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1556 Spanish Monarchy�
6 May 1808 the kings of the Borb�n dynasty abdicate in favour of
Napol�on I, emperor of the French and king of Italy
6 Jun 1808 Napol�on I proclaims his brother Joseph Napol�on, king of
the Two Sicilies, as king of Spain
11 Dec 1813 Borb�n dynasty restored
11 Feb 1873 Spanish Republic
29 Dec 1874 Spanish Monarchy (restored)
14 Apr 1931 - 1 Apr 1939 Spanish Republic
23 Jul 1936 Spanish State (declared 28 Jul 1947 to be a kingdom)
29 Dec 1978 Spain (usually referred to as Kingdom of Spain)
Note: The dates of the rulers of the intermittent Carlista insurrections correspond to the actual presence of the rulers or their forces in the territory of the Spanish Monarchy.
Kings/Queens�
- Austria (Habsburgo) dynasty -
17 Sep 1665 - 1 Nov 1700 Carlos II "el Hechizado" (b. 1661 - d. 1700)
1 Nov 1700 - 16 Nov 1700 Governing Board�
- Borb�n (Capet) dynasty -
16 Nov 1700 - 15 Jan 1724 Felipe V (1st time) (b. 1683 - d. 1746)
12 Sep 1703 - 7 Sep 1714 Carlos III (in rebellion) (b. 1685 - d. 1740)
(- Austria [Habsburgo] dynasty -)
15 Jan 1724 - 31 Aug 1724 Luis I (b. 1707 - d. 1724)
31 Aug 1724 - 6 Sep 1724 vacant
6 Sep 1724 - 9 Jul 1746 Felipe V (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Jul 1746 - 10 Aug 1759 Fernando VI (b. 1713 - d. 1759)
10 Aug 1759 - 14 Dec 1788 Carlos III (b. 1716 - d. 1788)
14 Dec 1788 - 19 Mar 1808 Carlos IV (b. 1748 - d. 1819)
(abdication retracted 21 Mar 1808,
final abdication 5 May 1808)
19 Mar 1808 - 6 May 1808 Fernando VII (1st time) (b. 1784 - d. 1833)
4 May 1808 - 6 Jun 1808 Joaqu�n Murat, gran duque de Berg
y de Cleves (b. 1767 - d. 1815)
(lieutenant-general and governor of the realm)
- Bonaparte dynasty -
6 Jun 1808 - 11 Dec 1813 Jos� I Napole�n (b. 1768 - d. 1844)
(left Spain 27 Jun 1813)
- Borb�n (Capet) dynasty -
11 Dec 1813 - 29 Sep 1833 Fernando VII (2nd time) (s.a.)
(returned to Spain 22 Mar 1814)
Set up by the Cortes:
11 Jun 1823 - 15 Jun 1823 Provisional Regency
(for "morally incapacitated" Fernando VII)
- Cayetano Vald�s y Flores Baz�n (b. 1767 - d. 1835)
- Gabriel de C�scar y C�scar (b. 1760 - d. 1829)
- Gaspar de Vigodet
Set up by the invading Powers:
9 Apr 1823 - 25 May 1823 Francisco Ram�n de Egu�a Letona (b. 1750 - d. 1827)
(President of the Provisional Government Junta)
25 May 1823 - 1 Oct 1823 Pedro Alc�ntara de Toledo y
Salm-Salm, duque del Infantado (b. 1768 - d. 1841)
(President of the Regency)
29 Sep 1833 - 30 Sep 1868 Isabel II (f) (b. 1830 - d. 1904)
29 Sep 1833 - 12 Oct 1840 Queen Mar�a Cristina (f) (b. 1806 - d. 1878)
(regent)
1 Oct 1833 - 31 Aug 1839 Carlos V (b. 1788 - d. 1855)
(Carlista insurrection)
12 Oct 1840 - 23 Jul 1843 Baldomero Espartero,
duque de la Victoria (b. 1792 - d. 1879)
(president of the Provisional Regency to 10 May 1841;
from 10 May 1841, regent)
(continuing in dissidence to 30 Jul 1843)
23 Jul 1843 - 10 Nov 1843 Joaqu�n Mar�a L�pez (b. 1798 - d. 1855)
(president of the Government acting as regent)
Apr 1860 Carlos VI (b. 1818 - d. 1861)
(Carlista insurrection)
Revolutionary authorities
30 Sep 1868 - 3 Oct 1868 Pascual Madoz (b. 1806 - d. 1870)
(President of the Interim Revolutionary Junta)
3 Oct 1868 - 8 Oct 1868 Joaqu�n Aguirre (b. 1807 - d. 1869)
(President of the Interim Revolutionary Junta to 5 Oct
1868, then President of the Revolutionary Superior Junta)
8 Oct 1868 - 18 Jun 1869 Francisco Serrano y Dom�nguez,
duque de la Torre, conde de San
Antonio (b. 1810 - d. 1885)
(President of the Provisional Government to 25 Feb 1869,
then President of the Executive Power)
Kings
18 Jun 1869 - 4 Dec 1870 Francisco Serrano y Dom�nguez,
duque de la Torre, conde de San
Antonio (regent) (s.a.)
- Saboya-Carignan dynasty -
4 Dec 1870 - 11 Feb 1873 Amadeo I (b. 1845 - d. 1890)
1872 - 28 Feb 1876 Carlos VII (b. 1848 - d. 1909)
(Carlista insurrection)
Presidents of the Executive Power
11 Feb 1873 - 12 Feb 1873 Nicol�s Mar�a Rivero (b. 1813/14 - d. 1878)
(president of the National Assembly)
12 Feb 1873 - 24 Feb 1873 Estanislao Figueras y Moragas
(1st time) (b. 1819 - d. 1882)
24 Feb 1873 Cristino Martos Balbi (b. 1830 - d. 1893)
(president of the National Assembly)
24 Feb 1873 - 11 Jun 1873 Estanislao Figueras y Moragas
(2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Jun 1873 - 18 Jul 1873 Francisco Pi y Margall (b. 1824 - d. 1901)
18 Jul 1873 - 7 Sep 1873 Nicol�s Salmer�n y Alonso (b. 1838 - d. 1908)
7 Sep 1873 - 3 Jan 1874 Emilio Castelar Ripoll (b. 1832 - d. 1899)
3 Jan 1874 - 30 Dec 1874 Francisco Serrano y Dom�nguez,
duque de la Torre, conde de San
Antonio (s.a.)
Kings
- Borb�n dynasty -
30 Dec 1874 - 25 Nov 1885 Alfonso XII (b. 1857 - d. 1885)
(in exile to 8 Jan 1875)
25 Nov 1885 - 17 May 1886 Queen Mar�a Cristina (f) (regent) (b. 1858 - d. 1929)
17 May 1886 - 14 Apr 1931 Alfonso XIII (b. 1886 - d. 1941)
17 May 1886 - 17 May 1902 Queen Mar�a Cristina (f) (s.a.)
(regent)
Presidents of the (until 30 Jul 1931, Provisional) Government of the Republic
14 Apr 1931 - 14 Oct 1931 Niceto Alcal�-Zamora y Torres (b. 1877 - d. 1949)
14 Oct 1931 - 11 Dec 1931 Manuel Aza�a D�az (b. 1880 - d. 1940)
Presidents (from 23 Jul 1936 in Republican Zone only)
11 Dec 1931 - 7 Apr 1936 Niceto Alcal�-Zamora y Torres (s.a.)
7 Apr 1936 - 11 May 1936 Diego Mart�nez Barrio (interim) (b. 1883 - d. 1962)
11 May 1936 - 3 Mar 1939 Manuel Aza�a D�az (s.a.)
President of the National Council of Defense (Republican Zone)
5 Mar 1939 - 27 Mar 1939 Jos� Miaja Menant (b. 1878 - d. 1958)
Chairman of the National Junta of Defense (Nationalist Zone)
24 Jul 1936 - 1 Oct 1936 Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer (b. 1862 - d. 1938)
Head of state (to 31 Mar 1939 in Nationalist Zone only)
1 Oct 1936 - 20 Nov 1975 Francisco Franco (b. 1892 - d. 1975)
19 Jul 1974 - 2 Sep 1974 Prince Juan Carlos (1st time) (b. 1938)
(acting for Franco)
30 Oct 1975 - 20 Nov 1975 Prince Juan Carlos (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Franco)
Chairman of the Regency Council
20 Nov 1975 - 22 Nov 1975 Alejandro Rodr�guez de Valc�rcel
y Nebreda (b. 1917 - d. 1976)
King
- Borb�n dynasty -
22 Nov 1975 - Juan Carlos I (s.a.)
Secretarios del despacho universal
11 Jul 1705 - 15 Apr 1714 Pedro Fern�ndez del Campo y
Angulo, marqu�s de Mejorada (b. 1656 - d. 1721)
15 Apr 1714 - 30 Nov 1714 Manuel de Vadillo y Velasco (b. 1659 - d. 1729)
30 Nov 1714 - 14 Jan 1724 Jos� de Grimaldo y Guti�rrez de
Sol�rzano, marqu�s de Grimaldo
(1st time) (b. 1664 - d. 1733)
14 Jan 1724 - 4 Sep 1724 Juan Bautista Orendayn y
Azpilcueta (1st time)
4 Sep 1724 - 12 Dec 1725 Jos� de Grimaldo y Guti�rrez de
Sol�rzano, marqu�s de Grimaldo
(2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Dec 1725 - 14 Apr 1726 Juan Guillermo Ripperd�,
duque de Ripperd� (b. 1682 - d. 1737)
14 Apr 1726 - 1 Oct 1726 Jos� de Grimaldo y Guti�rrez de
Sol�rzano, marqu�s de Grimaldo
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Oct 1726 - 21 Nov 1734 Juan Bautista Orendayn y
Azpilcueta, marqu�s de la Paz
(2nd time)
First secretaries of state
21 Nov 1734 - 26 Nov 1736 Jos� de Pati�o y Rosales (b. 1666 - d. 1736)
26 Nov 1736 - 4 Dec 1746 Sebasti�n de la Cuadra y Llerena,
marqu�s de Villar�as (b. 1687 - d. 1766)
4 Dec 1746 - 9 Apr 1754 Jos� de Carvajal y Lancaster (b. 1698 - d. 1754)
9 Apr 1754 - 15 May 1754 Fernando de Silva y �lvarez de
Toledo, duque de Hu�scar (acting)
15 May 1754 - 9 Oct 1763 Ricardo Wall y Devreux (b. 1695 - d. 1777)
9 Oct 1763 - 19 Feb 1777 Pablo Jer�nimo de Grimaldi y
Pallavicini, marqu�s de Grimaldi (b. 1706 - d. 1789)
19 Feb 1777 - 28 Feb 1792 Jos� Mo�ino y Redondo,
conde de Floridablanca (b. 1728 - d. 1808)
28 Feb 1792 - 15 Nov 1792 Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea y
Ximenez de Urrea, conde de Aranda (b. 1718 - d. 1798)
(acting)
15 Nov 1792 - 30 Mar 1798 Manuel Godoy y �lvarez de Faria,
duque de Alcudia, (from 27 Sep
1795) pr�ncipe de la Paz (b. 1767 - d. 1851)
30 Mar 1798 - 21 Feb 1799 Francisco de Saavedra y Sangronis (b. 1746 - d. 1819)
(acting to 6 Sep 1798)
21 Feb 1799 - 13 Dec 1800 Mariano Luis de Urquijo y Muga
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1768 - d. 1817)
13 Dec 1800 - 3 Mar 1808 Pedro Cevallos Guerra (1st time) (b. 1764 - d. 1840)
3 Mar 1808 - 19 Mar 1808 Gonzalo O'Farrill y Herrera (b. 1754 - d. 1831)
(acting)
19 Mar 1808 - 7 Jul 1808 Pedro Cevallos Guerra (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Jul 1808 - 27 Jun 1813 Mariano Luis de Urquijo y Muga
(2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Oct 1813 - 17 Oct 1813 Juan O'Donoj� O'Ryan (acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1821)
17 Oct 1813 - 3 Dec 1813 Fernando de Laserna (acting)
3 Dec 1813 - 4 May 1814 Jos� Luyando (1st time) (acting) (b. 1773 - d. 1835)
4 May 1814 - 15 Nov 1814 Jos� Miguel de Carvajal Vargas y
Manrique, duque de San Carlos (b. 1771 - d. 1828)
