BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

"Dr. Harry Klinefelter, discovered between 1942-1949 that certain
types of men seemed to have certain types of physical problems.
The men were taller than average (at least 6 feet tall), had
'hypo-gonads' (smaller than usual) and were sterile (unable to
impregnate women). It wasn't until 1959 that a blood test known as a
KARYO-TYPE was developed that could detect Klinefelters
Syndrome.

1. MAN, WOMAN & BOY, GIRL by Drs. John Money & Anke
Erhardt, Johns-Hopkins University Press, 1978.
2. http://www.nih.nlm.gov/
3. http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~nzkline/scs002.htm

    Way back in 1942 a Dr Albright at the Massachusetts
    General Hospital in Boston U.S.A, had a Dr Harry
    Klinefelter gather together the case notes of 9 men who
    were tall, around about 6 feet, had little to no facial and
    body hair, had gynecomastia (breast development) were
    infertile and had extremely small testes, and a rather
    "pear shaped" body in the sort of fashion a woman might

    have. Dr Klinefelter was either the most junior Dr
    present or near to being the most junior. Dr
    Albright was the leader of the team and allowed Dr
    Klinefelter's name to be first on the report
    they and others published about these physical features
    of a disease that had no other name, so as
    with tradition the symptoms became known as
    "Klinefelter's Syndrome", after the surname of the
    first person whose name appeared on the report.

Excerpt from "XYY Males, an Orientation" by Johannes
Nielsen

    "Since 1960 geneticists have given new names to
    chromosome aberrations from the chromosome
    constitution
    and not as previously from the name of the person who
    first described the chromosome aberration."

4. http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~nzkline/robinson.htm
    1995 Scientific Report
    Arthur Robinson, M.D.
    HUMAN GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS
    Mary Linden, M.S.
    Research Associate

The Denver Study of individuals with sex chromosome
abnormalities (SCA) was the first to screen a large number of
consecutive newborns for SCA and to follow them prospectively.
Now in its 31st year of NIH funding, this study continues to
document the developmental prognosis of individuals with SCA

Histology
http://www.anatomy.uq.edu.au/histology/

Cytogenetics
http://www.selu.com/bio/cyto/human/
http://www.selu.com/bio/cyto/human/HSA550.gif

http://www.pathology.washington.edu/Cytogallery/
Table of karyotypes and spreads (normal humans)
http://www.pathology.washington.edu/Cytogallery/Index_links/kline.html

Department of Pathology Univ. Wash. Genome Machine
http://www.pathology.washington.edu/cytopages/GM/

Later, another test known as a BASAL SMEAR could detect the
presence of two X (XX) chromatins. As told to me by a
Endocrinologist at USC-LAC in Sept. of 1977, when I was being
tested. A Kariotype at UCLA Cytogenetic Lab in 1994 results were
XXY/XX (90%/10%)

http://www.anatomy.uq.edu.au/histology/contents/oral1/index.html
The buccal mucosa is a lining type of oral mucosa.

It was used by the Olympics Commitee to determine if a female was
indeed a female. (in the days when the eastern bloc countries pumped
male hormones into their female athletes to have an unfair advantage
over the other females representing other countries in the Olympics..
It is still used today to do a quick test (90 minutes) to determine if the
contestant is genetically female or male.
Athletes are still tested to determine if they are using drugs. One
thing athelets have done to enahnce their performance is to donate a
pint of blood to a blood bank, then on a regimine of 300 mg daily
IRON and 12 ounces of Orange Juice, three times daily (the Vitamin
C in the orange juice binds to the iron in ferrous sulfate) the body can
increase the hematocrit by 8 points per day, creating a pint of blood
in less than 3 weeks. So a few days before the olympics, the athlete
has that store pint put back into him/her...A blood test known as a
hematocrit can detect the percentage of blood cells in the blood
stream.

Normal males range is 42-47 to a high of 52. Anything over 54-57 is
suspect. Females hematocrit range from 35 to 42 with a high of 47.
Anything over 52-55 would be suspect.
A high hematocrit can be caused by either ChromosomaHematosis
or an autologous blood transfusion. At that level or above,
anticoagulants would be recomended to prevent blood clots within
the veins and arteries.

In 1988, I met some people in the blood donor room at Memroial
Medicakl Center of Long Beach, Calif.
They had 'ChromosomaHematosis' and the only treatment availabkle
was for them to have a pint of blood drawn every 4-6 weeks to keep
their hematocrit low enough to avoid the risk of intravenous blood
clots..
Those with Klinefelters Syndrome, in any genetic makeup (XXY,
XXXY,XXXXXY) and those with Klinefelters Syndrome who are
mosaic (XXY/XY or XXY/XX) can qualify as male AND female and
should be able to compete in either catagory.

