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Historical Chronology |
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641 A.D. to 1789 A.D.
642-649: Pope Theodore I
644-656: Uthman Al-Ghani becomes 3rd Islamic Caliph, assassinated: Vast areas of North Africa, including Cyprus, Morocco, Tripoli and Tunisia, are brought under Islamic rule. Constantine, Byzantine Emperor, attacks Alexandria with a naval fleet of 6,000 men but is defeated by a Muslim naval force.
The expansion of Islam from 632 to 1000 AD
649-655: Pope St. Martin
655-668: Clothaire III rules France
655-657: Pope St. Eugene I
656-661: Abul-Hasan, Ali al-Murtadha becomes the 4th Islamic Caliph: fatally wounded by the poisoned sword of Ibn Muljam while engaged in prayers at the Mosque of Kufah (Iraq), died two days later, and was buried at al-Najaf (Iraq). During Ali's reign as Caliph, the once mighty Muslim army is mostly involved with solving internal clashes. The Muslim Ummah (community) is seriously divided, groupings develop and mutual trust and confidence are undermined.
657-672: Pope St. Vitalian
c660: Organ first used in church services
661-670: Abu Muhammad, Al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (born in 625), son of Ali, becomes the 2nd Imam of Shi'ah sect of Islam: poisoned in Medina by the order of Caliph Muawiyah
661-680: Muawiyah rules as Islamic Caliph and founds the Umayyad dynasty: Damascus becomes new Islamic capital; in 666 Muawiya tried to change the 'Point of Adoration' from Mecca to Damascus
668-674: Childeric II rules France
670-680: Abu Abdillah, Al-Husain Sayyid al-Shuhadaa (born in 626), son of Ali, becomes the 3rd Imam of Shi'ah sect of Islam: martyred with his sons (except one), relatives, and companions in Karbala (Iraq) by order of Caliph Yazid I. He and his elder brother, Al-Hasan, were sons of Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad.
672-676: Pope Aedodatus II
674-691: Thierry III rules France
676-678-681: Popes Donus and St. Agatho
679: Bulgar Khanate founded
680-683: Yazid I rules as Islamic Caliph and defeats Ali'Ss son Al-Husain and his followers at Kerbela on the 10th of October, 680 AD (19 years after Ali's death): religious holiday of Shi'ah (Shi'ites)
680-712/713: Abu Muhammad, Ali Zain al-Abideen (born in 659), son of al-Husain, became the 4th Imam of Shi'ah sect of Islam: poisoned in Medina by the order of Caliph Husham Ibn Abdul-Malik.
682-683/684-685: Popes St. Leo II and St. Benedict II
685-705: Caliph Husham Ibn Abdul-Malik rules as Islamic Caliph: builds the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem in 691 on site of the First and Second Temples
685-686-687-701: Popes John V, Conon, and St. Sergius I
691-695: Clovis III rules France
695-711: Childebert II rules France
700-1731: Mississippian Culture in North America flourishes
701-705: Pope John VI
705-715: Walid I rules as Islamic Caliph
705-707/708-715: Popes John VII, Sisinnius, and Constantine
710-782: Nara period in Japan: fusion of Buddhism and Shinto
711: Spain and Western India are conquered by the Muslims
711-716: Dagobert III rules France
713/714-733: Abu Ja'far, Muhammad al-Baqir (born in 677), son of Ali, became the 5th Imam of Shi'ah sect of Islam: poisoned by Ibrahim in Medina.
715-731: Pope St. Gregory II
716: St. Boniface leaves England on 1st mission to Frisia
716-721: Chilperic II rules France
721-737: Thierry IV rules France
725: Emperor Leo III forbids veneration of sacred images; "Beowulf", an Anglo-Saxon epic poem written
731-741: Pope St. Gregory III
732: Muslims defeated near Potiers, France by Frankish leader Charles Martel who prevents further Islamic encroachment into Western Europe
Frankish Empire
733-765: Abu Abdillah, Ja'far al-Sadiq (born in 702), son of Muhammad, became the 6th Imam of Shi'ah sect of Islam: poisoned in Medina by the order of Caliph al-Mansoor.
c738: Arab merchant colony established at Canton, China
740: Muslims establish colony at Kilwa in East Africa
741-752: Pope St. Zachary
743-751: Childeric III rules France
750: Islamic Umayyad dynasty, under Marwan II, falls to Abbasid dynasty: Baghdad is founded in 762 (By 800 it is the greatest city in the expanding Islamic world) and becomes the new capital of the Abbasid dynasty
750-754: Abu'l-Abbas rules as Islamic Caliph
c750-850: The Shari'ah, Islamic System Of Law, is developed.
751-768: Pepin I elected and annointed King of the Franks, establishing Carolingian line
751: Fall of Ravenna to Lombards marks downfall of Byzantine Empire in Italy
752-757: Popes Stephen II and Stephen III
754-775: Al-Mansoor rules as Islamic Caliph
755-798: Trisonog Detsen assumed power in Tibet. Like Songtsen Gampo, Trisong Detsen was a patron of Buddhism. He invited Indian pandits like Shantarakshita to Tibet, who together with Padmasambhava constructed Tibet's first monastery at Samye. Seven Tibetans were initiated into monkhood on an experimental basis. They were Tibet's first Buddhist monks, and a large number of Buddhist texts from India were translated into the Tibetan language.
756: Last member of Islamic Umayyad dynasty, Abdurrahman, founds Emirate of Cordoba in Spain
757-767-772: Popes St. Paul I and Stephen IV
763: Tibet's repeated battles with the Chinese increased tension between the two countries to the point where Trisong Detsen ordered 200,000 men to proceed from A-sha against China. After defeating the Chinese army stationed at the border, the victorious Tibetans proceeded to the Chinese capital, Ch'ang-an (present-day Xian in Shaanxi province) and Chinese emperor Tai-Tsung fled the capital
763-804: Chinese emperor Tai-Tsung ruled
765-799: Abul-Hasan al-Awwal, Musa al-Kadhim (born in 746), son of Ja'far, becomes the 7th Imam of Shi'ah sect of Islam: poisoned in the prison of Caliph Haroon al-Rashid in Baghdad and was buried at al-Kadhimiyyah, near Baghdad (Iraq).