15 Nov 1814 - 24 Jan 1816 Pedro Cevallos Guerra (3rd time) (s.a.)
24 Jan 1816 - 26 Jan 1816 Juan Esteban Lozano de Torres
26 Jan 1816 - 30 Oct 1816 Pedro Cevallos Guerra (4th time) (s.a.)
30 Oct 1816 - 14 Sep 1818 Jos� Garc�a de Le�n y Pizarro (b. 1770 - d. 1835)
14 Sep 1818 - 12 Jun 1819 Carlos Fernando Mart�nez de Irujo
y Tac�n, marqu�s de Casa Irujo
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1765 - d. 1824)
12 Jun 1819 - 12 Sep 1819 Manuel Gonz�lez Salm�n y G�mez de
Torres (1st time) (acting) (b. 1778 - d. 1832)
12 Sep 1819 - 18 Mar 1820 Joaqu�n Jos� Melgarejo y Saur�n,
duque de San Fernando de Quiroga (b. 1780 - d. 1835)
18 Mar 1820 Juan Jabat Aztal (acting)
18 Mar 1820 - 2 Mar 1821 Evaristo P�rez de Castro Brito (b. 1778 - d. 1848)
2 Mar 1821 - 23 Apr 1821 Joaqu�n Anduaga Cuenca (acting)
23 Apr 1821 Francisco de Paula Escudero (b. 1764 - d. 1831)
(acting)
23 Apr 1821 - 8 Jan 1822 Eusebio Bardaj� y Azara (b. 1776 - d. 1842)
8 Jan 1822 - 24 Jan 1822 Ram�n L�pez Pelegr�n (1st time)
(acting)
24 Jan 1822 - 30 Jan 1822 Jos� Gabriel de Silva y Baz�n,
marqu�s de Santa Cruz (b. 1782 - d. 1839)
30 Jan 1822 - 28 Feb 1822 Ram�n L�pez Pelegr�n (2nd time)
(acting)
28 Feb 1822 - 5 Aug 1822 Francisco Mart�nez de la Rosa (b. 1787 - d. 1862)
5 Aug 1822 - 25 Apr 1823 Evaristo Fern�ndez San Miguel y
Valledor (b. 1785 - d. 1862)
(acting from 28 Feb 1823)
25 Apr 1823 - 7 May 1823 Jos� Manuel Vadillo (acting)
7 May 1823 - 13 May 1823 Santiago Usoz y Moz� (acting)
13 May 1823 - 29 Aug 1823 Jos� Mar�a Pando de la Riva y
Ram�rez de Laredo (b. 1787 - d. 1840)
29 Aug 1823 - 4 Sep 1823 Luis Mar�a de Salazar y Salazar
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1758 - d. 1838)
4 Sep 1823 - 6 Sep 1823 Juan Antonio Yandiola Garay
(acting)
6 Sep 1823 - 1 Oct 1823 Jos� Luyando (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Apr 1823 - 2 Dec 1823 V�ctor Dami�n S�ez y S�nchez-Mayor (b. 1776 - d. 1839)
(acting to 7 Aug 1823)
(counter-government to 1 Oct 1823)
2 Dec 1823 - 18 Jan 1824 Carlos Fernando Mart�nez de Irujo
y Tac�n, marqu�s de Casa Irujo
(2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Jan 1824 - 11 Jul 1824 Narciso de Heredia y Begines
de los R�os, conde de Ofalia (b. 1777 - d. 1843)
11 Jul 1824 Luis Mar�a de Salazar y Salazar
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
11 Jul 1824 - 24 Oct 1825 Francisco Cea Berm�dez (1st time) (b. 1779 - d. 1850)
24 Oct 1825 - 19 Aug 1826 Pedro Alc�ntara de Toledo y
Salm-Salm, duque del Infantado (s.a.)
19 Aug 1826 - 20 Jan 1832 Manuel Gonz�lez Salm�n y G�mez de
Torres (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 15 Oct 1830)
20 Jan 1832 - 22 Feb 1832 Francisco Tadeo Calomarde y Arr�a (b. 1773 - d. 1842)
(acting)
22 Feb 1832 - 1 Oct 1832 Antonio de Saavedra y Frigola,
conde de Alcudia (acting)
1 Oct 1832 - 29 Nov 1832 Jos� Cafranga Costilla (acting)
29 Nov 1832 - 15 Jan 1834 Francisco Cea Berm�dez (2nd time) (s.a.)
Prime ministers (presidents of the Council of Ministers)
15 Jan 1834 - 7 Jun 1835 Francisco Mart�nez de la Rosa (s.a.)
7 Jun 1835 - 14 Sep 1835 Jos� Mar�a Queipo de Llano Ru�z
de Saravia, conde de Toreno (b. 1786 - d. 1843)
14 Sep 1835 - 25 Sep 1835 Miguel Ricardo de �lava Esquivel (b. 1771 - d. 1843)
25 Sep 1835 - 15 May 1836 Juan �lvarez Mendiz�bal (acting) (b. 1790 - d. 1853)
15 May 1836 - 14 Aug 1836 Francisco Javier Ist�riz y Montero
(1st time) (b. 1790 - d. 1871)
14 Aug 1836 - 18 Aug 1837 Jos� Mar�a Calatrava (b. 1781 - d. 1846)
18 Aug 1837 - 18 Oct 1837 Baldomero Espartero,
conde de Luchana (1st time) (s.a.)
18 Oct 1837 - 16 Dec 1837 Eusebio Bardaj� y Azara (s.a.)
16 Dec 1837 - 6 Sep 1838 Narciso de Heredia y Begines
de los R�os, conde de Ofalia (s.a.)
6 Sep 1838 - 9 Dec 1838 Bernardino Fern�ndez de Velasco,
duque de Fr�as (b. 1783 - d. 1851)
9 Dec 1838 Isidro Alaix (acting) (b. 1790 - d. 1853)
9 Dec 1838 - 18 Jul 1840 Evaristo P�rez de Castro Brito (b. 1771 - d. 1849)
20 Jul 1840 - 12 Aug 1840 Antonio Gonz�lez y Gonz�lez
(1st time) (b. 1792 - d. 1876)
12 Aug 1840 - 28 Aug 1840 Valent�n Ferraz y Barrau (b. 1793 - d. 1866)
29 Aug 1840 - 11 Sep 1840 Modesto Cort�zar (acting)
11 Sep 1840 - 16 Sep 1840 Vicente Sancho (b. 1784 - d. 1868)
16 Sep 1840 - 10 May 1841 Baldomero Espartero,
duque de la Victoria (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 May 1841 - 20 May 1841 Joaqu�n Mar�a Ferrer Cafranga
20 May 1841 - 17 Jun 1842 Antonio Gonz�lez y Gonz�lez
(2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Jun 1842 - 9 May 1843 Jos� Ram�n Rodil y Gallosa,
marqu�s de Rodil (b. 1789 - d. 1853)
9 May 1843 - 19 May 1843 Joaqu�n Mar�a L�pez (1st time) (s.a.)
19 May 1843 - 23 Jul 1843 �lvaro G�mez Becerra (b. 1771 - d. 1855)
23 Jul 1843 - 20 Nov 1843 Joaqu�n Mar�a L�pez (2nd time) (s.a.)
(president of the Government)
20 Nov 1843 - 5 Dec 1843 Salustiano Ol�zaga (b. 1805 - d. 1873)
5 Dec 1843 - 3 May 1844 Luis Gonz�lez Bravo (1st time) (b. 1811 - d. 1871)
3 May 1844 - 12 Feb 1846 Ram�n Mar�a Narv�ez,
duque de Valencia (1st time) (b. 1800 - d. 1868)
12 Feb 1846 - 16 Mar 1846 Manuel Pando Fern�ndez de Pinedo,
marqu�s de Miraflores (1st time) (b. 1792 - d. 1872)
16 Mar 1846 - 5 Apr 1846 Ram�n Mar�a Narv�ez,
duque de Valencia (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Apr 1846 - 28 Jan 1847 Francisco Javier Ist�riz y Montero
(2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Jan 1847 - 28 Mar 1847 Carlos Mart�nez de Irujo,
marqu�s de Casa Irujo,
duque de Sotomayor (b. 1804 - d. 1889)
28 Mar 1847 - 31 Aug 1847 Joaqu�n Francisco Pacheco y
Guti�rrez Calder�n (b. 1808 - d. 1865)
31 Aug 1847 - 12 Sep 1847 Jos� de Salamanca y Mayol (b. 1811 - d. 1883)
12 Sep 1847 - 4 Oct 1847 Florencio Garc�a Goyena (b. 1783 - d. 1855)
4 Oct 1847 - 19 Oct 1849 Ram�n Mar�a Narv�ez,
duque de Valencia (3rd time) (s.a.)
19 Oct 1849 - 20 Oct 1849 Seraf�n Mar�a de Sotto,
conde de Clonard (b. 1793 - d. 1862)
20 Oct 1849 - 14 Jan 1850 Ram�n Mar�a Narv�ez,
duque de Valencia (4th time) (s.a.)
14 Jan 1850 - 14 Dec 1852 Juan Bravo Murillo (b. 1803 - d. 1873)
14 Dec 1852 - 14 Apr 1853 Federico Roncali, conde de Alcoy (b. 1801? - d. 1857)
14 Apr 1853 - 19 Sep 1853 Francisco de Lersundi y Ormaechea (b. 1817 - d. 1874)
19 Sep 1853 - 17 Jul 1854 Luis Jos� Sartorius,
conde de San Luis (b. 1820 - d. 1871)
17 Jul 1854 - 18 Jul 1854 Fernando Fern�ndez de C�rdova
(1st time) (b. 1809 - d. 1883)
18 Jul 1854 - 19 Jul 1854 �ngel de Saavedra y Ram�rez de
Baquedano, duque de Rivas (b. 1791 - d. 1865)
19 Jul 1854 - 14 Jul 1856 Baldomero Espartero,
duque de la Victoria (3rd time) (s.a.)
14 Jul 1856 - 12 Oct 1856 Leopoldo O'Donnell (1st time) (b. 1809 - d. 1867)
12 Oct 1856 - 15 Oct 1857 Ram�n Mar�a Narv�ez,
duque de Valencia (5th time) (s.a.)
15 Oct 1857 - 14 Jan 1858 Francisco Armero y Pe�aranda,
marqu�s de Nervi�n (b. 1804 - d. 1867)
14 Jan 1858 - 30 Jun 1858 Francisco Javier Ist�riz y Montero
(3rd time) (s.a.)
30 Jun 1858 - 2 Mar 1863 Leopoldo O'Donnell (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Mar 1863 - 17 Jan 1864 Manuel Pando Fern�ndez de Pinedo,
marqu�s de Miraflores (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Jan 1864 - 1 Mar 1864 Lorenzo Arrazola Garc�a (b. 1797 - d. 1873)
1 Mar 1864 - 16 Sep 1864 Alejandro M�n M�nendez (b. 1801 - d. 1882)
16 Sep 1864 - 21 Jun 1865 Ram�n Mar�a Narv�ez,
duque de Valencia (6th time) (s.a.)
21 Jun 1865 - 10 Jul 1866 Leopoldo O'Donnell (3rd time) (s.a.)
10 Jul 1866 - 23 Apr 1868 Ram�n Mar�a Narv�ez,
duque de Valencia (7th time) (s.a.)
