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Radical View of Freedom |
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of Rights |
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GENERAL INDEX TO:
THE BILL OF RIGHTS
and Amendments
PREAMBLE: Limiting the federal
government: An expressed desire to prevent abuse of federal
powers!
ARTICLES --
COMMON LAW
I. Religious freedom, both to an
establishment as well as the free exercise thereof; freedom of
speech, press; right of petition.
II. Right to bear arms.
III. Quartering of soldiers.
IV. The right to privacy and
security against unreasonable search and seizures; search
warrants.
V. Grand Jury, double jeopardy,
no one must witness against himself, no loss of life, liberty or
property without due process.
VI. Speedy and public trials,
impartial jury; nature and cause, right to confront; compulsory
witnesses, assistance of Counsel -- note, does not say attorney.
VII. Right to trial by jury
according to the rules of common law -- Ten Commandments are the
foundation of Common Law.
VIII. Excessive bail, fines,
punishment etc. prohibited. IX. Rights beyond Bill of Rights
belong to the people.
AMENDMENTS -- EQUITY LAW
X. Undelegated powers belong to
the people unless given by the people to the states. Articles I-X
were proposed Sept. 25, 1789, ratified Dec. 15, 1791.
XI. Restriction of judicial
powers, proposed Mar. 5, 1794, adopted Jan. 8, 1798.
XII. Manner of electing the
president and vice president, proposed Dec. 12, 1803, adopted
Sept. 25, 1904.
XIII. Slavery and involuntary
servitude prohibited, took effect* Dec. 18, 1865.
XIV. Citizenship and status
defined, privilege of 2nd, 3rd, or whatever status of citizenship
one selects for oneself, as opposed to Freeholder with full
sovereign rights; apportionment of representatives; who is
prohibited from holding office; public debt. Caution: There is
serious doubt as to the legality of this amendment because of the
manner of ratification which was highly suspect. At least 10
States were held by force of arms until the proper authorities
agreed to vote for this amendment. An excellent overview of this
was written by the Utah Supreme Court -- 439 Pacific Reporter 2d
Series pp 266-276, and for a more detailed account of how the 14th
amendment was forced upon the Nation see articles in 11 S.C. L. Q.
484 and 28 Tul. L. Rev. 22., took effect July 28, 1868.
XV. Non Freeholders given right
to vote, took effect Mar. 30, 1870. XVI. Income tax, took effect
Feb. 25, 1913, possibly only four states ratified it properly.
XVII. Direct elections of
senators; electors; vacancies in the senate, took effect May 31,
1913. This moved us from a complex Republic to a simple Republic
much like the style of government of the Soviet Union. State
rights were lost and we were plunged headlong into a democracy of
which our forefathers warned was the vilest form of government
because it always ends in oppression.
XVIII. Prohibition of liquor
traffic, took effect Jan. 29, 1920. XIX. Voting for women, took
effect Aug. 27, 1920.
XX. Terms of the president, vice
president, senators and representatives; date of assembling of
congress, vacancies of the president, power of congress in
presidential succession, took effect Feb. 6, 1933.
XXI. Eighteenth Article repealed;
took effect Dec. 5, 1933.
XXII. Limits of the presidential
term, took effect mar. 1, 1951.
XXIII. Electors for the District
of Columbia, took effect April 3, 1961.
XXIV. Failure to pay any tax does
not deny one the right to vote, took effect Feb. 4, 1964.
XXV. Filling the office of the
president or vice president during a vacancy, took effect Feb. 23,
1967.
XXVI. Right to vote at 18, took
effect July 5, 1971.