768-814: Charlemagne rules France and Western Germany: crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 by pope Leo III (Holy Roman Empire lasts until 1806)
772-795: Pope Adrian I
779-821: St. Benedict of Aniane leads reform of Benedictine monastaries in France
783: Peace negotiations between Tibet and China took place resulting in the treaty of Ch'ing-shui, which established the boundary between the two coun-tries. In general, all lands in the Kokonor region west of T'ao-chou and the Tatu river were ceded to Tibet
786-809: Haroon al-Rashid rules as Islamic Caliph ("Tales of The Thousand and One Nights")
788: Morocco becomes independent under Idrisid dynasty
790: Tibetans were able to recapture the four garrison towns in Turkestan from which they bad been driven by the Chinese imperial forces in 694. The Tibetan army advanced westward to the Pamirs and even reached the Oxus River and a lake to the north of the Oxus River, Al-Tubbat, which means the 'little Tibetan lake'. A few years later, the Arabian Caliph, Haroon al-Rashid, aware that the Tibetans were becoming too powerful, allied himself with the Chinese in order to keep the Tibetans in check. Attacked by the allied forces of the Chinese and Arabs, the Tibetans succeeded in holding their own without substantial loss of territory, in spite of considerable defeats
794-1192: Heinan period in Japan
795-816: Pope St. Leo III
799: Tunisia becomes independent under Aghlabid dynasty
799-818: Abul-Hasan al-Thani, Ali al-Ridha (born in 765), son of Musa, becomes the 8th Imam of Shi'ah sect of Islam: poisoned in Mash'had (Khurasan, Iran) by the order of Caliph al-Ma'moon.
800-1432: The Angkor Kingdom emerges as the dominant empire in Southeast Asia, ruled by a succession of temple-building Khmer kings from their capital near present-day Siem Reap
806-841: Tri Ralpachen ruled Tibet: After coming to the throne, Ralpachen sent troops towards the Chinese border. Buddhists in Tibet and China sought mediation and finally both countries sent representatives to the border. A peace treaty was concluded in 821. The text of the treaty was inscribed on three pillars. One was erected outside the Chinese emperor's palace-gate in Ch'ang-an, (present-day Xian in Shaanxi province) in 821, another in front of the main gate of the Jokhang in Lhasa in 822, and the third on the boundary between the two countries at Gugu Meru in 823. At the time of swearing to uphold the terms of the treaty, religious ceremonies were performed, including the Buddhist ritual of invoking the Three Jewels and the sun, moon and stars as witnesses.
The treaty reaffirmed the boundaries established by the 783 treaty of Ch'ing-shui and restored the formal relationship of mutual respect and friendship. The stone pillar in Lhasa was erected in 822. The west face of the pillar bears an inscription of the treaty in both Tibetan and Chinese. The east side bears an edict summarising the state of Sino-Tibetan relations. The north side gives the names of the seventeen Tibetan officials who participated in making the treaty and the south side gives those of the eighteen Chinese officials.
The pillar in Lhasa still stands to this day. The treaty makes the solemn pledge: "Tibet and China shall guard the present border and the territory over which they each hold sway. All to the east of the present boundary is the domain of Great China. All to the west is totally the domain of Great Tibet...Tibetans shall be happy in the land of Tibet, Chinese shall be happy in the land of China."
813-833: Al-Ma'moon rules as Islamic Caliph: the 'golden age' of science and learning.
814-840: Louis the Pious rules most of Charlemagne's realm except for Acquitane, Alamania, and Bavaria
816-817-824-827: Popes Stephen V, St. Paschal I, and Eugene II
818-835: Abu Ja'far al-Thani, Muhammad al-Taqi al-Jawad (born in 811), son of Ali, becomes the 9th Imam of Shi'ah sect of Islam: poisoned by the order of Caliph Mu'tasim in Baghdad and was buried near his grandfather at al-Kazimiyyah.
825: The Muslim Aghlabids start the conquest of Sicily, Italy
827-844: Popes Valentine and Gregory IV
830-906: State of Moravia is established
835-868: Abul-Hasan al-Thalith, Ali al-Naqi al-Hadi (born in 827), son of Muhammad, becomes the 10th Imam of Shi'ah sect of Islam: poisoned in Samirra (Iraq) by the order of Mutawakkil.
840-877: Charles I, the Bald rules France
843: Council of Constantinople restores image veneration
844-847-855-858-867: Popes Sergius II, St. Leo IV, Benedict III, and St. Nicholas I, the Great
862: In Russia, the Principality of Novgorod is founded
864: In Russia, the Principality of Kiev is founded
867-1056: Macedonian dynasty rules Byzantine empire
867-872: Pope Adrian II
868-874: Abu Muhammad, Al-Hasan al-Askari (born in 846), son of Ali, becomes the 11th Imam of Shi'ah sect of Islam: poisoned by Mu'tamid in Samirra (Iraq).
872: The first hospital in Egypt was opened and thereafter public hospitals sprang up all over the Islamic Empire from Spain and the Maghrib to Persia.
872-882: Pope John VIII
874: Abul-Qasim, Muhammad al-Mahdi (born in 869), son of al-Hasan, becomes the 12th Imam of Shi'ah sect of Islam: subsequently disappears; beginning of 'Babs' (Gates of God) that reveal the will of the 12th Imam in hiding: 260 Anno Hegirae (A.H.) according to the Islamic calender
877-879: Louis II, the Stammerer, rules France
879-882: Louis III rules France
882: Oleg the wise unites Kievian Rus into single state
882-884: Carloman rules France; Pope Marinus I
884-885: Pope St. Adrian III
884-888: Charles II, the Fat, rules France
885-891: Pope Stephen VI
888-898: Odo, count of Paris rules France
891-896-897: Popes Formosus, Boniface VI, and Stephen VII
896-907: 7 Magyar tribes are united under the Arpad dynasty forming Hungary (until 1301)
897: Popes Romanus and Theodore II
898-900: Pope John IX
898-929: Charles III, the Simple, rules France
c900: Salerno becomes a prominent medical centre
900-903-904-911: Popes Benedict IV, Leo V, and Sergius III
907-960: Period of the 5 dynasties in China
910: The Shi'ah (Shiites) Fatimids conquer North Africa and rule as Caliphs
911: Founding of duchy of Normandy by Norse leader Rollo
911-913: Pope Anastasius III
c912: Bulgars along Volga river become Muslims
913-914-928: Popes Lando and John X
925: Tomislav was crowned as King of an independent Croatia
928/929-931-935/936-939: Popes Leo VI, Stephen VIII, John XI, and Leo VII
936-954: Louis IV, the Foreigner rules France
939-942: Pope Stephen IX
941: Last of the Islamic Shi'ah 'Babs' (Gates of God) dies without naming a successor
942-946: Pope Marinus II
945: Persian Buyids take Baghdad and control the Islamic Caliphate
946-955: Pope Agapetus II
954-986: Lothaire rules France
955-963: Pope John XII
960-1127: Northern Sung dynasty in China
962: Emperor Otto I rules Germany (Holy Roman Empire): in 963, in controversy with the papacy, he institutes pope's oath of fidelity to emperor before consecration; The Islamic Caliphate of Cordoba is established in Spain
963-964-965-972: Popes Leo VIII, Benedict V, and John XIII
966: Miezko I of Poland converts to Christianity
969-1171: Fatimids (descendants of Prophet Mohammed's daughter Fatima and Ali) rule Egypt and establish Cairo as their capital
970: The Seljuk Turks becomes Muslims and conquer most of Persia; The Islamic University of Al-Azhar is founded in Cairo, Egypt. It is the world's oldest university.