23 Apr 1868 - 19 Sep 1868 Luis Gonz�lez Bravo (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Sep 1868 - 30 Sep 1868 Jos� Guti�rrez de la Concha (b. 1809 - d. 1895)
18 Jun 1869 - 27 Dec 1870 Juan Prim y Prats, marqu�s de los
Castillejos, conde de Reus,
vizconde del Bruch (b. 1814 - d. 1870)
27 Dec 1870 - 4 Jan 1871 Juan Bautista Topete y Carballo
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1821 - d. 1885)
4 Jan 1871 - 24 Jul 1871 Francisco Serrano y Dom�nguez,
duque de la Torre, conde de San
Antonio (1st time) (s.a.)
24 Jul 1871 - 5 Oct 1871 Manuel Ru�z Zorrilla (1st time) (b. 1833 - d. 1895)
5 Oct 1871 - 21 Dec 1871 Jos� Malcampo y Monge, marqu�s
de San Rafael, conde de Jolo (b. 1828 - d. 1880)
21 Dec 1871 - 26 May 1872 Pr�xedes Mateo Sagasta (1st time) (b. 1825 - d. 1903)
26 May 1872 - 4 Jun 1872 Juan Bautista Topete y Carballo
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
4 Jun 1872 - 13 Jun 1872 Francisco Serrano y Dom�nguez,
duque de la Torre, conde de San
Antonio (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Jun 1872 - 16 Jun 1872 Fernando Fern�ndez de C�rdova
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
16 Jun 1872 - 12 Feb 1873 Manuel Ru�z Zorrilla (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Jan 1874 - 26 Feb 1874 Francisco Serrano y Dom�nguez,
duque de la Torre, conde de San
Antonio (3rd time) (s.a.)
26 Feb 1874 - 3 Sep 1874 Juan de Zavala y de la Puente,
conde de Paredes de Nava,
marqu�s de Sierra Bullones (b. 1804 - d. 1879)
3 Sep 1874 - 30 Dec 1874 Pr�xedes Mateo Sagasta (2nd time) (s.a.)
31 Dec 1874 - 12 Sep 1875 Antonio C�novas del Castillo
(1st time) (b. 1828 - d. 1897)
12 Sep 1875 - 2 Dec 1875 Joaqu�n Jovellar y Soler (b. 1819 - d. 1892)
2 Dec 1875 - 7 Mar 1879 Antonio C�novas del Castillo
(2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Mar 1879 - 9 Dec 1879 Arsenio Mart�nez Campos (b. 1831 - d. 1900)
9 Dec 1879 - 8 Feb 1881 Antonio C�novas del Castillo
(3rd time) (s.a.)
8 Feb 1881 - 13 Oct 1883 Pr�xedes Mateo Sagasta (3rd time) (s.a.)
13 Oct 1883 - 18 Jan 1884 Jos� Posada Herrera (b. 1815 - d. 1885)
18 Jan 1884 - 27 Nov 1885 Antonio C�novas del Castillo
(4th time) (s.a.)
27 Nov 1885 - 5 Jul 1890 Pr�xedes Mateo Sagasta (4th time) (s.a.)
5 Jul 1890 - 11 Dec 1892 Antonio C�novas del Castillo
(5th time) (s.a.)
11 Dec 1892 - 23 Mar 1895 Pr�xedes Mateo Sagasta (5th time) (s.a.)
23 Mar 1895 - 8 Aug 1897 Antonio C�novas del Castillo
(6th time) (s.a.)
8 Aug 1897 - 4 Oct 1897 Marcelo de Azc�rraga y Palmero
(1st time) (acting to 21 Aug 1897) (b. 1832 - d. 1915)
4 Oct 1897 - 4 Mar 1899 Pr�xedes Mateo Sagasta (6th time) (s.a.)
4 Mar 1899 - 23 Oct 1900 Francisco Silvela y le Vielleuze
(1st time) (b. 1843 - d. 1905)
23 Oct 1900 - 6 Mar 1901 Marcelo de Azc�rraga y Palmero
(2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Mar 1901 - 6 Dec 1902 Pr�xedes Mateo Sagasta (7th time) (s.a.)
6 Dec 1902 - 20 Jul 1903 Francisco Silvela y le Vielleuze
(2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Jul 1903 - 5 Dec 1903 Raimundo Fern�ndez Villaverde
(1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1905)
5 Dec 1903 - 16 Dec 1904 Antonio Maura y Montaner
(1st time) (b. 1853 - d. 1925)
16 Dec 1904 - 27 Jan 1905 Marcelo de Azc�rraga y Palmero
(3rd time) (s.a.)
27 Jan 1905 - 23 Jun 1905 Raimundo Fern�ndez Villaverde
(2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Jun 1905 - 1 Dec 1905 Eugenio Montero R�os (b. 1832 - d. 1914)
1 Dec 1905 - 6 Jul 1906 Segismundo Moret y Prendergast
(1st time) (b. 1838 - d. 1913)
6 Jul 1906 - 30 Nov 1906 Jos� L�pez Dom�nguez (b. 1829 - d. 1911)
30 Nov 1906 - 4 Dec 1906 Segismundo Moret y Prendergast
(2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Dec 1906 - 25 Jan 1907 Antonio Aguilar y Correa,
marqu�s de la Vega de Armijo (b. 1824 - d. 1908)
25 Jan 1907 - 21 Oct 1909 Antonio Maura y Montaner
(2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Oct 1909 - 9 Feb 1910 Segismundo Moret y Prendergast
(3rd time) (s.a.)
9 Feb 1910 - 12 Nov 1912 Jos� Canalejas y M�ndez (b. 1854 - d. 1912)
12 Nov 1912 - 14 Nov 1912 Manuel Garc�a Prieto,
marqu�s de Alhucemas (1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1938)
(acting)
14 Nov 1912 - 27 Oct 1913 �lvaro Figueroa y Torres Mendieta,
conde de Romanones (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1950)
27 Oct 1913 - 9 Dec 1915 Eduardo Dato y Iradier (1st time) (b. 1856 - d. 1921)
9 Dec 1915 - 19 Apr 1917 �lvaro Figueroa y Torres Mendieta,
conde de Romanones (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Apr 1917 - 11 Jun 1917 Manuel Garc�a Prieto,
marqu�s de Alhucemas (2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Jun 1917 - 3 Nov 1917 Eduardo Dato y Iradier (2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Nov 1917 - 22 Mar 1918 Manuel Garc�a Prieto,
marqu�s de Alhucemas (3rd time) (s.a.)
22 Mar 1918 - 9 Nov 1918 Antonio Maura y Montaner
(3rd time) (s.a.)
9 Nov 1918 - 5 Dec 1918 Manuel Garc�a Prieto,
marqu�s de Alhucemas (4th time) (s.a.)
5 Dec 1918 - 15 Apr 1919 �lvaro Figueroa y Torres Mendieta,
conde de Romanones (3rd time) (s.a.)
15 Apr 1919 - 20 Jul 1919 Antonio Maura y Montaner
(4th time) (s.a.)
20 Jul 1919 - 12 Dec 1919 Joaqu�n S�nchez de Toca Calvo (b. 1852 - d. 1942)
12 Dec 1919 - 5 May 1920 Manuel Allendesalazar (1st time) (b. 1856 - d. 1923)
5 May 1920 - 8 Mar 1921 Eduardo Dato y Iradier (3rd time) (s.a.)
8 Mar 1921 - 13 Mar 1921 Gabino Bugallal Araujo,
conde de Bugallal (b. 1861 - d. 1932)
13 Mar 1921 - 14 Aug 1921 Manuel Allendesalazar (2nd time) (s.a.)
14 Aug 1921 - 8 Mar 1922 Antonio Maura y Montaner
(5th time) (s.a.)
8 Mar 1922 - 7 Dec 1922 Jos� S�nchez Guerra y Mart�nez (b. 1859 - d. 1935)
7 Dec 1922 - 15 Sep 1923 Manuel Garc�a Prieto,
marqu�s de Alhucemas (5th time) (s.a.)
15 Sep 1923 - 30 Jan 1930 Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja,
marqu�s de Estella y (from 1925)
de Ajdir (b. 1870 - d. 1930)
(president of the Military Directory to 3 Dec 1925)
30 Jan 1930 - 18 Feb 1931 D�maso Berenguer, conde de Xauen (b. 1873 - d. 1953)
18 Feb 1931 - 14 Apr 1931 Juan Bautista Aznar-Caba�as (b. 1860 - d. 1933)
14 Apr 1931 - 14 Oct 1931 Niceto Alcal�-Zamora y Torres (s.a.)
14 Oct 1931 - 12 Sep 1933 Manuel Aza�a D�az (1st time) (s.a.)
12 Sep 1933 - 8 Oct 1933 Alejandro Lerroux Garc�a
(1st time) (b. 1864 - d. 1949)
8 Oct 1933 - 16 Dec 1933 Diego Mart�nez Barrio (1st time) (s.a.)
16 Dec 1933 - 28 Apr 1934 Alejandro Lerroux Garc�a
(2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Apr 1934 - 4 Oct 1934 Ricardo Samper Ib��ez (b. 1881 - d. 1938)
4 Oct 1934 - 25 Sep 1935 Alejandro Lerroux Garc�a
(3rd time) (s.a.)
25 Sep 1935 - 14 Dec 1935 Joaqu�n Chapaprieta Torregrosa (b. 1871 - d. 1951)
14 Dec 1935 - 19 Feb 1936 Manuel Portela Valladares (b. 1868 - d. 1952)
19 Feb 1936 - 10 May 1936 Manuel Aza�a D�az (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 May 1936 - 13 May 1936 Augusto Barcia Trelles (interim) (b. 1881 - d. 1961)
13 May 1936 - 19 Jul 1936 Santiago Casares Quiroga (b. 1884 - d. 1950)
19 Jul 1936 Diego Mart�nez Barrio (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Jul 1936 - 4 Sep 1936 Jos� Giral Pereira (b. 1879 - d. 1962)
4 Sep 1936 - 17 May 1937 Francisco Largo Caballero (b. 1859 - d. 1946)
17 May 1937 - 31 Mar 1939 Juan Negr�n L�pez (b. 1894 - d. 1956)
Chairmen of the Technical Junta (Nationalist Zone)
3 Oct 1936 - 3 Jun 1937 Fidel D�vila Arrondo (b. 1878 - d. 1962)
3 Jun 1937 - 31 Jan 1938 Francisco G�mez Jordana (b. 1876 - d. 1944)
Prime ministers (presidents of the Government) (to 31 Mar 1939 in Nationalist Zone only)
31 Jan 1938 - 8 Jun 1973 Francisco Franco (s.a.)
8 Jun 1973 - 20 Dec 1973 Luis Carrero Blanco (b. 1903 - d. 1973)
20 Dec 1973 - 2 Jan 1974 Torcuato Fern�ndez-Miranda (b. 1915 - d. 1980)
(acting)
2 Jan 1974 - 1 Jul 1976 Carlos Arias Navarro (b. 1908 - d. 1989)
1 Jul 1976 - 5 Jul 1976 Fernando de Santiago y D�az de
Mendivil (acting) (b. 1910 - d. 1994)
5 Jul 1976 - 25 Feb 1981 Adolfo Su�rez Gonz�lez (b. 1932)
25 Feb 1981 - 2 Dec 1982 Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo y Bustelo (b. 1926 - d. 2008)
2 Dec 1982 - 5 May 1996 Felipe Gonz�lez M�rquez (b. 1942)
5 May 1996 - 17 Apr 2004 Jos� Mar�a Aznar (b. 1953)
17 Apr 2004 - Jos� Luis Rodr�guez Zapatero (b. 1960)
May 1808 the abdication of Fernando VII on 6 May 1808 is not
recognized by the "Resistance"; Supreme Governing Juntas
are established in the provinces, ultimately numbering 18,
as well as in the Indies, ruling in the name of Fernando VII
25 Sep 1808 the Supreme Central Governing Junta is established, ruling
in the name of Fernando VII, and gradually superseding the
previously established Juntas
31 Jan 1810 a Supreme Council of Regency is established, governing in
the name of Fernando VII
10 May 1814 after the return of Fernando VII the Regency is dissolved
Presidents of the Supreme Central Governing Junta
25 Sep 1808 - 30 Dec 1808 Jos� Mo�ino y Redondo, conde de
Floridablanca (s.a.)
