)
(2 May 1936 - 5 May 1941 in exile)
1 May 1936 - 17 Dec 1936 Ras Imru (regent) (b. 1892 - d. 1980)
12 Sep 1974 - 21 Mar 1975 Asfa Wossen (b. 1916 - d. 1997)
(designated emperor, does not take office)
Chairmen of the Provisional Military Administrative Council
12 Sep 1974 - 17 Nov 1974 Aman Mikael Andom (b. 1924 - d. 1974)
17 Nov 1974 - 28 Nov 1974 Mengistu Haile Mariam (1st time) (b. 1937)
28 Nov 1974 - 3 Feb 1977 Tafari Benti (b. 1921 - d. 1977)
11 Feb 1977 - 10 Sep 1987 Mengistu Haile Mariam (2nd time) (s.a.)
Presidents
10 Sep 1987 - 21 May 1991 Mengistu Haile Mariam (s.a.)
21 May 1991 - 28 May 1991 Tesfaye Gebre Kidan (acting) (b. 1935 - d. 2004)
28 May 1991 - 22 Aug 1995 Meles Zenawi (interim) (b. 1955)
22 Aug 1995 - 8 Oct 2001 Negasso Gidada (b. 1943)
8 Oct 2001 - Girma Wolde-Giorgis (b. 1924)
Prime ministers
1942 - 1 Nov 1957 Makonnen Endalkachew (b. 1890 - d. 1963)
27 Nov 1957 - 15 Dec 1960 Abebe Aragai (b. 1903 - d. 1960)
17 Apr 1961 - 1 Mar 1974 Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold (b. 1912 - d. 1974)
1 Mar 1974 - 22 Jul 1974 Endalkachew Makonnen (b. 1927 - d. 1974)
3 Aug 1974 - 12 Sep 1974 Mikael Imru (b. 1929 - d. 2008)
10 Sep 1987 - 8 Nov 1989 Fikre Selassie Wogderess
8 Nov 1989 - 26 Apr 1991 Hailu Yimenu (acting) (b. 19... - d. 1991)
26 Apr 1991 - 6 Jun 1991 Tesfaye Dinka (acting)
6 Jun 1991 - 22 Aug 1995 Tamrat Layne (b. 1955)
(acting to 29 Jul 1991)
23 Aug 1995 - Meles Zenawi (s.a.)
�Official style: Moa Anbesa ze Emnegede Yehuda, N.N., Seyume Egziebher, Neguse/Negeste Negest za Ityopya ("Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, N.N., Elect of God, King/Queen of Kings of Ethiopia").
1839 Kingdom of Shewa
1856 - 1859 annexed by Ethiopia
1860 - 1864 annexed by Ethiopia
1889 incorporated into Ethiopia
Ruling princes
- Solomonic dynasty -
1682 - 1703 Negasi Krestos Lebsa Qal (b. ... - d. 1703)
1703 - 6 Mar 1719 Sebestyanos Negasi Krestos (b. ... - d. 1719)
6 Mar 1719 - 23 Feb 1744 Qedami Qal Sebestyanos (b. ... - d. 1744)
23 Feb 1744 - 6 Feb 1775 Amha Iyasus Qedami Qal (b. ... - d. 1775)
6 Feb 1775 - 30 Jul 1807 Tewodros Amha Iyasus (b. ... - d. 1807)
Kings (styled Ras to 1839)
30 Jul 1807 - 7 Jun 1813 Welde Giyorgis Tewodros (b. ... - d. 1813)
7 Jun 1813 - 12 Oct 1847 Sahle Selassie (b. c.1795 - d. 1847)
12 Oct 1847 - 9 Nov 1855 Haile Melekot (b. 1825 - d. 1855)
9 Nov 1855 - 1856 Sahle Mariam (1st time) (s.a.)
(= Menelik II of Ethiopia)
Ruling princes
1856 - 1859 Haile Mikael Sahle Selassie (b. c.1827 - d. 1884)
1859 Bezabeh (1st time) (usurper)
1859 - 1860 Seyfu Sahle Selassie (b. 1828 - d. 1860)
1860 - 1865 Bezabeh (2nd time) (usurper)
King
Aug 1865 - 1889 Sahle Mariam (2nd time) (s.a.)
Viceroys and governors-general (representing Italian king Vittorio Emanuele III
who holds the title of Emperor of Ethiopia 9 May 1936 - 3 Sep 1943)
9 May 1936 - 11 Jun 1936 Pietro Badoglio, duca di
Addis Ababa (b. 1871 - d. 1956)
11 Jun 1936 - 21 Dec 1937 Rodolfo Graziani, marchese di
Neghelli (b. 1882 - d. 1955)
21 Dec 1937 - 19 May 1941 Prince Amedeo di Savoia, duca
d'Aosta (b. 1898 - d. 1942)
23 May 1941 - 6 Jul 1941 Pietro Gazzera (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1953)
6 Jul 1941 - 27 Nov 1941 Guglielmo Nasi (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1971)
Governors 5 May 1936 - 27 May 1936 Giuseppe Bottai (b. 1895 - d. 1959) 1 Jun 1936 - 23 Sep 1938 Alfredo Siniscalchi 23 Sep 1938 - 1 Jan 1939 Francesco Camero Medici
Governors 1 Jun 1936 - 15 Dec 1937 Alessandro Pirzio Biroli (b. 1877 - d. 1962) 15 Dec 1937 - 1 Jan 1939 Ottorino Mezzetti (b. 1877 - d. 19...) 1 Jan 1939 - 19 May 1941 Luigi Frusci (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1949) 19 May 1941 - 27 Nov 1941 Guglielmo Nasi (acting) (s.a.)
Governors 1 Jun 1936 - 9 Jul 1938 Carlo Geloso (b. 1879 - d. 1957) 10 Jul 1938 - 12 Aug 1938 Armando Felsani 12 Aug 1938 - 6 Jul 1941 Pietro Gazzera (s.a.)
Governors 1 Jun 1936 - 5 May 1939 Guglielmo Nasi (1st time) (s.a.) 5 May 1939 - 11 Jun 1940 Enrico Cerulli (b. 1898 - d. 1988) 11 Jun 1940 - 4 Feb 1941 Guglielmo Nasi (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 4 Feb 1941 - 9 Mar 1941 Pompeo Gorini (acting) 10 Mar 1941 - 24 Apr 1941 Carlo De Simone (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 19...)
Governors 1 Jan 1939 - 5 May 1939 Enrico Cerulli (s.a.) 5 May 1939 - 2 Jun 1940 Guglielmo Nasi (s.a.) 2 Jun 1940 - 3 Apr 1941 Giuseppe Daodice 3 Apr 1941 - 6 Apr 1941 Agenore Frangipani (acting)