The Later Tran Dynasties
Reigner :Tran Ngoi (1407-1409)/ Tran Quy Khoang (1409-1414)
Period :
Reign's Titles :Hung Khanh / Trung Quang
Country's Name :Dai Viet
Capital :-
Contemporary Chinese Dynasty:Ming (1369 ... )

History :
Tran Ngoi (1407 - 1409), a prince of Tran family, raised a rebellion at the end time of Ho Dynasty to recover the country from Ho. In 1407, he proclaimed himself as Emperor Gian Dinh and settled in a small region. But, being unable man, he was erroneous in ruling and his dynasty collapsed in 1409.
Tran Quy Khoang (1409 - 1414) was also a Tran prince , proclaimed himself Emperor Trung Quang, settled in Nghe An in 1409. He waged a resistance war against the Ming dominion with an army of small number. In 1414, he could'nt break the siege of Ming and was captured at last. On the way of extradition to China by the Mings, he commited suicide by sinking himself into sea. The later Tran Dynasties ended.

Period of Resistance Wars against the Mings
Reigner :-
Period :
Reign's Titles :-
Country's Name :Chiao Chih under Ming
Capital :-
Contemporary Chinese Dynasty:Ming (1269 ...)

History :
The Mings divided the country into districts ruled by Chinese Governors with a brutal domination. They collected elephants, horses, buffalo, etc., the valuables, weapons, ships, etc. to send to China. They suppressed heartlessly any protest by razing villages, burning houses and alive-burning men.. The taxes increased threefold compared with before. They asked to pay the tributes by girls, skilled workers, medicine doctors ,etc. Besides, the Mings destroyed the cultural architectures, burnt the ancient books, limited schooling, forced Viet people to follow Ming 's way of life.The Viet people was miserable under Ming ruling.
Many rebellions had raised up during these years, but most soon colappsed, only the Lam Son uprising force, led by Le Loi, could have lived for 10 years and expanded into a powerful army. At first, Le Loi used a guerilla tactics to fight the Mings, after 1225, he was strong enough to encircle the enemy's posts. In 1427, he blockaded Dong Quan citadel (now Hanoi), and Ming Dynasty had to send a reinforcing troop of 100,000 soldiers, led by famous general Liu Shan to rescue. An ambush at Chi Lang gateway in which Liu Shan was headcut, had stopped the intervention from China. Desperated for the situation, Commander of the Ming garrison in Dong Quan surrended to Le Loi. The resistance war against the Ming ended.

Le Dynasty
Reigner :Le Loi (Thai To)(1428-1433)/ Le Nguyen Long (Thai Tong)(1433-1442) / Le Bang Co (Nhan Tong) (1442-1459) / Le Nghi Dzan (usurped the throne)(1459) / Le Tu Thanh (Thanh Tong)(1460-1497) / Le Tang (Hien Tong) (1498-1504)/ Le Thuan (Tuc Tong) (1504) / Le Tuan (Uy Muc) (1505-1509)/ Le Oanh (Tuong Dzuc)(1509-1516) / Le Y (Chieu Tong) (1516-1522) / Le Xuan (Cung Hoang) (1522-1527)
Period :
Reign's Titles :Thuan Thien / Thieu Binh /Thai Hoa / Thien Hung / Hong Duc / Canh Thong /Thai Trinh / Doan Khanh / Hong Thuan / Quang Thieu / Thong Nguyen.
Country's Name :Dai Viet
Capital :Dong Do (Hanoi)
Contemporary Chinese Dynasty:Ming (1269 ...)

History :
In 1428, Le Loi ascended the throne with title Thai To after swept out the Mings from the country. Under his ruling, he organized the administration system with the King on top, holding the utmost power on legislature, executive,and judiciary and himself being Commander-in-chief. To assist him were Ministries, King's office, Control office and High school instituition. There'd no Prime Minister in his court. He also did'nt allow the local armies founded. He compiled the laws, the protocols and regulations, reorganized the educational system and examinations, published neccessary books, etc. The Confucianism developed highly while the Buddhism decreased its influence in the Le court. In the next reigns, the economy was prosperous, agriculture developed on the basis of progressive policies, the constructing dike and hydraulic systems, handicrafts also extended, many guild-villages established : Bat Trang Pottery, Dai Bai Bronze Moulding..etc. In Thang Long (Hanoi), a trade town of 36 guild-streets was founded.
At Thanh Tong reign, the country was divided into 13 Dao (prov.), ruled by 3 offices : Administration, Military, and Judiciary. His reign was one of brightest period in history of Vietnam Dynasties. He dedicated to the country, favoured the talents, encouraged the extension of argriculture and handicrafts, opened the trade in and out bound. The first map of Dai Viet was releashed under his reign. The Hong Duc Laws compiled in this period was very progressive, and adequate. ' The Full History of Dai Viet ' written by historian Ngo Si Lien was published under supervision of the Emperor. Being a famous poet, Thanh Tong organized a group of 28 famous poets of the time and releashed a valuable collection of the group.
The Le Dynasty started to ruin under Uy Muc reign when the Emperor being dull, brutal and indulged in drinking, and girls. The country became chaotic, people was miserable, rebellions and coups occured frequently. The next reigns were not better, and in Chieu Tong reign, the ruling power was gathered in hand of Mac Dang Dung, a military general. In 1527, Dang Dung killed the Emperor and royal family and usurped the throne. The Le Dynasty ended.