973: In Provence, France Count William, the Liberator, defeated and expelled the Saracens (Muslims). From their fortress, the Saracens had been raiding the surrounding area for two hundred years. During their stay, the Saracens taught the local people about medicine and how to use pine resin and cork-oak bark.
973-974-983-984/985-996: Popes Benedict VI, Benedict VII, John XIV, and John XV
986-987: Louis V rules France
987-996: Hugh Capet (Capetians) was elected and crowned king of the Franks
988: Vladimir I accepts Eastern Orthodoxy as official religion of Russia
996-1031: Robert II, the Pious rules France
996-999: Pope Gregory V
998-1030: Mahmud the Great of Ghazni rules Western Turkestan
999-1003: Pope Sylvester II
c1000: Scandinavia and Hungary are converted to Christianity; 'Vinland' is discovered by Vikings; Arabs overthrown by the Turks; Lahore (now in Pakistan) becomes an important centre of Islamic culture
1000: Christian "Jubilee" (Beginning of 2nd Millennium of Christian Era)
1003-1009-1012: Popes John XVII, John XVIII, and Sergius IV
1010: The ruler of Gao, on the middle Niger river, converts to Islam
1012-1024: Pope Benedict VIII
1017-1035: King Canute the Great of Denmark becomes King of England
1024-1032: Pope John XIX
1030: The Umayyad Caliphate of Spain breaks up into smaller kingdoms
1031-1060: Henry I rules France
1032-1045-1046-1047-1048/1049-1054: Popes Benedict IX (three times), Sylvester III, Gregory VI, Clement II, Damasus II, and St. Leo IX
1054: 'Great Schism' between the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Western Roman Catholic church; Croatia becomes a Catholic country
1055: Seljuk Turks seize Baghdad but retain the Abbasids as Caliphs
1055-1057-1058-1061: Popes Victor II, Stephen X, and Nicholas II
1059: Pope Nicholas II decrees that Pope henceforth to be elected by cardinals
1059-1078: Dukas dynasty rules Byzantine empire
1060-1108: Phillip I rules France
1061-1073: Pope Alexander II
1061-1091: Normans conquer Sicily
1066: Battle of Hastings: William Duke of Normandy conquers England
1071: Battle of Manzikert is which Seljuk Turks take Asia Minor (Turkey) from the Byzantine Empire
1073-1085: Pope St. Gregory VII
1080: Under the leadership of Ruben (Rubenid dynasty), the Kingdom of Cilicia or Lesser Armenia is founded
1081-1185: Comneni dynasty rules Byzantine empire
1085: Christian conquest of Toledo: Rodrigo Diaz becomes 'El Cid' beginning 'Reconquista'
1086-1087: Pope Victor III
1087: Muslims build Timbuktu as great center of learning and commerce
1088: University of Bologna in Italy founded
1088-1099: Pope Urban II
1095-1291: 10 Crusades, 1st called by Pope Urban II, to restore Asia Minor to Byzantium to Catholicism and conquer the Holy Land from the Islamic Turks
1096: First Crusade begins
1096-1215: 1st general persecution of Jews take place
1099-1118: Pope Paschal II
1099: First Crusade ends and Jerusalem is captured
1099-1187: Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
Crusader States around 1100 AD
1100: Henry I of England forced to sign Charter of Liberties
1102: King of Hungary becomes King of Croatia thereby ending Croatian independence by which he is represented by a "ban"
1108-1137: Louis VI, the Fat rules France
1112-1152: King Suryavarman II builds the temple of Angkor Wat and dedicates it to the Hindu God Vishnu. Its central tower symbolizes the mythical Mount Meru, supposedly located at the centre of the Universe. Its outer walls stand for the mountains at the edge of the Earth. Beyond the walls is a surrounding moat representing the oceans beyond the Earth.
1118-1119-1124: Popes Gelasius II and Callistus II
1118: The Order of the Knights Templar is formed by a band of 9 knights
1120: The Knights of St. John Order is established: HQ were in Jerusalem, Cyprus in 1291, Rhodes in 1309, and Malta in 1530
1124-1130: Pope Honorius II
1127-1279: Southern Sung dynasty in China
1128: Hughues de Payen and Andre De Montbard travel back to France. The Order of the Knights Templar is officially recognized and awarded its own Holy Rule with the help of Bernard Of Clairvaux. The Order begins to recruit.
1130-1143: Pope Innocent II
1130: Hughues de Payen returns to Jerusalem. At this point over 300 knights have joined the Order of the Knights Templar.
1136: Templars first established in the Amanus March, North of Antioch.
1137-1180: Louis VII rules France
1138-1193: Life of Saladin, Governor of Egypt. He was the adversary of Richard the Lion Heart in the Crusades. He was eventually victorious over Richard the Lion Heart, and is still a role model of Islamic chivalry.
1139: Alfonso I proclaims himself king of Portugal
1143-1144-1145-1153: Popes Celestine II, Lucius II, and Eugene III
1145: Zengi captures Edessa from the Crusaders.
1146: Bernard of Clairvaux instrumental in preaching the Second Crusade, which sets out the same year under the command of King Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany. 130 Knights Templar are among the expedition and earn their reputation as a formidable fighting force.
1148: Second Crusade is wiped out in an attempt to capture Damascus.
1151-1196: Stephen Nemanja unites Serbian tribes and establishes Serbian Empire
1153-1154-1159: Popes Anastasius IV and Adrian IV
1153: Ashqelon captured by the Crusaders.