(interim to 1 Oct 1808)
30 Dec 1808 - 1 Nov 1809 Vicente Isabel Osorio de Moscoso
y �lvarez de Toledo, marqu�s de
Astorga (b. 1777 - d. 1837)
(acting to 1 May 1809)
1 Nov 1809 - 31 Jan 1810 Juan Acisclo de Vera y Delgado,
arzobispo de Laodicea (b. 1761 - d. 1818)
Presidents of the Supreme Council of Regency
1 Feb 1810 - 29 May 1810 Francisco Javier Casta�os y
Aragorri (b. 1758 - d. 1852)
29 May 1810 - 26 Sep 1810 Pedro de Quevedo y Quintano,
obispo de Orense (b. 1736 - d. 1818)
27?Sep 1810 - 28 Oct 1810 Francisco de Saavedra y Sangronis (s.a.)
Presidents of the Council of Regency
28 Oct 1810 - 8 Dec 1810 Pedro Agar y Bustillo (1st time) (b. 1760 - d. 1822)
8 Dec 1810 - 8 Apr 1811 Joaqu�n Blake y Joyes (b. 1739 - d. 1827)
8 Apr 1811 - 8 Aug 1811 Pedro Agar y Bustillo (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Aug 1811 - 8 Dec 1811 Gabriel de C�scar y C�scar (b. 1760 - d. 1829)
8 Dec 1811 - 22 Jan 1812 Pedro Agar y Bustillo (3rd time) (s.a.)
Presidents of the Regency
22 Jan 1812 - 15 Jun 1812 Joaqu�n de Mosquera y Figueroa (b. 1748 - d. 1830)
15 Jun 1812 - 15 Dec 1812? Pedro Alc�ntara de Toledo y
Salm-Salm, duque del Infantado (s.a.)
15 Dec 1812?- 8 Mar 1813 Juan Mar�a de Villavicencio (b. 1755 - d. 1830)
President of the (to 22 Mar 1813, Provisional) Regency
8 Mar 1813 - 10 May 1814 Cardenal Luis Mar�a de Borb�n y
Vallabriga, arzobispo de Toledo,
primado de las Espa�as (b. 1777 - d. 1823)
First secretaries of state
15 Oct 1808 - 5 Jan 1809 Pedro Cevallos Guerra (s.a.)
5 Jan 1809 - 13 Oct 1809 Mart�n de Garay Perales (acting) (b. 1760 - d. 1822)
13 Oct 1809 - 30 Oct 1809 Pedro Rivero (acting)
30 Oct 1809 - 31 Jan 1810 Francisco de Saavedra y Sangronis (s.a.)
31 Jan 1810 - 20 Mar 1810 Nicol�s Ambrosio de Garro y
Arizc�n, marqu�s de las Hormazas
(acting)
20 Mar 1810 - 6 Feb 1812 Eusebio Bardaj� y Azara (s.a.)
(acting to 27 May 1810)
6 Feb 1812 - 12 May 1812 Jos� Garc�a de Le�n y Pizarro (s.a.)
(acting)
12 May 1812 - 23 Jun 1812 Ignacio de la Pezuela y S�nchez (b. ... - d. 1850)
(acting)
23 Jun 1812 - 27 Sep 1812 Carlos Fernando Mart�nez de Irujo
y Tac�n, marqu�s de Casa Irujo (s.a.)
27 Sep 1812 - 11 Jul 1813 Pedro G�mez-Labrador Avelo (b. 1765 - d. 1850)
11 Jul 1813 - 10 Oct 1813 Antonio Cano Manuel y Ram�rez de
Arellano (acting)
Presidents
1940 - 17 Aug 1945 �lvaro de Albornoz y Liminiana (b. 1879 - d. 1954)
(acting)
17 Aug 1945 - 1 Jan 1962 Diego Mart�nez Barrio (s.a.)
11 Feb 1962 - 16 Nov 1970 Luis Jim�nez de As�a (b. 1889 - d. 1970)
Nov 1970 - 1 Jul 1977 Jos� Antonio Maldonado (b. ... - d. 1985)
Prime ministers
4 Mar 1939 - 17 Aug 1945 Juan Negr�n L�pez (s.a.)
17 Aug 1945 - 9 Feb 1947 Jos� Giral Pereira (s.a.)
9 Feb 1947 - 8 Aug 1947 Rodolfo Llopis Ferr�ndiz (b. 1895 - d. 1983)
8 Aug 1947 - 13 Aug 1951 �lvaro de Albornoz y Liminiana (s.a.)
13 Aug 1951 - 9 May 1960 F�lix Gord�n Ord�s (b. 1885 - d. 1973)
9 May 1960 - 28 Feb 1962 Emilio Herrera Linares (b. 1876 - d. 1967)
28 Feb 1962 - 28 Feb 1971 Claudio S�nchez-Albornoz y
Mendui�a (b. 1893 - d. 1984)
28 Feb 1971 - 23 Jul 1977 Fernando Valera Aparicio (b. 1899 - d. 1982)
�What we usually think of as Spain had no constitutional identity until 1808. The style Monarqu�a Espa�ola gradually came into use for the whole complex, while several of the component units maintained (in some cases fanatically) their political identity, with their own Cortes, their own charters of rights (fueros), etc. Espa�as (or Espa�as e Indias) more closely reflects usage before 1808 than Espa�a.in Spain in Navarra Carlos II Carlos V Felipe V Felipe VII Luis I Luis II Fernando VI Fernando II Carlos III Carlos VI Carlos IV Carlos VII Fernando VII Fernando III Carlos V Carlos VIII (Carlist rebellion) Isabel II Isabel IOf course this separate identity was disrupted 6 May 1808 - 11 Dec 1813 during the Napoleonic wars.
1653 - 1796 Ceylon a Dutch colony
Aug 1795 British East India Company rule
1 Jan 1802 British crown colony
4 Feb 1948 independence (Dominion of Ceylon)
22 May 1972 Republic of Sri Lanka
7 Sep 1978 Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
Governors
22 Feb 1697 - 26 Nov 1702 Gerrit de Heere (b. 1657 - d. 1702)
11 May 1703 - 22 Nov 1707 Cornelis Joannes Simonsz
22 Nov 1707 - 5 Dec 1716 Hendrick Becker
5 Dec 1716 - 21 Jun 1723 Isaak Augustyn Rumpf
21 Jun 1723 - 12 Jan 1724 Arnold Mold (acting)
12 Jan 1724 - 19 Oct 1725 Johannes Hertenberg
19 Oct 1725 - 16 Sep 1726 Jan Paulus Schagen (acting)
16 Sep 1726 - 27 Aug 1729 Petrus Vuyst (b. ... - d. 1729)
27 Aug 1729 - 25 Aug 1732 Stephanus Versluys
25 Aug 1732 - 2 Dec 1732 Gualterus Woutersz (acting)
2 Dec 1732 - 27 Jan 1734 Jacob Christian Pielaat
(commissioner)
27 Jan 1734 - 7 Jun 1736 Diederick van Domburg (b. ... - d. 1736)
7 Jun 1736 - 23 Jul 1736 Jan Maccare (acting)
23 Jul 1736 - 12 Mar 1740 Gustaaf Willem baron van Imhoff (b. 1705 - d. 1750)
12 Mar 1740 - 8 Jan 1742 Willem Maurits Bruyninck
8 Jan 1742 - 11 May 1743 Daniel Overbeek
11 May 1743 - 6 May 1751 Julius Valentyn Stein van
Gollenesse
6 May 1751 - 26 Feb 1752 Gerrard Joan Vreeland
26 Feb 1752 - 10 Sep 1752 Jacob de Jong (acting)
10 Sep 1752 - 17 Mar 1757 Joan Gideon Loten (b. 1710 - d. 1789)
17 Mar 1757 - 17 Sep 1762 Jan Schreuder
17 Sep 1762 - 1 Apr 1765 Lubbert Jan baron van Eck (b. 1719 - d. 1765)
13 May 1765 - 7 Aug 1765 Anthony Mooyart (acting)
7 Aug 1765 - 6 Feb 1785 Iman Willem Falck (b. 1736 - d. 1785)
7 Feb 1785 - 15 Jul 1794 Willem Jacob van der Graaf (b. ... - d. 1794)
15 Jul 1794 - 16 Feb 1796 Johan Gerrard van Angelbeek (b. 1727 - d. 1799)
Military governors
Aug 1795 - 1 Mar 1796 Patrick Alexander Agnew (b. 1765 - d. 1813)
(in Trincomalee)
1 Mar 1796 - 1 Jan 1797 James Stewart
1 Jan 1797 - 2 Jul 1797 Welbore Ellis Doyle (b. 1758 - d. 1797)
2 Jul 1797 - 12 Jul 1797 Peter Bonnevaux (b. c.1752 - d. 1797)
12 Jul 1797 - 12 Oct 1798 Pierre Fr�d�ric de Meuron (b. 1788 - d. 1813)
Resident
12 Feb 1796 - 12 Oct 1798 Robert Andrews
Governors
12 Oct 1798 - 19 Jul 1805 Frederick North (b. 1766 - d. 1827)
19 Jul 1805 - 19 Mar 1811 Thomas Maitland (b. 1759 - d. 1824)
19 Mar 1811 - 11 Mar 1812 John Wilson (1st time) (acting) (b. 1780 - d. 1856)
11 Mar 1812 - 1 Feb 1820 Robert Brownrigg (b. 1759 - d. 1833)
1 Feb 1820 - 2 Feb 1822 Edward Barnes (1st time) (acting) (b. 1776 - d. 1838)
2 Feb 1822 - 6 Nov 1822 Edward Paget (b. 1775 - d. 1849)
6 Nov 1822 - 18 Jan 1824 James Campbell (acting)
18 Jan 1824 - 13 Oct 1831 Edward Barnes (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Oct 1831 - 23 Oct 1831 John Wilson (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
23 Oct 1831 - 7 Nov 1837 Robert Wilmot-Horton (b. 1784 - d. 1841)
7 Nov 1837 - 15 Apr 1841 James Alexander Stewart Mackenzie (b. 1776 - d. 1843)
15 Apr 1841 - 19 Apr 1847 Colin Campbell (b. 1776 - d. 1847)
19 Apr 1847 - 29 May 1847 James Emerson Tennent (acting) (b. 1804 - d. 1869)
29 May 1847 - 18 Oct 1850 George Byng, Viscount Torrington (b. 1812 - d. 1884)
18 Oct 1850 - 27 Nov 1850 Charles Justin MacCarthy
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1820 - d. 1864)
27 Nov 1850 - 18 Jan 1855 Sir George William Anderson (b. 1791 - d. 1857)
18 Jan 1855 - 11 May 1855 Charles Justin MacCarthy
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
11 May 1855 - 30 Jun 1860 Henry George Ward (b. 1797 - d. 1860)
30 Jun 1860 - 30 Jul 1860 Henry Frederick Lockyer (acting) (b. 1797 - d. 1860)
30 Jul 1860 - 22 Oct 1860 Charles Edmund Wilkinson (acting) (b. 1807 - d. 1870)
22 Oct 1860 - 1 Dec 1863 Charles Justin MacCarthy
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Dec 1863 - 21 Mar 1865 Terence O'Brien (acting)
21 Mar 1865 - 4 Jan 1872 Sir Hercules Robinson (b. 1824 - d. 1897)
(acting to 16 May 1865)
4 Jan 1872 - 4 Mar 1872 Henry Turner Irving (acting) (b. 1833 - d. 1923)
4 Mar 1872 - 4 Sep 1877 William Henry Gregory (b. 1817 - d. 1892)
4 Sep 1877 - 10 Jul 1883 Sir James Robert Longden (b. 1827 - d. 1891)
10 Jul 1883 - 3 Dec 1883 John Douglas (acting)
3 Dec 1883 - 28 May 1890 Sir Arthur Charles Hamilton-Gordon (b. 1829 - d. 1912)
28 May 1890 - 24 Oct 1895 Arthur Elibank Havelock (b. 1844 - d. 1908)
24 Oct 1895 - 10 Feb 1896 Edward No�l Walker (acting) (b. 1842 - d. 1908)
10 Feb 1896 - 19 Nov 1903 Joseph West Ridgeway (b. 1844 - d. 1930)
19 Nov 1903 - 3 Dec 1903 Edward F. im Thurn (acting) (b. 1852 - d. 1932)
3 Dec 1903 - 11 Jul 1907 Sir Henry Arthur Blake (b. 1840 - d. 1918)
11 Jul 1907 - 24 Aug 1907 Hugh Clifford (1st time) (b. 1866 - d. 1941)
(acting)
24 Aug 1907 - 24 Jan 1913 Sir Henry Edward McCallum (b. 1852 - d. 1919)
24 Jan 1913 - 18 Oct 1913 Reginald Edward Stubbs (1st time) (b. 1876 - d. 1947)
(acting)
18 Oct 1913 - 4 Dec 1915 Robert Chalmers (b. 1858 - d. 1938)
4 Dec 1915 - 15 Apr 1916 Reginald Edward Stubbs (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
15 Apr 1916 - 24 Mar 1918 Sir John Anderson (b. 1858 - d. 1918)
24 Mar 1918 - 10 Sep 1918 Reginald Edward Stubbs (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
10 Sep 1918 - 1 Apr 1925 Sir William Henry Manning (b. 1863 - d. 1932)
1 Apr 1925 - 18 Oct 1925 Cecil Clementi (acting) (b. 1875 - d. 1947)
18 Oct 1925 - 30 Nov 1925 Edward Bruce Alexander (acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1955)
30 Nov 1925 - 1927 Sir Hugh Clifford (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Aug 1928 - 11 Feb 1931 Sir Herbert James Stanley (b. 1872 - d. 1953)