Some of those with KS (Klinefelter Syndrome) may not have all
the male organs and some (even rarer) may even have some of the
female reproductive organs.

[ subjective knowledge, learned via kidney problems and cystoscopic
exam with retrograde pyelogram in 1973, in which both sets (male
and female) showed up on the xrays. Dr. Harold Schwartz (Marfans
Syndrome, discoverer), was the last person I know who had those
xrays.]

KS occurs at an estimated ratio of 1 per 500 to 1 per 1000 live
male births,where as hermaphroditism occurs at an estimated ratio of
1 per 2,000 live births. 96% of all KS males will be male. Roughly
4% may be mosaic (XXY/XY or (XXY/XX). Of thoat 4% group,
some might be intersexed. "

[Dr. Arturo Robinson from a double blind study done in Denver,
CO. A couple years ago. I learned of this thru the XXY listserv. To
join the group, you have to have XXY or a relative has to have
XXY.]

There is more KS information at these URLs:

http://www.2beornot2be.com/ks/ks.html
http://klinefeltersyndrome.org/index.html
http://www.globalwebsol.com/xxy/

E-MAIL LISTS TO TALK TO OTHERS:
Links on this URL: http://klinefeltersyndrome.org/index.html

    AAKSIS
    XXY+Adults Listserv
    XXY+Peds Listserv
    XXY List
    XXY Network Listserv
    XXYY Parent Network
    KS/XXY Variants for Parents only

    XXY-HB2 Listserv (For alternative lifestyles only)
    KlinefelterXXY (For XXY males 18 and over)
    XXY-NOY Listserv (For mothers of XXY's only)
    XXY-NOY2 Listserv (For moms and/or dads only)
    XXY-Wives Listserv (For wives and girlfriends of XXY's)
    XXYSIBS (For brothers and sisters of XXY's or variants)

Canadian XXY Listserv (For Canadian XXY's, parents and
families, only)

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH (NIMH):
http://klinefeltersyndrome.org/nimh.htm

Links on this URL: http://klinefeltersyndrome.org/index.html

ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS:

    AAKSIS (American Association for Klinefelter Syndrome
Information and Support)
    Australian Groups
    Canadian Klinefelter Syndrome Groups
    German Klinefelter Association
    Klinefelter Educational Support Team (KEST)
    Klinefelter Syndrome and Associates
    Klinefelter Syndrome Association - UK
    Klinefelter's Adult Group - UK for over 40 only
    Klinefelter Syndrome Club UK
    Swedish Klinefelter Association
    The Turner Center (Denmark)
    XXY Network

LINKS TO KLINEFELTER SYNDROME/XXY AND VARIANT
SITES:
Accesible from this URL:
http://klinefeltersyndrome.org/index.html

   A Parent's View of Klinefelter Syndrome
   Fred's Klinefelter Home Page
   Gente XXY & El Síndrome de Klinefelter
   Gynecomastia/Breast Reduction Surgery in Men
   John's XXY Website
   Klinefelter Syndrome and Me
   Keep Kids Healthy
   Renee's XXYY Website
   Steph's Klinefelter Website
   Understanding Klinefelter Syndrome
   XYY Syndrome Discussion Board
   What is XXY? (Vaughn's website)

Non-Klinefelter Syndrome Links
including other medical conditions
http://klinefeltersyndrome.org/otherlinks.htm

Acessible from this URL:
http://www.2beornot2be.com/ks/ks.html

Klinefelter Syndrome ADULTS. XXY+Adults Listserv
                          Klinefelter Syndrome KIDS XXY+Peds Listserv
                          Klinefelter Syndrome     XXY List
                          XXY Network Listserv,   XXYY Parent Network
                          Teen Network Listserv, Sex Chromosome
Anomaly
                          (For adults with an extra sex chromosome)
                      SCA_HBT Listserv,
                      (For homosexual, bisexual or transgendered only)

Accessible from this URL:
http://www.2beornot2be.com/ks/ks.html

Links on K.S. (Male)

                              Klinefelter Association, New Zealand
                              Klinefelters Syndrome Information-New Zealand
                              Klinfelter Syndrome, Meet The People
                             Klinefelter Syndrome & Associates
                             The above are male. occurence ratio 1/500 to
1/1000 per LIVE
                             MALE births.