1154-1399: The House of Anjou-Plantagenet rules England
1159-1181: Pope Alexander III
1160: Statutes on Hierarchy, conventional life, the holding of the Chapters and the penances added to the Holy Rule for Knights Templar.
1165: The Order of the Knights Templar is firmly established in Palestine and in Europe.
1167: Oxford University founded in England
1167: Venice forms Lomabard league of Northern Italian cities
1170: Thomas á Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury murdered by Knight of King Henry II
1171: Saladin conquers Fatimid Caliphate and re-establishes Sunni Islam
1173: Murder of Assassin envoy by the Templars.
1177: The Angkor capital is sacked by the Chams, invaders from southern Vietnam
1180-1223: Philip II, Augustus rules France
1181-1185-1187: Popes Lucius III and Urban III
1181-1201: The new Khmer king Jayavarman VII introduces Buddhism and mobilizes the million inhabitants of his capital to build more than a dozen major new temples and scores of schools and hospitals. Like his predecessors, he relies on slave labourers to finish the building spree in his lifetime.
1185-1204: Angeli dynasty rules Byzantine empire
1186: 2nd Greater Bulgarian Empire is established
1187: Battle of Hattin: Saladin reconquers Jerusalem; Pope Gregory VIII preaches the Third Crusade.
1187-1191: Pope Clement III
1189-1199: Richard I the Lion-Heart rules England
1189: The Third Crusade under the command of Frederick Barbarossa ends in complete failure.
1190: King Richard the Lionheart and Philip II recapture Acre and Jaffa but fail to relieve Jerusalem. Again, the Templars play a strong role in this Crusade; First windmills in Europe
1191-1198: Pope Celestine III
1191: Templars establish new headquarters at Acre.
1192-1333: Kamakura Shogunate in Japan
1192: The Templars occupy Cyprus. Richard I enters a treaty with Saladin and Christian Pilgrims are allowed to enter Jerusalem. Templars begin fighting intermittent war with Leo of Armenia over the Amanus March which lasts for 29 years.
1196-1227: Genghis Khan became supreme ruler of all Mongols (Tartars) and conquers large parts of Asia
The Mongol Empire from 1200 to 1480 AD
1198: The Teutonic Knights Order is established; Fourth Crusade preached - again, it ends in fiasco getting only as far as Constantinople, never to reach the Holy Land.
1198-1216: Pope Innocent III
c1200: Poem of "El Cid" is written in Castile
1204-1261: Conquest of Constantinople by crusaders and establishment of Latin empire
1206-1526: Sultanate of Delhi
1207-1208: Order of St. Francis established
1209: Cambridge University founded; Jews expelled from England
1209-1229: Albigensian wars in southern France
1215: Magna Carta signed
1216: Founded by Saint Dominic, the Dominican Order took shape during a series of chapters held in Bologna which ended in 1221. They are the first Catholic Order to concentrate on intellectual work instead of manual labor. The Dominicans' especial devotion is to teaching. Following the theological lead of St. Albertus Magnus and St. Thomas Aquinas, the Dominicans adapted the works of Aristotle to the service of Christianity.
1216-1227: Pope Honorius III
1217: Templars begin building the Castle of 'Atlit.
1218: Fifth Crusade preached.
1220-1431: Khmer Empire in decline. Angkor is sacked in 1351 and 1431 by Thai invaders.
1221: Mongols (Tartars) ravage Persia
1223-1226: Louis VIII, the Lion rules France
1225-1274: Thomas Aquinas writes: "Summa contra Gentiles", "Summa Theologica", and "De Regemine Principum"
1226-1270: Louis IX (St. Louis) rules France
1227-1241: Gregory IX
1228: Crusade of Frederick II manages to liberate Jerusalem by use of a treaty rather than brute force. Templars re-instate their headquarters on the Temple of the Mount in Jerusalem; City state of Florence in Italy establishes democratic constitution
1229-1241: The Great Mongol Khan Ugudei rules Northern China
1230: Spanish kingdoms of Leon and Castile are united
c1235: African state of Mali established
1236-1255: Batu (Grandson of Genghis Khan) along with Subutai rules western Asia
1241: Mongols (Tartars) invade Poland; Pope Celestine IV
1243-1254: Pope Innocent IV
1244: Battle of La Forbie. Jerusalem is lost once again - Frederick II blames the Templars for antagonizing the Sultan of Egypt into war.
1245: Mongols (Tartars) control Russia
1248: Crusade of St. Louis
1250: State of Lithuania is created; Crusader battle of Mansurah
1251: The Golden Horde established
1253-1349: Tibet is ruled by a succession of twenty ministers of Sakya after the accession of Chogyal Phag-ca
1254-1261: Pope Alexander IV
1258: Islamic Abbasid dynasty falls to Mongol (Tartars): Baghdad is conquered and destroyed (The city was systematically looted, destroyed and burnt. Eight hundred thousand persons are said to have been killed. The Caliph was sewn up in a sack and trampled to death under the feet of Mongol horses)
1260: The Mamluk sultanate (rules Palestine from 1291-1516) controls Egypt and Syria and stop Mongols (Tartars) at Goliath's Well; the Shroud of Turin has been estimated to date from approximately this year (1988 Vatican sponsored scientific study)
1260-1294: Kublai Khan rules China
1261-1453: Paleologi dynasty rules Byzantine empire
1261-1264: Pope Urban IV
c1265-1324: Marco Polo (born in 1254) travels throughout Asia: in 1292 discovers a Muslim kingdom on Sumatra (Srivijaya)?
1265-1268: Pope Clement IV
1266: Templar stronghold of Safad falls to the Mameluks.
1268: Catalan Rule of the Templars.
1270-1285: Phillip III, the Bold rules France
1271-1276: Pope Gregory X
1274: Philippe III, the Bold ceded Le Comtat, France to Pope Gregory X. On 14 Sept 1792, the territory was reunited with France. The Comtat's capital was Carpentras.
1276-1277-1280/1281-1285: Popes Innocent V, Adrian V, John XXI, Nicholas III, and Martin IV
1282: Sicilians revolt against Charles of Anjou: Peter of Aragon becomes their King
c1285: Eyeglasses made in Northern Italy
1285-1287: Pope Honorius IV
1285-1314: Phillip IV, the Fair rules France
1288-1292: Pope Nicholas IV
1291: Fall of Acre and Jerusalem to the Mameluks. Templars are forced to evacuate Tortosa and 'Atlit; Swiss Confederation established
1294-1303: Popes St. Celestine V and Boniface VIII
1295: Ghazan Khan, Mongol (Tartar) ruler of Persia, converts to Islam
1297: Popular uprising in Scotland against England under Sir William Wallace ("Braveheart")
1301: Ottoman (Turkish) Empire is established by Osman I
1302: Philip IV convenes first 'Estates-Generale' in France at which all 3 'estates' (classes) are represented; Loss of Ruad and massacre of the Templars garrison.