11 Feb 1931 - 11 Apr 1931 Bernard Henry Bourdillon (acting) (b. 1883 - d. 1948)
11 Apr 1931 - 20 Sep 1933 Sir Graeme Thomson (b. 1875 - d. 1933)
20 Sep 1933 - 23 Dec 1933 Francis Graeme Tyrrell (acting) (b. 1876 - d. 1964)
23 Dec 1933 - 30 Jun 1937 Reginald Edward Stubbs (4th time) (s.a.)
30 Jun 1937 - 16 Oct 1937 Maxwell MacLagan Wedderburn (b. 1883 - d. 1953)
(acting)
16 Oct 1937 - 19 Sep 1944 Sir Andrew Caldecott (b. 1884 - d. 1951)
19 Sep 1944 - 4 Feb 1948 Sir Henry Monck-Mason Moore (b. 1887 - d. 1964)
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
4 Feb 1948 - 6 Jul 1949 Sir Henry Monck-Mason Moore (s.a.)
6 Jul 1949 - 17 Jul 1954 Herwald Ramsbotham, Baron Soulbury (b. 1887 - d. 1971)
17 Jul 1954 - 2 Mar 1962 Sir Oliver Goonetilleke (b. 1892 - d. 1978)
2 Mar 1962 - 22 May 1972 William Gopallawa (b. 1897 - d. 1981)
Presidents
22 May 1972 - 4 Feb 1978 William Gopallawa (s.a.)
4 Feb 1978 - 2 Jan 1989 Junius Richard Jayewardene (b. 1906 - d. 1996)
2 Jan 1989 - 1 May 1993 Ranasinghe Premadasa (b. 1924 - d. 1993)
1 May 1993 - 12 Nov 1994 Dingiri Banda Wijetunga (b. 1922 - d. 2008)
(acting to 7 May 1993)
12 Nov 1994 - 19 Nov 2005 Chandrika Kumaratunga (f) (b. 1945)
19 Nov 2005 - Mahinda Rajapakse (b. 1945)
Prime ministers
24 Sep 1947 - 22 Mar 1952 Don Stephen Senanayake (b. 1884 - d. 1952)
26 Mar 1952 - 12 Oct 1953 Dudley Shelton Senanayake
(1st time) (b. 1911 - d. 1973)
12 Oct 1953 - 12 Apr 1956 Sir John Kotelawala (b. 1897 - d. 1980)
12 Apr 1956 - 26 Sep 1959 S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike (b. 1899 - d. 1959)
26 Sep 1959 - 21 Mar 1960 Wijayananda Dahanayake (b. 1902 - d. 1997)
21 Mar 1960 - 21 Jul 1960 Dudley Shelton Senanayake
(2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Jul 1960 - 27 Mar 1965 Sirimavo Bandaranaike (f)
(1st time) (b. 1916 - d. 2000)
27 Mar 1965 - 29 May 1970 Dudley Shelton Senanayake
(3rd time) (s.a.)
29 May 1970 - 23 Jul 1977 Sirimavo Bandaranaike (f)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Jul 1977 - 6 Feb 1978 Junius Richard Jayewardene (s.a.)
6 Feb 1978 - 3 Mar 1989 Ranasinghe Premadasa (s.a.)
3 Mar 1989 - 7 May 1993 Dingiri Banda Wijetunga (s.a.)
7 May 1993 - 19 Aug 1994 Ranil Wickremesinghe (1st time) (b. 1949)
19 Aug 1994 - 14 Nov 1994 Chandrika Kumaratunga (f) (s.a.)
14 Nov 1994 - 10 Aug 2000 Sirimavo Bandaranaike (f)
(3rd time) (s.a.)
10 Aug 2000 - 9 Dec 2001 Ratnasiri Wickremanayake
(1st time) (b. 1933)
9 Dec 2001 - 6 Apr 2004 Ranil Wickremesinghe (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Apr 2004 - 21 Nov 2005 Mahinda Rajapakse (s.a.)
21 Nov 2005 - Ratnasiri Wickremanayake
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1469 Kingdom of Udarata established (often referred to as
Kingdom of Kandy by the name of its capital)
2 Mar 1815 - Jul 1817 occupied by U.K. (colony of Ceylon)
Oct 1818 incorporated into colony of Ceylon
Kings
- Dinajara dynasty -
1687 - 1707 Vimala Dharmasurya II
1707 - 13 May 1739 Viraparakkama Narendrasimha (b. ... - d. 1739)
- Nayakkar dynasty -
1739 - 11 Aug 1747 Sri Vijaya Rajasimha (b. ... - d. 1747)
12 Aug 1747 - 2 Jan 1782 Kirtisri Rajasimha (b. ... - d. 1782)
1782 - 12 Aug 1798 Sri Rajadhirajasimha (b. ... - d. 1798)
1798 - 17 Feb 1803 Sri Vikrama Rajasimha (1st time) (b. 1780 - d. 1832)
17 Feb 1803 - 24 Jun 1803 Muttusami (b. 17... - d. 1803)
24 Jun 1803 - 2 Mar 1815 Sri Vikrama Rajasimha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jul 1817 - Oct 1818 Kirtisri Doraisami
1821/22 Egyptian occupation and annexation
29 Jun 1881 Mahdiya established (Mahdi's "emergence")
2 Sep 1898 Mahdiya extinguished
19 Jan 1899 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (condominium)
1 Jan 1956 independence (Republic of The Sudan)
25 May 1969 Democratic Republic of The Sudan
15 Dec 1985 Republic of The Sudan
Mahdi
29 Jun 1881 - 22 Jun 1885 Muhammad Ahmad (b. 1844 - d. 1885)
Khalifa
22 Jun 1885 - 2 Sep 1898 `Abd Allah (b. 1846 - d. 1899)
Governors-general
19 Jan 1899 - 22 Dec 1899 Horatio Herbert Kitchener,
Baron Kitchener (b. 1850 - d. 1916)
22 Dec 1899 - 31 Dec 1916 Sir Reginald Wingate (b. 1861 - d. 1953)
1 Jan 1917 - 20 Nov 1924 Sir Lee Oliver Fitzmaurice Stack (b. 1868 - d. 1924)
21 Nov 1924 - 5 Jan 1925 Wasey Sterry (acting) (b. 1866 - d. 1955)
5 Jan 1925 - 6 Jul 1926 Sir Geoffrey Francis Archer (b. 1882 - d. 1964)
31 Oct 1926 - 10 Jan 1934 Sir John Loader Maffey (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
10 Jan 1934 - 19 Oct 1940 Sir George Stewart Symes (b. 1882 - d. 1962)
19 Oct 1940 - 8 Apr 1947 Sir Hubert Jervoise Huddleston (b. 1880 - d. 1950)
8 Apr 1947 - 29 Mar 1954 Sir Robert George Howe (b. 1893 - d. 1981)
29 Mar 1954 - 12 Dec 1955 Sir Alexander Knox Helm (b. 1893 - d. 1964)
Presidents
1 Jan 1956 - 17 Nov 1958 Sovereignty Council
- Abdel Fattah Muhammad
al-Maghrabi
- Muhammad Ahmad Yasin
- Ahmad Muhammad Salih (b. 1896 - d. 1971)
- Muhammad Othman al-Dardiri
- Siricio Iro Wani
18 Nov 1958 - 16 Nov 1964 Ibrahim Abboud (b. 1900 - d. 1983)
(chairman Supreme Council to 31 Oct 1964)
16 Nov 1964 - 3 Dec 1964 Sirr al-Khatim al-Khalifah (b. 1919 - d. 2006)
(acting)
3 Dec 1964 - 10 Jun 1965 Committee of Sovereignty
(chair rotating weekly)
- Abdel Halim Muhammad (1st time)
- Tijani al-Mahi (b. 1911 - d. 1970)
- Mubarak Shaddad (b. 1913)
- Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman
(to 31 May 1965)
- Luigi Adwok (1st time) (b. 1929)
(from Dec 1964)
10 Jun 1965 - 8 Jul 1965 Committee of Sovereignty
(chair rotating weekly)
- Ismail al-Azhari (b. 1900 - d. 1969)
- Abdullah al-Fadil al-Mahdi (b. 1892 - d. 1966)
- Luigi Adwok (2nd time) (s.a.)