* Took effect is used as there is
a great deal of suspicion as to the nature of these amendments
(common law vs equity), also whether the last 16 amendments are
legal, how many were ratified correctly, do they create a federal
constitution in opposition to the original, etc. For further
studies a good place to begin is with the article by the Utah
Supreme Court on the 14th amendment, 439 Pacific Reporter 2d
Series, pp 266-276, and Senate Doc. 240. |
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The BILL OF
RIGHTS |
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As provided in the
FIRST TEN AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
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Effective December 15, 1791 |
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Preamble to the bill of rights
of the Constitution of the United States of America |
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Conventions of a number of
States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution,
expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse
of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses
should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence
in the Government, will but ensure the beneficent ends of its
institution |
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RESOLVED ...the following
articles be ... part of the said Constitution; |
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NOTE: THIS PREAMBLE IS NOT
OFFICIALLY A PART OF THE CONSTITUTION |
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ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND
AMENDMENT OF, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE
SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL
CONSTITUTION |
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AMENDMENT I
(1791) |
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Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or the
press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to
petition the Government for a redress of grievances. |
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AMENDMENT II
(1791) |
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A well regulated militia, being
necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people
to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. |
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AMENDMENT III
(1791) |
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No soldier shall, in time of
peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner,
nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. |
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AMENDMENT IV
(1791) |
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The right of the people to be
secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no
warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath
or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be
searched, and the persons or things to be seized. |
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AMENDMENT V
(1791) |
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No
person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise
infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand
Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in
the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public
danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be
twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in
any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived
of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor
shall private property be taken for public use, without just
compensation. |
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AMENDMENT VI
(1791) |
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In all criminal prosecutions, the
accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an
impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall
have been committed, which district shall have been previously
ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of
the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him;
to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor,
and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense. |
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AMENDMENT VII
(1791) |
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In suits at common law, where the
value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of
trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury,
shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States,
than according to the rules of the common law. |
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AMENDMENT VIII
(1791) |
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Excessive
bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel
and unusual punishments inflicted. |
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AMENDMENT IX
(1791) |
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The enumeration in the
Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or
disparage others retained by the people. |
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AMENDMENT X
(1791) |
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The powers not delegated to the
United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the
States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. |
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AMENDMENT XI
(1795) |
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The judicial power of the United
States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or
equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States
by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any
Foreign State. |
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AMENDMENT XII
(1804) |
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The Electors shall meet in their
respective states and vote by ballot for President and
Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant
of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their
ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots
the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make
distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all
persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes
for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit
sealed to the seat of the government of the United States,
directed to the President of the Senate; - The President of the
Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of
Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall
then be counted; - The person having the greatest number of votes
for President, shall be the President, if such number be a
majority of the whole number of the Electors appointed; and if no
person have such a majority, then from the persons having the
highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for
as President, the House of Representatives shall choose
immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the
President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation
from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall
consist of a member or members from two- thirds of the states, and
a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. [And
if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the
fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall
act as President, as in the case of the death or other
constitutional disability of the President. -] The person having
the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the
Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number
of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from
the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the
Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of
two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the
whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person
constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be
eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. |
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AMENDMENT
XIII (1865) |
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SECTION 1.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment
for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall
exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
jurisdiction.
SECTION 2.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation. |
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AMENDMENT XIV
(1868) laws. |
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SECTION 1.
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject
to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and
the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any
law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens
of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of
life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny
to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the
SECTION 2.
Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number
of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when
the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for
President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives
in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State or the
members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male
inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and
citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for
participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of
representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which
the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of
male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
SECTION 3.
No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or
elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil
or military, under the United States, or under any State, who,
having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an
officer of the United States, or as a member of any State
legislature, or as an executive or Judicial officer of any State,
to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have
engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given
aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote
of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability
SECTION 4.
The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized
by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and
bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion,
shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any
State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid
of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any
claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such
debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
SECTION 5.
The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate
legislation, the provisions of this article. |
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AMENDMENT XV
(1870) |
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SECTION 1.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account
of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. |
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SECTION 2.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation. |
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AMENDMENT XVI
(1913) |
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The Congress shall have power to
lay and collect taxes on income, from whatever source derived,
without apportionment among the several States, and without regard
to any census or enumeration. |
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AMENDMENT XVII
(1913) |
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The Senate of the United States
shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the
people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one
vote. The electors in each state shall have the qualifications
requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State
legislatures. When vacancies happen in the representation of any
State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall
issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provide, That the
legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make
temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by
election as the legislature may direct. This amendment shall not
be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator
chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. |
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AMENDMENT XVIII
(1919) |
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SECTION 1.
After one year from the ratification of this article the
manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors
within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof
from the United States and all territory subject to the
jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
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SECTION 2.