1303-1304/1305-1314: Popes Benedict XI and Clement V (in Avignon from 1309-1314)
1306: Arrest of the Templars in France on Friday 13th August.
1309-1377: Papacy transferred to Avignon, France
1310: 54 Templars burnt in Paris as heretics.
1312: The Order of the Knights Templar is formerly abolished. All Templar property is handed over to The Knights Hospitaller.
1314-1316: Louis X rules France
1314: Jaques de Molay and Geoffrey de Charney are burnt at the stake.
1316-1322: Phillip V, the Tall rules France
1316-1334: Pope John XXII (in Avignon)
1321: Dante completes the "Divina Commedia"
1322-1328: Charles IV, the Fair rules France
1325: Establishment of Tenochttitlan in central Mexico by Aztecs
1328-1350: Phillip VI establishes the House of Valois and rules France
1328: Ivan I becomes Grand Prince of Moscow
c1330: Greatest extension of Delhi Sultanate under Mohammed Ibn Tughluk (1325-1351)
1334-1342: Pope Benedict XII (in Avignon)
1337-1453: Hundred years war between France and England
1338-1573: Ashikaga Shogunate rules Japan
1342-1352: Pope Clement VI (in Avignon)
1345: Ibn Battuta, an Arab Explorer, travels to Malaya
1347-1354: 'Black Death': Bubonic Plague
1349-1497: Tibet is ruled by a succession of nine lamas of the Phagmo Drupa lineage
c1350: Thailand (Siam) is united; English begins to emerge as the national language of England
1350-1364: John II, the Good rules France
1352-1362: Pope Innocent VI (in Avignon)
1354: Earliest extant documentation stating the existance of the Shroud of Turin
1362-1370: Pope Urban V (in Avignon)
1364-1380: Charles V, the Wise rules France
1368-1644: Ming dynasty rules China
1370: Height of Hanseatic League's power
1370-1378: Pope Gregory XI (in Avignon, returned Papacy to Rome in 1377)
1375: The Kingdom of Cilicia (Lesser Armenia) falls to the Mamelukes of Egypt. The last monarch, King Levon VI, died at Calais, France in 1393
1378-1389: Pope Urban VI
1379: Tamerlane invades Persia from the north
c1380: First translation of Bible into English
1380-1422: Charles VI, the Fool rules France
1381: Venice is victorious over Genoa in Italy and extends the 'Terra Firma' in rivalry with Milan
1386: Lithuania is united with Poland: greatest extend of Poland-Lithuania
c1387: Chaucer begins "Canterbury Tales"
1389: Battle of Kossovo ("Field of the Blackbirds") between Serbia and Ottoman empire ends Serbian independence, the Serbs consider Kossovo their ancestral homeland. Despite the loss, "Kosovo Polje," as it is known, is celebrated in Serbian folklore and remains a symbol for ethnic pride
1389-1404: Pope Boniface IX
1394: Jews expelled from France
1399-1485: House of Lancaster dynasty rules England
1405-1406-1415: Popes Innocent VII and Gregory XII
1415: Battle of Agincourt in France with victory of Henry V of England
1417-1431: Pope Martin V
1419: Portuguese explorers reach the Madeiras
1422-1461: Charles VII, the Victorious rules France
1431: Portuguese explorers reach the Azores; St. Joan of Arc burned at the stake in Rouen, France; Khmer kings abandon Angkor and move their capital southward to Phnom Penh
1431-1447: Pope Eugene IV
1436: Uprising to drive out Toltecs in Yucatan by Maya: Maya emigrate back to Guatemala
1438: Inca Empire established
1445: Portuguese explorers reach Cape Verde; Guttenberg invents printing press and the first mass produced book is the Bible
1447-1455: Pope Nicholas V
1452-1519: Leonardo da Vinci, Italian Genius, Leonardo was one of the greatest artists of the Italian Renaissance and the greatest experimental scientist of his age. Leonardo was a painter, sculptor, architect, musician and art critic who displayed genius in almost all the arts and sciences. His studies of anatomy and mechanical devices show that he had a knowledge far beyond his own time.
1453: Constantinople falls to Ottoman Turks
1445-1458: Pope Callistus III
1455-1485: English War of the Roses between the house of Lancaster and York
1458-1464: Pope Pius II
1460-1591: Songhai Empire flourishes: the Songhai Empire was founded by Sonni Ali of Gao
1461-1483: Louis XI, the Spider rules France
1462-1505: Ivan III becomes Tsar of Russia
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1462-1492: Lorenzo the Magnificent rules Florence: Botticelli and Michelangelo work at his court
1464-1471: Pope Paul II
1470: Inca destroy Chimu state
1471-1484: Pope Sixtus IV
1475-1564: Michelangelo the artist/inventor
1478-1573: Sengoku Period in Japan
1479: Spanish kingdoms of Castille and Aragon are united
1482: Portuguese explorers reach the mouth of the Congo river
1483-1498: Charles VIII rules France
1484-1492: Pope Innocent VIII
1485-1603: House of Tudor dynasty rules England
1490: King Nzinga Nkuwu of the Congo Kingdom accepts Christianity
1492: Christopher Columbus discovers the Americas for Spain; Spanish 'Reconquista' of Iberian Peninsula completed with conquest of Granada: Jewish and Muslim expulsion
1492-1527: Reign of Askia Mohammed in Songha
1492-1503: Pope Alexander VI: In 1494 he partitions world into Spanish and Portuguese spheres of exploration and colonization
1496: Jews expelled from Portugal
1497: Bartholemew Diaz circumnavigates the Cape of Good Hope; John Cabot sails from Bristol, England and reaches Newfoundland, Canada
1498: Vasco de Gama finds the sea route to India
1498-1515: Louis XII, "Father of his People" rules France
1498-1565: Tibet is ruled for four generations by the Rinpung kings
1499: The Swiss Confederation is granted independence from the Holy Roman Empire after the Peace of Basle
1500: The pocket watch is invented; Gaspar Corte-Real reaches Newfoundland and calls it Terra Verde; Juan de la Cosa prints first map of the New World (North and South America)
1500-1524: Ismail I is first Shah of Shi'ah Persian Empire
1502-1520: Montezuma II rules Aztec Empire
1503-1513-1521: Popes Pius III , Julius II, and Leo X
1515-1547: Francis I rules France
1517: Martin Luther posts 95 theses on the church at Wittenburg beginning the Reformation movement; Ottoman Turks under Sultan Salim conquer Egypt and Palestine; destruction of the Templar archive in Cyprus by the Ottoman Empire.