(to 14 Jun 1965)
- Abdel Halim Muhammad (2nd time)
- Khidr Hamad
8 Jul 1965 - 25 May 1969 Ismail al-Azhari (s.a.)
(chairman Sovereignty Council)
25 May 1969 - 19 Jul 1971 Gaafar Nimeiry (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 2009)
(chairman Revolutionary Command Council)
19 Jul 1971 - 22 Jul 1971 Babiker al-Nur Osman
(chairman Revolutionary Council)
22 Jul 1971 - 6 Apr 1985 Gaafar Nimeiry (2nd time) (s.a.)
(chairman Revolutionary Command Council to 12 Oct 1971)
6 Apr 1985 - 6 May 1986 Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab (b. 1934)
(Commander-in-Chief to 9 Apr 1985, then
chairman Transitional Military Council)
6 May 1986 - 30 Jun 1989 Ahmad al-Mirghani (b. 1941 - d. 2008)
(chairman Supreme Council)
30 Jun 1989 - Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir (b. 1944)
(president of Revolutionary Command Council for
National Salvation to 16 Oct 1993)
Prime ministers
6 Jan 1954 - 5 Jul 1956 Ismail al-Azhari (s.a.)
5 Jul 1956 - 17 Nov 1958 Abdullah Khalil (b. 1892 - d. 1970)
18 Nov 1958 - 30 Oct 1964 Ibrahim Abboud (s.a.)
30 Oct 1964 - 2 Jun 1965 Sirr al-Khatim al-Khalifah (s.a.)
10 Jun 1965 - 25 Jul 1966 Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub (1st time) (b. 1908 - d. 1976)
27 Jul 1966 - 18 May 1967 Sadiq al-Mahdi (1st time) (b. 1935)
18 May 1967 - 25 May 1969 Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 May 1969 - 27 Oct 1969 Babiker Awadalla (b. 1917)
28 Oct 1969 - 11 Aug 1976 Gaafar Nimeiry (1st time) (s.a.)
11 Aug 1976 - 10 Sep 1977 Rashid Bakr (b. 1930)
10 Sep 1977 - 6 Apr 1985 Gaafar Nimeiry (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Apr 1985 - 6 May 1986 al-Jazuli Dafalla (b. 1935)
6 May 1986 - 30 Jun 1989 Sadiq al-Mahdi (2nd time) (s.a.)
14 Jul 1884 - 1898 annexed by the Mahdiya, but rulers continue in rebellion
1969 state extinguished
Kings (title Woster or Makk)
... - 1783 `Umar Abu Zintar walad al-Jayli
1783 - 1800 Isma`il walad Muhammad
1800 - 1820 Abu Bakr walad Isma`il
1820 - 1835 `Umar walad Abi Bakr
1835 - 1840 Ahmad walad Abi Bakr
1840 - 1843 al-Maryud walad Isma`il
1843 - 1864 Nasir walad Abi Bakr
1864 - 14 Jul 1884 Adam Umm Dabbalu walad `Umar
al-`Arabi
1884 - 1898 `Ali Abu Zanayt walad Adam
1898 - 1916 Mustafa al-Jayli walad Adam
1916 - 1920 Abu Bakr walad al-Jayli
1920 - 1969 Adam walad al-Jayli
1445 Kayra Fur dynasty established
23 Oct 1874 occupied by Egypt
1889 - 1898 annexed to the Mahdiya
22 May 1916 state extinguished
Sultans
- Kayra Fur dynasty -
1785 - 1799 `Abd ar-Rahman ar-Rashid
1799 - 1839 Muhammad al-Fadl
1839 - Apr 1873 Muhammad al-Husayn
1839 - 1843 Muhammad Abu Madyan (in rebellion)
21 Apr 1873 - 23 Oct 1874 Ibrahim Qarad Koyko
1874 Hasab Allah
1874 - 1875 Sayf ad-Din Bush
1877 - 1880 Sayf ad-Din Muhammad Harun ar-Rashid
1880 - 1884 `Abd Allah Dud Banja
1887 - 14 Feb 1888 Yusuf
1888 - 1891 Abu�l Khayrat
1891 - 1908 Sanin al-Husayn (in rebellion)
21 Mar 1899 - 22 May 1916 `Ali Dinar ibn Zakariyya (b. c.1865 - d. 1916)
1884 state established
1921 state extinguished
Sultans
1884 - 1889 Isma`il ibn `Abd an-Nabi
1889 - 1907 Abu Bakr ibn Isma`il
1907 - 1910 Taj ad-Din Muhammad ibn Isma`il
1910 - 1921 Bahr ad-Din Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
Sultans
18.. - 1879 Abu Bakr
1879 - 1935 Idris ibn Abi Bakr (b. 1859 - d. 1935)
1935 - 1945 Hashim ibn Idris (b. 1873 - d. 19...)
Reths
... - ... Nyikang
... - ... Col wad Nyikang
... - ... Dak wad Nyikang
... - c.1600 Nyidoro wad Dak
c.1600 - c.1635 Odak Ocwolo wad Dak
c.1635 - c.1650 Duwat wad Ocwolo
c.1650 - c.1660 Bwoc wad Duwat
c.1660 - c.1661 Akac
c.1661 - c.1667 Abudok nya Bwoc (f)
c.1667 - c.1690 Tokot wad Bwoc
c.1690 - c.1710 Tugo wad Tokot
c.1710 - c.1715 Okon wad Tugo
c.1715 - c.1745 Nyadwai wad Tugo
c.1740 - c.1745 Ngu Abab (in rebellion)
c.1745 - c.1750 Muko wad Nyadwai
c.1750 - c.1760 Wak wad Nyadwai
c.1760 - c.1770 Tyelgut wad Nyadwai
c.1770 - c.1780 Kudit wad Okon
c.1780 - c.1820 Yor Nyakwac wad Kudit
c.1820 - c.1825 Aney wad Nyakwac
c.1825 - c.1835 Akwot wad Nyakwac
c.1835 - c.1840 Awin wad Nyakwac
c.1840 - c.1845 Akoc wad Akwot
c.1845 - Feb 1859 Nyidok wad Nyakwac (b. ... - d. 1859)
c.1859 Acin wad Akwot
c.1859 - c.1870 Kwadker wad Akwot
c.1870 - 1875 Ajang wad Nyidok (b. ... - d. 1875)
1875 Dedunyal wad Ajang
1875 - 1876 vacant
1876 - 1881 Kuikon wad Kwadker
1881 - 1892 Yor wad Akoc
1892 - 1903 Kur Galdwan wad Nyidok
1903 - 1917 Fadyet wad Kwadker (b. ... - d. 1917)
1917 - Sep 1943 Fafiti wad Yor (b. ... - d. 1943)
Mar 1944 - Nov 1945 Aney wad Kur (b. c.1900 - d. 1945)
Jan 1946 - 8 May 1951 Dak wad Fadyet (b. ... - d. 1951)
Feb 1952 - 1974 Kur wad Fafiti (b. 1928 - d. 1974)
1974 - 19.. Tipo wad Aney
*1984 - Jun 1992 Ayang wad Aney (b. ... - d. 1992)
4 Aug 1993 - Kwongo wad Dak
Chairmen of the High Executive Council
6 Apr 1972 - Feb 1978 Abel Alier (1st time) (b. 1933)
Feb 1978 - 30 May 1980 Joseph Lagu (b. 1931)
30 May 1980 - 5 Oct 1981 Abel Alier (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Oct 1981 - 23 Jun 1982 Gismalla Abdalla Rassas (interim)
23 Jun 1982 - 5 Jun 1983 Joseph Tombura (b. 1929? - d. ...)
25 May 1985 - May 1986 James Loro
Chairmen of the Council for the South
31 Jan 1987 - Jan 1988 Matthew Abor
Jan 1988 - Jun 1989 Angelo Beda
Chairmen of the Southern Sudan Coordination Council
7 Aug 1997 - 31 Jan 2000 Riek Machar (b. 1952)
2000?- 9 Dec 2002 Gatluak Deng
9 Dec 2002 - 2005 Riek Gai
Presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan
9 Jul 2005 - 30 Jul 2005 John Garang (b. 1945 - d. 2005)
11 Aug 2005 - Salva Kiir (b. 1951?)
Chairman of the Southern Sudan Liberation Front (from Aug 1971, Southern Sudan Liberation Movement) Oct 1969 - 28 Mar 1972 Joseph Lagu (s.a.) Chairman of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement Jun 1983 - 9 Jan 2005 John Garang (s.a.)
President of the Southern Sudan Provisional Government Aug 1967 - 27 Mar 1969 Aggrey Jaden President of the Nile Provisional Government Mar 1969 - 23 Jul 1970 Gordon Mayen Mortat President of the Anyidi Revolutionary Government (in opposition to NPG) 15 Jul 1969 - Apr 1970 Emidio Tafeng
Chief administrator 31 Aug 2008 - Arop Moyak
1667 Dutch colony (Dutch Guiana)
1804 - 27 Feb 1816 British rule
1828 - 1848 united with Netherlands Antilles as Dutch West Indies
20 Sep 1948 renamed Suriname
25 Nov 1975 independence (Republic of Suriname)
Chairman of the National Military Council (de facto leader)
25 Feb 1980 - 25 Jan 1988 D�si Bouterse (b. 1945)
Governors (of the Dutch West India Company)
14 May 1696 - 2 Mar 1707 Paulus van der Veen
2 Mar 1707 - 27 Sep 1707 William de Gruyter (b. 16... - d. 1707)
27 Sep 1707 - 19 Jan 1710 Francis Anthonie de Rayneval
(1st time) (acting)
19 Jan 1710 - 28 Jul 1715 Johan de Goyer (b. 16... - d. 1715)
28 Jul 1715 - 22 Jan 1716 Francis Anthonie de Rayneval
(2nd time) (acting)
22 Jan 1716 - 4 Oct 1717 Johan de Mahony (b. 16... - d. 1717)
4 Oct 1717 - 2 Mar 1718 Francis Anthonie de Rayneval
(3rd time) (acting)
2 Mar 1718 - 4 Sep 1721 Jan Coetier (b. 16... - d. 1721)
4 Sep 1721 - 1 Mar 1722 Francis Anthonie de Rayneval
(4th time) (acting)
Governors-general
1 Mar 1722 - 17 Sep 1727 Hendrik Temminck (b. ... - d. 1727)
17 Sep 1727 - 9 Nov 1728 Francis Anthonie de Rayneval
(acting)
9 Nov 1728 - 26 Jan 1734 Karel Emilius Henry de Cheusses (b. ... - d. 1734)
26 Jan 1734 - 11 Dec 1734 Johan Fredrik Cornelis de Vries
(1st time) (acting)
11 Dec 1734 - 26 Jan 1735 Jacob Alexander Henry de Cheusses
26 Jan 1735 - 4 Mar 1735 Johan Fredrik Cornelis de Vries
(2nd time) (acting)
4 Mar 1735 - 22 Dec 1735 Council
22 Dec 1735 - 11 Aug 1737 Johan Raye van Brenelerwaard
11 Aug 1737 - 15 Oct 1742 Gerrit van de Schepper (b. ... - d. 1742)
15 Oct 1742 - 23 Apr 1751 Johan Jacob Mauricius (b. 1692 - d. 1768)
23 Apr 1751 - 7 Sep 1752 Hendrik Ernst baron van Sp�rcke (b. ... - d. 1752)
(acting)
7 Sep 1752 - 22 Oct 1754 Wigbold Crommelin (1st time) (b. 1712 - d. 1789)
(acting)
22 Oct 1754 - 24 Aug 1756 Pieter Albert van der Meer (b. ... - d. 1756)
24 Aug 1756 - 21 Jan 1757 Jan Nepveu (1st time) (acting) (b. 1719 - d. 1779)
21 Jan 1757 - 22 Nov 1768 Wigbold Crommelin (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 20 Sep 1757)
22 Nov 1768 - 27 Feb 1779 Jan Nepveu (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 8 Mar 1770)
27 Feb 1779 - 23 Sep 1783 Bernard Texier (b. ... - d. 1783)
23 Sep 1783 - 24 Dec 1784 Wolphert Jacob Beeldsnijder Matroos
(acting)
24 Dec 1784 - 15 Jun 1790 Jan Gerhard Wichers
15 Jun 1790 - 4 Dec 1802 Juriaan Fran�ois Frederici (b. 1751 - d. 1812)
(acting to 24 Aug 1792)
4 Dec 1802 - 9 Dec 1803 Willem Otto Blois van Treslong
(acting)