Famous Names of the Reign :
+ Nguyen Trai (1380 - 1442), the National Hero, ideologist, politician, military strategist, poet, scholar, the Famous Name of the World Culture, confered by UNESCO in 1980, was the first ranking courtier who devoted to the resistance war against the Ming and the foundation of Tran Dynasty. He himself created the ideology of the Lam Son Movement in the book ' Binh Ngo Sach' (The way to defeat the Chinese) emphasized in heart-winning. For ten years of the resistance war, he had been always side by side with Le Loi as his only adviser, togetherwith him planning the steps of the war. Most of Nguyen Trai's plans proved adequate. In the victory day, Nguyen Trai himself written ' Binh Ngo Dai Cao ' - the second Decleration of Independence of Vietnam, and a beautiful piece of litery work. He was confered the highest ranking titles in the Le court, but his ideology was not used anylonger in the peaceful time, when the throne was strengthened firmly. Desperated, he left the court to lead a secluded life in Con Son Mountain (Hai Duong). He created many valuable works during that period. In 1442, Emperor Thai Tong, on the tour of Eastern garrisons, stayed at his place for a night, unfortunately Emperor died suddenly for unknown reason at his 20, with the presence of Nguyen Thi Lo, the favourable concubine of Nguyen Trai, famous for her beauty and knowledge. Nguyen and all family were arrested for accused assassination and executed. Twenty years later, under Thanh Tong reign, the Emperor releashed a proclaimation of clearing that false charge against Nguyen Trai.

+ Tran Nguyen Han (1385 - >) was most talented general of Le Loi and offspring of Tran Quang Khai, the famous general of Tran Dynasty. Togetherwith Nguyen Trai, he was most closed courtier to Le Loi at the first days of the resistance war. He achieved many victories in re-occupying region of Thuan Hoa, an important rear for the war, in blockade of Dong Quan, in conquering the citadel of Xuong Giang, and in a most important ambush to stop the reinforcing troop from China that led to the last victory over the Mings.


Mac Dynasty
Reigner :Mac Dang Dzung (1527-1529) / Mac Dang Dzoanh (1530-1540) / Mac Phuc Hai (1541-1546) / Mac Phuc Nguyen (1546-1561) / Mac Mau Hop (1562-1592).
Period :
Reign's Titles :Minh Duc / Dai Chinh/ Quang Hoa / Vinh Dinh / Thuan Phuc
Country's Name :Dai Viet
Capital :Dong Do
Contemporary Chinese Dynasty:Ming (1369...)

History :
Mac Dang Dzung usurped the throne from Le's and founded the Mac Dynasty in 1527. He ruled only 2 years, then ceded to his son, Dang Dzoanh and became himself the Extreme High Father, but himself decided the important affairs. In the later reigns, the Macs had to face a powerful force, led by Nguyen Kim, a former courtier of Le court, whose aim was recovering the Le Dynasty. In 1533, the former courtiers of Le raised prince Le Ninh to the throne with title Trang Tong, settled the capital in Thanh Hoa,but most of the country still under the control of Mac's. Mac Emperors tried to enforce their army for coping with the Les but in 1559, the war expanded over most of Red River Delta provincies and Macs had to retreat into defend lines around Dong Do. Under reign of Mac Mau Hop , the Dynasty ruined badly for Mau Hop indulged in playing while the Le's force grew up into a powerful army. But most of power of Le court, now felt in Trinh Kiem's hand after the death of Nguyen Kim - his father-in-law, by an assassination in 1545. At the end of 1592, the navy of Le-Trinh attacked the Mac defence line, failed to suffer,the Mac army disintergrated at last. Mac Emperor was captured and executed. The survivers of royal family escaped into North border province Cao Bang and established a territory in the forest, following an advice of Nguyen Binh Khiem, the famous fortuneteller in a prediction of 7 years ago and only lasted after 85 years later. The mac Dynasty officially ended in 1592.
The Lords of later Mac in Cao Bang were : Mac Toan (1592) / Mac Kinh Chi (1592-1593) / Mac Kinh Cung (1593-1625) / Mac Kinh Khoan (1625-1638) / Mac Kinh Vu (1638-1677) with the titles : Vo An / Bao Dinh / Kien Thong / Long Thai / Thuan Duc.


NEXT