1519-1556: Charles V rules Spain
1519: The horse is introduced to North America by Spanish
1520-1566: Suleiman II, the Magnificent, rules Ottoman Empire
1521: Conquest of Aztec Empire by Spanish
1522-1523-1534: Popes Adrian VI and Clement VII
1523: Sweden becomes independent
1524: Giovanni da Verrazzano and Esteven Gomez explore Atlantic coast for France and Spain
1526-1658: Mogul Empire in India founded by Babur and Islam spreads
1526-1527: A part of Croatia falls under Ottoman rule, the rest is annexed to Austria
1527: In Canada, John Rut explores Labrador coast
Inca Empire circa 1532
1533: Conquest of Inca Empire by Spanish
1533-1584: William of Orange leads fight for Dutch Independence
1534: In Canada, Jacques Cartier sights Prince Edward Island and explores Gulf of St. Lawrence and Gaspé coast
1534-1549: Pope Paul III
1535: In Canada, Cartier reaches Stadacona (Quebec) and Hochelaga (Montreal)
1538: Ottoman Turks conquer Hejaz
1541: In Canada, Roberval's colony at Cap-Rouge survives one year
1543: Nicholas Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun
1544: In Canada, Basques establish whaling posts on Gulf of St. Lawrence
1547: Ivan IV the Terrible becomes Tsar of Russia
1547-1559: Henry II rules France
1550: A Muslim kingdom is established in Sumatra. From here, Islam spreads to Java, the Moluccas and Borneo
1550-1555-1559: Popes Julius III, Marcellus II, and Paul IV
1556-1598: Phillip II rules Spain
1559-1560: Francis II rules France
1559-1565: Pope Pius IV
1560-1574: Charles IX rules France
1560: Tobacco introduced in Europe by Jean Nicot
1562-1598: Religious Wars in Europe
1564-1616: William Shakespeare, English Playwright, is generally achnowledged to be one of the most extraordinary writers in history. No other writer's plays have been produced so many times in so many countries. His creative power is one of the great feature of his genius, and to many people Hamlet, or King Lear seem far more real than historical characters like Caesar.
1564-1642: Galilei Galileo, Italian Scientist, was renowned for his epochmaking contribution to physics, astronomy, and scientific philosophy. He is regarded as the Chief founder of modern science. He developed the telescope, with which he found craters on the moon and the moons of Jupiter. Galileo was condemed by the Catholic Church for his view of the cosmos based on the theory of Copernicus.
1564: Code of Jewish law (Shulhan Arukh) published
1566-1572: Pope St. Pius V
1566-1641: Tibet is ruled by three Tsangpa kings
1568-1648: Dutch War of Independence: 1581 marked the Declaration of Independence
1571: Battle of Lepanto in which the 'Holy League' defeated the Turks
1572-1585: Pope Gregory XIII
1573-1603: The Shogun-less age in Japan
1574-1589: Henry III rules France
1577: In Canada, Martin Frobisher explores coast of Labrador and Frobisher Bay
1579: Francis Drake claims west coast of North America for England and probably sights Vancouver Island
1580: Portugal is united with Spain: greatest extent of Spanish colonial empire
1583: Expansion of Islam to Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia; Humphrey Gilbert claims lands in 200-league radius of St. John's, Newfoundland for England in Canada
1585-1590: Pope Sixtus V
1587: In Canada, on 3rd attempt to find Northwest Passage, John Davis passes Hudson Strait
1588: Spanish Armada defeated by English
1589-1610: Henry IV establishes House of Bourbon and rules France
1590-1591: Popes Urban VII and Gregory XIV
1591: Ottoman Turks conquer Mesopotamia; Pope Innocent IX
1592: In Canada, Juan de Fuca, a greek, thought to have reached coast of British Columbia
1592-1605: Pope Clement VIII
1599: In Canada, Fort Tadoussac is founded by Pierre Chauvin, for the French: in 1600 his settlement weathers the winter and 5 out of 16 colonists survive
1603-1648: House of Stuarts dynasty rules England
1603-1867: Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan
1604: In Canada, De Monts, Poutrincourt, and Samuel de Champlain arrive in Acadia and build fort on île St. Croix
1605: In Canada, Acadian colony moves to Port-Royal; In America,Samuel de Champlain explores coast of New England
1605-1621: Popes Leo XI and Paul V
1606: In Canada, first water driven grist mill built at Port-Royal, Samuel de Champlain institutes the "Order of Good Cheer" at Port-Royal, and Marc Lescarbot writes and produces Le Théâtre de Neptune which is the first North American play
1607: Jamestown is founded by the English in America
1608: In Canada, Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec (Quebec City) for the French
1609: In Canada, Iroquois witness first use of firearms in skirmish with Champlain at Ticonderoga
1610-1643: Louis XIII rules France
1610: In Canada, Henry Hudson leads expedition to Hudson Bay and dies a year later marooned by his crew and John Guy establishes the first colony in Newfoundland at Cuper's Cove (Cupids)
1613-1762: Romanov dynasty rules Russia
1613: In Canada, Samuel Argall, commissioned to drive the French out of Acadia, destroys Port-Royal
1616: In Canada, Robert Bylot and William Baffin sail around Baffin Bay
1617: In Canada, Champlain brings Louis Hébert to Quebec as apothecary and farmer, the first settler and the first marriage recorded: Stephen Jonquest and Anne Hébert
1618-1648: Thirty Years War in Europe
1619: In Canada, Jens Munck, a Dane, winters at site of Churchill, Manitoba
1620: In America, English pilgrims (sailing on the 'Mayflower') settle in New England; In Canada, Recollets build Notre-Dame-des-Anges at Quebec
1621: In Canada, Privy Council charters William Alexander as proprietor of New Scotland (Nova Scotia)
1621-1623: Pope Gregory XV
1622: In Canada, Population of Quebec: 50; Etienne Brûlé reaches Lake Superior, North America
1623-1644: Pope Urban VIII
1625: In Canada, First Jesuit missionaries arrive at Quebec
1627: Cardinal Richelieu forms the "Company of Hundred Associates" to manage and colonize New France (Canada)
1628: In Canada, British lay siege to starving Quebec and Champlain is sent to England as a prisoner, first plow drawn by oxen used by Guillaumé Couillard, and first Scottish settlement established near Port Royal
1628-1658: Shah Jahan rules Mogul Empire in India: Taj Mahal built
1631: In Canada, Thomas James and Luke Foxe explore James Bay and Hudson Bay
1632: First Jesuit Relation published in France to publicize missions in North America
1633: In Canada, Champlain returns to Quebec and Brébeuf, Daniel, and Jesuits take over Recollet missions
1634: In Canada, first seigneury of Beaport granted to Robert Giffard; In America, Jean Nicollet explores Lake Michigan region
1635: In Canada, Jesuit College and library founded at Quebec
1636: In Canada, Montmagny arrives as first governor of New France and Father Gabriel Sagard publishes L'histoire du Canada with first Huron dictionary
1638: In Canada, Earthquake tremors recorded for six months from Montreal to the Gaspé peninsula
1639: In Canada, Jesuits found the mission Saint-Marie-among the-Hurons on Georgian Bay
1640: In Canada, first play acted at Quebec with Martial Piraube in lead role
1642-1648: English Civil War
1642: In Canada, Ville-Marie-de-Montréal (Montréal) is founded by the French (Maisonneuve), floods threaten Montréal, and Maisonneuve plants a cross on Mont Réal when waters subside
1642-1727: Sir Isaac Newton, English Scientist, Isaac Newton is one of the greatest names in the history of human thought. Newton invented a new kind of mathematics known as 'calculus'; discovered the secrets of light and color; and published a complete proof of the law of gravitation in his book "Principia". This law explained celestial motions, the tides, and terrestial gravitation, and is regarded as one of the greatest scientific achievements.