9 Dec 1803 - 9 May 1804 Pierre Beranger
(commissioner-general)
9 May 1804 - 15 Apr 1805 Sir Charles Green
15 Apr 1805 - 27 Sep 1808 William Carlyon Hughes (b. 17... - d. 1808)
(lieutenant governor)
27 Sep 1808 - 4 May 1809 Sir John Wardlau Bar (acting)
4 May 1809 - 8 Nov 1811 Charles Ferdinand Bentinck (b. 1764 - d. 1811)
(chief commissioner)
8 Nov 1811 - 27 Feb 1816 Pinson Bonham (acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1855)
27 Feb 1816 - 18 Jul 1816 Willem Benjamin van Panhuys (b. 17... - d. 1816)
18 Jul 1816 - 1 Apr 1822 Cornelis Reinhard Vaillant
(acting)
1 Apr 1822 - 12 Oct 1827 Abraham de Veer (b. 1767 - d. 1838)
12 Oct 1827 - 1 Aug 1828 Johannes van den Bosch (b. 1780 - d. 1844)
(commissioner-general)
1 Aug 1828 - 19 Dec 1831 Paulus Roelof Cantz'laar (b. ... - d. 1831)
19 Dec 1831 - 5 Jun 1838 Evert Ludolph baron van Heeckeren
(acting to 6 May 1832)
5 Jun 1838 - 16 Jul 1839 Philippus de Kanter (1st time)
(acting)
16 Jul 1839 - 31 Mar 1842 Julius Constantijn Rijk (b. 1787 - d. 1854)
31 Mar 1842 - 15 Nov 1842 Philippus de Kanter (2nd time)
(acting)
15 Nov 1842 - 16 Jul 1845 Burchard Joan Elias (b. 1799 - d. 1871)
16 Jul 1845 - 13 Oct 1845 Philippus de Kanter (3rd time)
(acting)
13 Oct 1845 - 1 Mar 1852 Reinier Frederik baron van Raders (b. 1794 - d. 1868)
1 Mar 1852 - 14 Jun 1852 Philippus de Kanter (4th time)
(acting)
14 Jun 1852 - 22 Jun 1852 Coenrad Barends (acting)
22 Jun 1852 - 25 Aug 1855 Johann George Otto Stuart von
Schmidt auf Altenstadt (b. 1806 - d. 1857)
25 Aug 1855 - 11 Aug 1859 Charles Pierre Schimpf (b. 1813 - d. 1886)
11 Aug 1859 - 29 Jun 1867 Reinhart Frans van Lansberge (b. 1804 - d. 1873)
29 Jun 1867 - 1 Aug 1873 Willem Hendrik Johan van Idsinga (b. 1822 - d. 1896)
1 Aug 1873 - 1 Nov 1882 Cornelis Ascanius van Sypesteyn (b. 1823 - d. 1892)
11 Nov 1882 - 30 Jul 1885 Johannes Herbert August Willem
baron van Heerdt tot Eversberg (b. 1829 - d. 1893)
30 Jul 1885 - 18 Jul 1888 Hendrik Jan Smidt (b. 1831 - d. 1917)
18 Jul 1888 - 30 Jan 1889 Warmolt Tonckens (1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1922)
(acting)
30 Jan 1889 - 27 Jun 1891 Maurits Adriaan de Savornin Lohman (b. 1832 - d. 1899)
27 Jun 1891 - 12 May 1896 Titus van Asch van Wijck (b. 1849 - d. 1902)
12 May 1896 - 4 Oct 1902 Warmolt Tonckens (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Oct 1902 - 12 Sep 1905 Cornelis Lely (b. 1854 - d. 1929)
12 Sep 1905 - 18 Nov 1905 David Hendrick Havelaar (acting)
18 Nov 1905 - 28 Feb 1908 Alexander Willem Frederik Idenburg (b. 1861 - d. 1935)
28 Feb 1908 - 10 Aug 1908 Pieter Hofstede Crull (1st time)
(acting)
10 Aug 1908 - 30 Jun 1911 Dirk Fock (b. 1858 - d. 1941)
30 Jun 1911 - 14 Jul 1911 Louis Marie Rollin Couquerque
14 Jul 1911 - 17 Oct 1911 Pieter Hofstede Crull (2nd time)
(acting)
17 Oct 1911 - 25 Nov 1916 Willem Dirk Hendrik baron van
Asbeck (b. 1858 - d. 1935)
25 Nov 1916 - 25 Nov 1919 Gerard Johan Staal (1st time) (b. 1870 - d. 1936)
25 Nov 1919 - 15 Jul 1920 Lambertus Johannes Rietberg
(1st time)
15 Jul 1920 - 16 Dec 1920 Gerard Johan Staal (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Dec 1920 - 23 May 1921 Lambertus Johannes Rietberg
(2nd time)
23 May 1921 - 21 May 1924 Aarnoud Jan Anne Aleid baron van
Heemstra (1st time) (b. 1871 - d. 1957)
21 May 1924 - 18 Sep 1924 Lambertus Johannes Rietberg
(3rd time)
18 Sep 1924 - 21 Feb 1925 Jan Luchies Nysingh
21 Feb 1925 - 1 Apr 1928 Aarnoud Jan Anne Aleid baron van
Heemstra (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Apr 1928 - 16 Aug 1933 Bram Rutgers (b. 1884 - d. 1966)
16 Aug 1933 - 3 Jan 1944 Johannes Coenraad Kielstra (b. 1878 - d. 1951)
16 Aug 1935 - 12 Apr 1936 Johannes Cornelis Brons
(1st time) (acting for Kielstra) (b. 1884 - d. 1964)
Sep 1938 - Jan 1939 Johannes Cornelis Brons
(2nd time) (acting for Kielstra) (s.a.)
3 Jan 1944 - 2 Aug 1948 Johannes Cornelis Brons (3rd time) (s.a.)
2 Aug 1948 - 2 Dec 1949 Willem Huender (b. 1900 - d. 1963)
2 Dec 1949 - 11 Feb 1956 Jan Klaasesz (b. 1907 - d. 1997)
11 Feb 1956 - 18 Mar 1962 Jan van Tilburg (b. 1900 - d. 1977)
19 Mar 1962 - 22 Aug 1964 Archibald Currie (b. 1889 - d. 1986)
(acting to 1 May 1963)
22 Aug 1964 - 26 Feb 1965 Fran�ois Haverschmidt (acting) (b. 1906 - d. 1987)
26 Feb 1965 - 12 Aug 1968 Henri Lucien de Vries (b. 1909 - d. 1987)
12 Aug 1968 - 25 Nov 1975 Johan Ferrier (b. 1910 - d. 2010)
Presidents
25 Nov 1975 - 13 Aug 1980 Johan Ferrier (s.a.)
13 Aug 1980 - 15 Aug 1980 D�si Bouterse (1st time) (s.a.)
(National Army Commander)
15 Aug 1980 - 4 Feb 1982 Hendrick R. Chin A Sen (b. 1934 - d. 1999)
4 Feb 1982 - 8 Feb 1982 D�si Bouterse (2nd time) (s.a.)
(National Army Commander)
8 Feb 1982 - 25 Jan 1988 L.F. Ramdat Misier (acting) (b. 1926 - d. 2004)
25 Jan 1988 - 24 Dec 1990 Ramsewak Shankar (b. 1937)
24 Dec 1990 - 29 Dec 1990 Ivan Graanoogst
(National Army Commander)
29 Dec 1990 - 16 Sep 1991 Johan Kraag (b. 1913 - d. 1996)
16 Sep 1991 - 15 Sep 1996 Ronald Venetiaan (1st time) (b. 1936)
15 Sep 1996 - 12 Aug 2000 Jules Wijdenbosch (b. 1941)
12 Aug 2000 - Ronald Venetiaan (2nd time) (s.a.)
Prime ministers
1949 - 1951 Julius Caesar de Miranda (b. 1906 - d. 1956)
5 Apr 1951 - 4 Jun 1951 Jacques Adam Drielsma (b. 1888 - d. 19...)
4 Jun 1951 - 6 Sep 1952 Johannes A.E. Buiskool (b. 1899 - d. 1960)
6 Sep 1952 - 4 Dec 1952 Adriaan Alberga (b. 1887 - d. 1952)
4 Dec 1952 - 16 Apr 1955 Archibald Currie (s.a.)
(acting to 20 Aug 1954)
16 Apr 1955 - 16 Jul 1958 Johan Ferrier (s.a.)
16 Jul 1958 - Jun 1963 Severinus D�sir� Emanuels (b. 1910)
Jun 1963 - 5 Mar 1969 Johan Adolf Pengel (b. 1916 - d. 1970)
5 Mar 1969 - 20 Nov 1969 Arthur J. May (acting) (b. 1903)
20 Nov 1969 - 24 Dec 1973 Jules Sedney (b. 1922)
24 Dec 1973 - 25 Feb 1980 Henck Arron (b. 1936 - d. 2000)
15 Mar 1980 - 4 Feb 1982 Hendrick R. Chin A Sen (s.a.)
31 Mar 1982 - 9 Dec 1982 Henry Neyhorst (b. 1940)
26 Feb 1983 - 8 Jan 1984 Errol Alibux (b. 1948)
3 Feb 1984 - 17 Jul 1986 Wim Udenhout (b. 1937)
17 Jul 1986 - 7 Apr 1987 Pretaapnarian Radhakishun (b. 1935 - d. 2001)
7 Apr 1987 - 26 Jan 1988 Jules Wijdenbosch (s.a.)
Vice presidents (chairing the Council of Ministers ex officio)
26 Jan 1988 - 24 Dec 1990 Henck Arron (s.a.)
7 Jan 1991 - 16 Sep 1991 Jules Wijdenbosch (s.a.)
16 Sep 1991 - 15 Sep 1996 Jules Ajodhia (1st time) (b. 1945)
15 Sep 1996 - 12 Aug 2000 Pretaapnarian Radhakishun (s.a.)
12 Aug 2000 - 12 Aug 2005 Jules Ajodhia (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Aug 2005 - Ram Sardjoe (b. 1935)
6 Jul 1902 British protectorate
25 Apr 1967 autonomy
6 Sep 1968 independence
Paramount chiefs
- Nkosi Dlamini dynasty -
... - 1780 Ngwane III
1780 Queen Ndwandwe (f) (regent)
1780 - 1815 Zikodze (b. c.1760 - d. 1815)
1815 Queen Mndzebele (f) (regent)
1815 - 1836 Ngwane IV = Sobhuza I (b. c.1795 - d. 1836)
1836 - 1840 Queen Lojiba Simelane (f) (regent)
1840 - Jul 1868 Mavuso II = Mswati II (b. c.1821 - d. 1868)
Jul 1868 - Jun 1875 Queen Thandile Ndwandwe (f) (b. c.1806 - d. c.1875)
(regent)
Jun 1875 - 7 Oct 1889 Dlamini IV (b. c.1855 - d. 1889)
7 Oct 1889 - 1894 Queen Tibati Nkambule (f) (regent)
Feb 1895 - 10 Dec 1899 Ngwane V (b. c.1875 - d. 1899)
10 Dec 1899 - 22 Dec 1921 Queen Labotsibeni Gwamile Mdluli
(f) (regent) (b. c.1858 - d. 1925)
22 Dec 1921 - 6 Sep 1968 Sobhuza II (b. 1899 - d. 1982)
Kings
- Nkosi Dlamini dynasty -
6 Sep 1968 - 21 Aug 1982 Sobhuza II (s.a.)
21 Aug 1982 - 9 Aug 1983 Queen Dzeliwe (f) (regent) (b. c.1927)
9 Aug 1983 - 18 Aug 1983 Prince Sozisa Dlamini (b. ... - d. 1992)
("Authorized Person")
18 Aug 1983 - 25 Apr 1986 Queen Ntombi (f) (regent) (b. c.1950)
25 Apr 1986 - Mswati III (b. 1968)
Prime ministers
16 May 1967 - 31 Mar 1976 Prince Makhosini Dlamini (b. 1914 - d. 1978)
31 Mar 1976 - 25 Oct 1979 Maphevu Dlamini (b. 1922 - d. 1979)
25 Oct 1979 - 23 Nov 1979 Ben Nsibandze (acting) (b. 1931)
23 Nov 1979 - 25 Mar 1983 Prince Mabandla N.F. Dlamini (b. 1930)
25 Mar 1983 - 6 Oct 1986 Prince Bhekimpi Dlamini (b. 1924 - d. 1999)
6 Oct 1986 - 12 Jul 1989 Sotsha Dlamini (b. 1940)
12 Jul 1989 - 25 Oct 1993 Obed Dlamini (b. 1937)
(acting to 18 Jul 1989)
25 Oct 1993 - 4 Nov 1993 Andreas Fakudze (acting)
4 Nov 1993 - 8 May 1996 Prince Jameson Mbilini Dlamini (b. 1921?)
8 May 1996 - 26 Jul 1996 Sishayi Nxumalo (acting) (b. 1936 - d. 2000)
26 Jul 1996 - 29 Sep 2003 Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini
(1st time) (b. 1942)
29 Sep 2003 - 26 Nov 2003 Paul Shabangu (acting) (b. 1943?)
26 Nov 2003 - 18 Sep 2008 Themba Dlamini (b. 1950)
18 Sep 2008 - 23 Oct 2008 Bheki Dlamini (acting)
23 Oct 2008 - Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini
(2nd time) (s.a.)
