SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)
A SWOT analysis helps find the best match between environmental
trends (opportunities and threats) and internal capabilities.
- A strength is a resource or capacity the organisation
can use effectively to achieve its objectives.
- A weakness is a limitation, fault, or defect in the
organisation that will keep it from achieving its objectives.
- An opportunity is any favourable situation in the
organisation's environment. It is usually a trend or change of
some kind or an overlooked need that increases demand for a product
or service and permits the firm to enhance its position by supplying
it.
- A threat is any unfavourable situation in the organisation's
environment that is potentially damaging to its strategy. The
threat may be a barrier, a constraint, or anything external that
might cause problems, damage or injury.
In general, an effective strategy is one that takes advantage
of the organisation's opportunities by employing its strengths
and wards off threats by avoiding them or by correcting or compensating
for weaknesses.
The first part of any SWOT analysis is to collect a set of
key facts about the organisation and its environment. This will
include facts about the organisation's markets, competition,
financial resources, facilities, employees, inventories, marketing
and distribution system, R&D;, management, environmental setting
(e.g. Technological, political, social, and economic trends),
history and reputation.
The second part of a SWOT analysis is to evaluate data to
determine whether they constitute strengths, weaknesses, opportunities
or threats for the organisation. This may be done independently
by the individuals in a group, results being compared afterwards.
It is important to note that any given fact may give rise to
more than one evaluation, and so to ask - " How may this
fact be considered as an opportunity as well as a threat?";
"How may this apparent strength turn out to be a weakness?";
"How does this weakness really represent a strength?"
The answers to these and similar questions may give managers
new insights into choosing appropriate strategies.
Reference
- Rowe, Mason, Dickel, Mann, Mockler; "Strategic Management:
a methodological approach". 4th Edition, 1994. Addison-Wesley.
Reading Mass.
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