1642: The Fifth Great Dalai Lama assumed temporal power over the whole of Tibet, and the present form of Tibetan government (in-exile) known as Gaden Phodrang was established. Since then a succession of ten Dalai Lamas, and during their absence or minority lay or monk regents, have ruled Tibet (until 1949)
1643: In Canada, Iroquois war spreads north and Montréal lives under siege
1643-1715: Louis XIV, the Sun King rules France
1644-1911: Manchu dynasty rules China
1644: In Canada, Marguerite Bourgeoys obtains land grant for nuns of the Congrégation de Notre-Dame and D'Aulany-La Tour feud ends with sacking of Fort La Tour
1644-1655: Pope Innocent X
1645: In Canada, trade and colonizing rights transfered to the Community of Habitants
1646: In Canada, Cornielle's play Le Cid performed at Quebec
1647: In Canada, Council of New France formed
1648: In Canada, first child of European descent, Barbe Meusnier, born in Montreal, Jacques Brisson opens first licensed tavern in Quebec, and Iroquois-Huron war breaks out with renewed fury
1649: In Canada, Brébeuf and Lalément killed, Jesuits abandon Saint-Marie, and first public execution: 16 year female thief
1649-1660: Oliver Cromwell's 'Commonwealth' rules England
1652: Cape Town, South Africa is founded
1654: In Canada, English expedition captures Fort La Tour and Acadia
1655-1667: Pope Alexander VII
1657: First pendulum clock is invented
1658: In Canada, Marguerite Bourgeoys opens first school in Montreal stable
1659: In Canada, François de Laval arrives as Bishop of New France; Radisson and Groseilliers trek to Lake Superior and Hudson Bay, North America
1660-1688: Stuart dynasty rules England
1660: In Canada, Adam Dollard des Ormeaux and small force of defenders decimated at the Long Sault
1661-1715: Louis XIV rules France
1662: In Canada, French settlement started at Placentia Bay, Newfoundland
1663: Louis XIV revokes private charters, making New France (Canada) a royal province in French North America and Bishop Laval founds Quebec Seminary (Laval University)
1665: In Canada, Jean Talon appointed Intendant, Carignan-Salières regiment arrives to defend New France, and the first "King's Daughters" arrive as brides for settlers
1666: In Canada, first Census of New France: total population is 3,215
1667: In Canada, civil courts are established
1667-1669: Pope Clement IX
1668: In Canada, First brewery built by Talon at Quebec
1670: In Canada, Hudon's Bay Company chartered, Prince Rupert named governor of lands around Hudson and James Bays, and coal is first discovered and mined on Cape Breton Island
1670-1676: Pope Clement X
1671: In Canada, Marquette establishes mission at Sault St. Marie
1672: In Canada, Immigration and births bring population of New France to 7,605, Frontenac arrives as governor, and Fort Frontenac founded at present site of Kingston; Marquette and Joliette reach Mississippi River, America; Jacques Fournel acquires farm in Quebec, Canada
1676-1689: Pope Innocent XI
1678: In Canada, "Brandy Parliament" approves use of liquor in fur trade
1679: Habeas Corpus: protection from arbritary arrest and safeguarding of personal liberty instituted, political parties are formed in England; La Salle launches the Griffon, the first ship built on the Great Lakes of North America
1682: In America, La Salle reaches the mouth of the Mississippi River; Henry Kelsey becomes the first European to visit Western Canada
1683: Unsuccessful siege of Vienna by Ottoman Turks; In Canada, a French force led by Radisson destroys the Hudson Bay Company's Fort Nelson
1684: In Canada, Grossiellers surrenders Fort Bourbon (York Fort) to Hudson's Bay Company
1685: In Canada, Intendant Jacques de Meulles authorizes "card money" as currency during coin shortage and Lower Town, Quebec is ravaged by fire: all 55 buildings burnt
1686: In Canada, D'Iberville seizes Hudson's Bay Company forts
1687: In Canada, Denonville attacks Senecas and builds Fort Niagara
1689: Declaration of Rights in England (approval of taxation, freedom of speech, and no standing army): legislative and executive division of powers; In Canada, a force of 1,500 Iroqouis devastates Lachine
1689-1691: Pope Alexander VIII
1690: In Canada, Frontenac wages war on English border settlements, William Phips and Massachusetts millitia capture Port-Royal, Henry Kelsey sets out from Yort Fort to explore prairies (Western Canada), and an English attempt to capture Quebec is thwarted by Frontenac
1691: In Canada, the first commercial water mill is built at Pétit Pré near Quebec
1691-1700: Pope Innocent XII
1694: In Canada, Bishop Saint-Vailler bans performance of Molière's Tartuffe and a French force under d'Iberville recaptures Fort Bourbon
1695: In Canada, the first sawmill in Acadia is built on Nashwaak River
1697: In Canada, the treaty of Ryswick returns York Fort to Hudson's Bay Company
1698: In Canada, Louis Hennepin publishes A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America
1699: Treaty of Karlowitz in which Ottoman Empire lose territories in Europe: Croatia returns to the Hungarian crown; In Canada, Bishop Saint-Vallier opens elementary school at Quebec
1700: Beginning of Industrial Revolution; In America, Cadillac goes to present-day site of Detroit and builds Fort Pontchartrain
1700-1721: Pope Clement XI
1701-1713/14: War of Spanish Succession: Gibraltar was seized by Britain in 1704, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia (Acadia) were given to Britain in 1713
1701-1868: House of Bourbon dynasty rules Spain
1701: Kingdom of Prussia established
1703: Founding of St. Petersburg in Russia
1704: In America, De Rouville and a force of 250 attack and burn Deerfield, Massachusetts