The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power
to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. |
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SECTION 3.
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been
ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures
of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within
seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States
by the Congress. |
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AMENDMENT XIX
(1920) legislation. |
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The right of citizens of the
United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall
have power to enforce this article by appropriate |
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AMENDMENT XX
(1933) |
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SECTION 1.
The terms of the President and Vice-President shall end at noon
on the 20th day of January, and the terms of senators and
Representatives at noon on the 3rd day of January, of the years in
which such terms would have ended if this article had not been
ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin. |
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SECTION 2.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such
meeting shall begin at noon on the 3rd day of January, unless they
shall by law appoint a different day. |
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SECTION 3.
If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the
President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice-President
elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been
chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if
the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the
Vice-President elect shall act as President until a President
shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the
case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice-President elect
shall have qualified, declaring who then shall then act as
President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be
selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President
or Vice-President shall have qualified. |
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SECTION 4.
The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any
of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a
President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon
them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from
whom the Senate may choose a Vice-President whenever the right of
choice shall have devolved upon them. |
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SECTION 5.
Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October
following the ratification of this article. |
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SECTION 6.
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been
ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures
of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the
date of its submission. |
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AMENDMENT XXI
(1933) |
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SECTION 1.
The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the
United States is hereby repealed. |
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SECTION 2.
The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or
possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of
intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby
prohibited. |
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SECTION 3.
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been
ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the
several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven
years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the
Congress. |
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AMENDMENT XXII
(1951) |
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SECTION 1. No person shall be
elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no
person who has held the office of President, or acted as
President, for more than two years of a term to which some other
person was elected President shall be elected to the office of
President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any
person holding the office of President when this article was
proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may
be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during
the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding
the office of President or acting as President during the
remainder of such term. |
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SECTION 2.
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been
ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures
of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the
date of its submission to the States by the Congress. |
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AMENDMENT XXIII
(1961) |
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SECTION 1.
The District constituting the seat of government of the United
States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct: A
number of electors of President and Vice-President equal to the
whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which
the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event
more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to
those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for
the purposes of the election of President and Vice-President, to
be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the
District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth
article of amendment. |
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SECTION 2.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this amendment by
appropriate legislation. |
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AMENDMENT XXIV
(1964) |
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SECTION 1.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary
or other election for President or Vice-President, or for Senator
or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by
the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any
poll tax or other tax. |
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SECTION 2.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this amendment by
appropriate legislation. |
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AMENDMENT XXV
(1967) |
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SECTION 1.
In case of the removal of the President from office or of his
death or resignation, the Vice-President shall become President.
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SECTION 2.
Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice- President,
the President shall nominate a Vice-President who shall take
office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of
Congress. |
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SECTION 3.
Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of
the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his
written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and
duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written
declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be
discharged by the Vice-President as acting President. |
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SECTION 4.
Whenever the Vice-President and a majority of either the
principal officers of the executive departments or of such other
body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro
tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives their written declaration that the President is
unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the
Vice-President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of
the office as Acting President. |
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Thereafter, when the President
transmits to the President pro tempore of the senate and the
Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration
that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of
his office unless the Vice-President and a majority of either the
principal officers of the executive department or of such other
body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to
the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the
House of Representatives their written declaration that the
President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his
office. Thereupon, Congress shall decide the issue, assembling
within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If
the Congress, within twenty-one days after the receipt of the
latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session,
within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble,
determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is
unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the
Vice-President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting
President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and
duties of his office. |
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AMENDMENT XXVI
(1971) |
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SECTION 1. The right of citizens
of the United States, who are (18) eighteen years of age or older,
to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by
any State on account of age.
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SECTION 2. The Congress shall
have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
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"The poorest man may, in his
cottage, bid defiance to all the forces of the Crown. It may be
frail, its roof may shake; the wind may blow through it; the storm
may enter; the rain may enter; but the King of England may not
enter; all his force dares not cross the threshhold of the ruined
tenement." This neglected warning, was sounded by William
Pitt before the British House of Commons addressing the need for
PRIVACY -- the protection of LIFE, LIBERTY and HAPPINESS. Will it
go unheeded? |
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