1706: In Canada, a census reports the total population of New France is 17,125
1707: The United Kingdom of Great Britain is formed (union between England and Scotland)
1708: In Canada, the French capture St. John's
1710: In Canada, the English capture Port-Royal and rename it Annapolis Royal
1713-1740: Frederick William I rules Prussia
1713: In America, the Five Nations (Iroquois) Confederacy admits the Tuscaroras; In Canada, the Treaty of Utrecht recognizes British sovereignty over Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia (excluding Cape Breton Island) and La Vérendrye and sons begin exploration west of Lake Winnipeg
1714-1901: The House of Hanover rules Great Britain: development of parliamentary government (majority party led by the Prime Minister)
1715-1774: Louis XV rules France
1717: In Canada, construction begins on the fortress of Louisbourg, île Royale (Cape Breton Island) and fire brigades are organized by Intendant Gilles Hocquart
1721: In Canada, regular mail service starts between Quebec and Montreal and a fire destroys 138 houses in Montreal
1721-1724-1730: Popes Innocent XIII and Benedict XIII
1725: In Canada, French pay-ship Le Chambeau goes down with gold and silver coins valued at over $700,000
1730: In Canada, the census reports a total population of 33,682 and Native Amerindians from present day Alberta acquire horses and guns
1730-1740: Pope Clement XII
1734: In Canada, the La Vérendryes build Fort Maurepas on Red River
1737: In Canada, forges built at Saint-Maurice to refine local iron ore and the first road from Quebec to Montreal opens
1738: In Canada, Fort La Reine (Portage La Prairie) and Fort Rouge (Winnipeg) founded
1739: In Canada, a census reports the population of New France as 42,701
c1740: The Mogul Empire begins to decline
1740-1758: Pope Benedict XIV
1741: In America, Vitus Bering, a Dane, and Peter Chirkoff explore Alaskan coast for Russia
1740-1786: Frederick II the Great rules Prussia
1740-1790: Maria Theresa and Joseph II rule Austria
1740-1748: War of Austrian Succession
1740-1814: Marquis de Sade (Donatien Alphonse François) was a French writer whose works contain descriptions of sexual pain and perversions. Internationally infamous, and better known as the Marquis de Sade, he was the lord of the Provençal village of Lacoste from 1774-1778, and also owned part of the commune of Mazan.
1743: In Canada, La Vérendrye brothers explore southern parts of Manitoba
1744: Sultanate of Oman is founded; In Canada, troops from Louisbourg attack Canso and Annapolis Royal
1745: In Canada, the Quadrille becomes a fashionable dance and New England forces capture Louisbourg
1748: In Canada, the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle returns Louisbourg to France and François Bigot named last Intendant of New France
1749: In Canada, Halifax is founded as an English Naval base by Edward Cornwallis
1752: In Canada, first printing press goes into use at Halifax Gazette office, Fort Rouillé completed on Toronto Bay, and Jean-Baptiste Goyer sentenced to death for murder of neighbour Jean Favré and wife; lightning rod is invented
1753: In Canada, Louis-François de La Corne builds fur post on Saskatchewan River
1754/1756-1763: 'Seven Years War', also known as French-Indian war, between France and Britain: the 'Seven Years War' actually started in 1754 in North America
British-French War in North America from 1754-1763
1754: In Canada, English troops led by George Washington defeated at Ft. Duquesne
1755: In Canada, Anthony Henday from York Factory reaches the Rockies, first post office opens in Halifax, and Governor Charles Lawrence expels some 5,000 Acadians from Nova Scotia
1756: In Canada, Montcalm captures Fort Oswego
1756-1757: Robert Clive defeats the Nawab of Bengal, starting British rule in India
1757: In Canada, Famine in Quebec forces food rationing: 300 die in Acadia
1758: In Canada, Montcalm routs superior British force at Fort Carillon, Amherst captures Louisbourg, Wolfe leads attack on French settlements on Baie-de-Chaleur, Fort Frontenac falls, and first representative assembly meets in Halifax court house
1758-1769: Pope Clement XIII
1759: In Canada, British capture Fort Niagara, French abandon Fort Rouillé, Wolfe and Montcalm are killed on the Plains of Abraham (Abraham Martin)
1762-1796: Catherine II the Great rules Russia
1763: Canada (New France) officially becomes part of British North America
1768-1774: Russo-Turkish War
1769: The Gurkhas unite Nepal
1769-1774: Pope Clement XIV
1770-1827: Ludwig van Beethoven, German Composer, music forms a peak in the development of tonal music and is one of the crucial evolutionary developments in the history of music. Beethoven developed a completely original style of music, reflecting his sufferings and joys. By 1820, when he was almost totally deaf, he composed his greatest works, including the Ninth Symphony.
1772-1795: Partition of Poland
1774-1792: Louis XVI rules France
1775-1783: 13 American colonies begin 'War of Independence': 1776 marked the Declaration of Independence
1775-1799: Pope Pius VI
1776: Submarine is invented; World Population is about 750 Million
1787: United States of America constitution written
1788: Australia is settled by the Europeans beginning with penal colonies
1789: French Revolution: 5 May - French Parliament (Estates-General) met at Versailles, for the first time in 175 years, and proclaimed themselves the national Assembly. 14 July - Storming of the Bastille
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![Lightning Bolt [Bottom]](dark_bottom.gif)
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