British resident commissioners (from 3 Oct 1963, commissioners)
(subordinated to the High Commissioner for Southern Africa to 3 Oct 1963)
1902 - 1907 Francis Enraght-Moony (b. 1865 - d. 1943)
1907 - 1916 Robert Thorne Coryndon (b. 1870 - d. 1925)
1917 - 1928 Sir de Symons Montagu George Honey (b. 1872 - d. 1945)
Oct 1928 - Apr 1935 Thomas Ainsworth-Dickson (b. 1881 - d. 1935)
Oct 1935 - 1937 Allan Graham Marwick (b. 1877 - d. 1966)
Nov 1937 - 1942 Charles Lamb Bruton (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
30 Sep 1942 - 1946 Eric Kellett Featherstone (b. 1896 - d. 1965)
25 Aug 1946 - 1951 Edward Betham Beetham (b. 1905 - d. 1979)
1951 - 1956 David Loftus Morgan (b. 1904 - d. 1976)
1956 - 1964 Brian Allan Marwick (from 1963,
Sir Brian Allan Marwick) (b. 1908 - d. 1992)
1964 - 1968 Francis Alfred Loyd (from 1965,
Sir Francis Alfred Loyd) (b. 1916 - d. 2006)
Mar 1388 Kingdom of Sweden
4 Nov 1814 - 7 Jun 1905 personal union with Norway
Kings/Queens�
- Pfalz-Zweibr�cken (Wittelsbach) dynasty -
15 Apr 1697 - 11 Dec 1718 Karl XII (b. 1682 - d. 1718)
11 Dec 1718 - 2 Feb 1719 Arvid Bernhard Gustafson Horn,
greve Horn av Ekebyholm (b. 1664 - d. 1742)
(Chancellery President)
2 Feb 1719 - 4 Apr 1720 Ulrica Eleonora (f) (b. 1688 - d. 1741)
- Hessen (Brabant) dynasty -
4 Apr 1720 - 5 Apr 1751 Fredrik I (b. 1676 - d. 1751)
- Holsten-Gottorp dynasty -
5 Apr 1751 - 12 Feb 1771 Adolf Fredrik (b. 1710 - d. 1771)
12 Feb 1771 - 29 Mar 1792 Gustaf III (b. 1746 - d. 1792)
29 Mar 1792 - 10 May 1809 Gustaf IV Adolf (b. 1778 - d. 1837)
(arrested 13 Mar 1809; abdicates 29 Mar 1809, but is held
to reign until 10 May 1809)
10 May 1809 - 5 Feb 1818 Karl XIII (b. 1748 - d. 1818)
(regent [as Karl, hertig av S�dermanland] 10 May [de facto
from 13 Mar] - 6 Jun 1809)
- Bernadotte dynasty -
5 Feb 1818 - 8 Mar 1844 Karl XIV Johan (b. 1763 - d. 1844)
8 Mar 1844 - 8 Jul 1859 Oscar I (b. 1799 - d. 1859)
8 Jul 1859 - 18 Sep 1872 Karl XV (b. 1826 - d. 1872)
18 Sep 1872 - 8 Dec 1907 Oscar II (b. 1829 - d. 1907)
8 Dec 1907 - 29 Oct 1950 Gustaf V (b. 1858 - d. 1950)
29 Oct 1950 - 15 Sep 1973 Gustaf VI Adolf (b. 1882 - d. 1973)
15 Sep 1973 - Carl XVI Gustaf (b. 1946)
Chancellery presidents
1680 - 12 Jul 1702 Bengt Oxenstierna (b. 1623 - d. 1702)
(acting to 1685)
12 Jul 1702 - 1705 Carl Piper (acting) (b. 1647 - d. 1716)
1705 - 4 May 1709 Nils Gyldenstolpe (b. 1642 - d. 1709)
May 1709 - 1739 Arvid Bernhard Gustafson Horn,
greve Horn av Ekebyholm (s.a.)
(acting to 10 Apr 1719)
1739 - 9 Dec 1746 Carl Gyllenborg (b. 1679 - d. 1746)
9 Dec 1746 - Mar 1752 Carl Gustaf Tessin (b. 1695 - d. 1770)
(acting to 5 Dec 1747)
Mar 1752 - 1761 Andreas Johan greve H�pken (b. 1712 - d. 1789)
1761 - 1765 Claes greve Ekeblad (1st time) (b. 1708 - d. 1771)
1765 - 7 Mar 1768 Carl Gustaf L�wenhielm (b. 1701 - d. 1768)
1768 - 1769 Fredrik von Friesendorff (acting) (b. 1707 - d. 1770)
1769 - 1771 Claes greve Ekeblad (2nd time) (s.a.)
1771 - 1772 Ulrik Scheffer (1st time) (b. 1716 - d. 1799)
22 Apr 1772 - 22 Aug 1772 Joachim von D�ben (b. 1708 - d. 1786)
22 Aug 1772 - 1783 Ulrik Scheffer (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1783 - 1785 Gustaf Philip Creutz (b. 1731 - d. 1785)
1785 - 1786 Malte Ramel (acting)
1786 - 1787 Emanuel de Geer (b. 17... - d. 1803)
1787 - 1789 Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna (acting) (b. 1750 - d. 1818)
1789 - Nov 1790 Karl Wilhelm von D�ben (acting) (b. 17... - d. 1790)
Nov 1790 - 1792 Ulrich Gustaf Frank (acting) (b. 1736 - d. 1811)
1792 Evert Wilhelm Taube af Odenkat
(acting)
15 May 1792 - 1793 Christofer Bogislaus Zibet
(1st time) (b. 1740 - d. 1809)
16 Jul 1792 - 14 Dec 1797 Fredrik greve Sparre (b. 1731 - d. 1803)
(first chancellor)
Aug 1793 - 1799 Nils Anton Augustus greve Bark (b. 1760 - d. 1822)
5 Oct 1799 - 1801 Christofer Bogislaus Zibet
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1801 - 1809 Fredrik Wilhelm Ehrenheim (b. 1753 - d. 1828)
Prime ministers for justice�
9 Jun 1809 - 5 Apr 1810 Carl Axel Trolle-Wachtmeister (b. 1754 - d. 1810)
25 Jun 1810 - 18 Aug 1829 Fredrik Gyllenborg (b. 1767 - d. 1829)
31 Aug 1829 - 6 Feb 1840 Mathias Rosenblad (b. 1758 - d. 1847)
6 Feb 1840 - 28 Mar 1840 Hans Gabriel Trolle-Wachtmeister (b. 1782 - d. 1871)
(did not take office)
28 Mar 1840 - 5 Sep 1840 Arvid Posse (1st time) (b. 1792 - d. 1850)
5 Sep 1840 - 5 Jan 1843 Carl T�rnebladh (b. 1774 - d. 1844)
(acting to 14 Jan 1841)
5 Jan 1843 - 28 Dec 1844 Lars Herman Gyllenhaal (b. 1790 - d. 1858)
28 Dec 1844 - 9 Mar 1846 Johan Nordenfalk (b. 1769 - d. 1846)
23 Mar 1846 - 10 Apr 1848 Arvid Posse (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Apr 1848 - 25 Sep 1856 Gustaf Sparre (b. 1802 - d. 1886)
25 Sep 1856 - 7 Apr 1858 Cla�s Efraim G�nther (b. 1799 - d. 1861)
7 Apr 1858 - 3 Jun 1870 Louis Gerhard de Geer af Finsp�ng
(1st time) (b. 1818 - d. 1896)
3 Jun 1870 - 8 Apr 1874 Axel Gustaf Adlercreutz (b. 1821 - d. 1886)
4 May 1874 - 11 May 1875 Eduard Carleson (b. 1820 - d. 1884)
11 May 1875 - 20 Mar 1876 Louis Gerhard de Geer af Finsp�ng
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Prime ministers for foreign affairs�
15 Mar 1809 - 8 Jun 1824 Lars von Engestr�m (b. 1751 - d. 1826)
8 Jun 1824 - 15 May 1837 Gustaf af Wetterstedt (b. 1776 - d. 1837)
18 Jun 1837 - 30 Jan 1838 Adolf G�ran greve M�rner (acting) (b. 1773 - d. 1838)
7 Mar 1838 - 11 Jul 1842 Gustaf Nils Algernon Stierneld
(1st time) (b. 1791 - d. 1868)
11 Jul 1842 - 10 Apr 1848 Albrecht Ihre (b. 1797 - d. 1877)
(acting [for Stierneld from 5 Sep 1840] to 29 Dec 1842)
10 Apr 1848 - 8 Sep 1856 Gustaf Nils Algernon Stierneld
(2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Sep 1856 - 16 Mar 1858 Elias Lagerheim (b. 1791 - d. 1864)
16 Mar 1858 - 4 Jun 1868 Ludvig Manderstr�m (b. 1806 - d. 1873)
4 Jun 1868 - 14 Oct 1871 Carl Wachtmeister (b. 1823 - d. 1871)
10 Nov 1871 - 17 Dec 1872 Baltzar von Platen (b. 1804 - d. 1875)
17 Dec 1872 - 20 Mar 1876 Oscar Magnus Fredrik Bj�rnstjerna (b. 1819 - d. 1905)
Prime ministers
20 Mar 1876 - 19 Apr 1880 Louis Gerhard de Geer af Finsp�ng (s.a.)
19 Apr 1880 - 13 Jun 1883 Arvid Rutger Fredrikson Posse (b. 1820 - d. 1901)
13 Jun 1883 - 16 May 1884 Carl Johan Thyselius (b. 1811 - d. 1891)
16 May 1884 - 6 Feb 1888 Robert Themptander (b. 1844 - d. 1897)
6 Feb 1888 - 12 Oct 1889 Gillis Bildt (b. 1820 - d. 1894)
12 Oct 1889 - 10 Jul 1891 Johan Gustaf Nils Samuel friherre
�kerhielm (b. 1833 - d. 1900)
10 Jul 1891 - 12 Sep 1900 Erik Gustaf Bostr�m (1st time) (b. 1842 - d. 1907)
12 Sep 1900 - 5 Jul 1902 Fredrik Wilhelm friherre von Otter (b. 1833 - d. 1910)
5 Jul 1902 - 13 Apr 1905 Erik Gustaf Bostr�m (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Apr 1905 - 2 Aug 1905 Johan Olof Ramstedt (b. 1852 - d. 1935)
2 Aug 1905 - 8 Nov 1905 Christian Lundeberg (b. 1842 - d. 1911)
8 Nov 1905 - 29 May 1906 Karl Albert Staaff (1st time) (b. 1860 - d. 1915)
29 May 1906 - 7 Oct 1911 Salomon Arvid Achates Lindman
(1st time) (b. 1862 - d. 1936)
7 Oct 1911 - 16 Feb 1914 Karl Albert Staaff (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Feb 1914 - 30 Mar 1917 Hjalmar Hammarskj�ld (b. 1862 - d. 1953)
30 Mar 1917 - 19 Oct 1917 Karl Johan Gustaf Swartz (b. 1858 - d. 1926)
19 Oct 1917 - 10 Mar 1920 Nils Ed�n (b. 1871 - d. 1945)
10 Mar 1920 - 27 Oct 1920 Karl Hjalmar Branting (1st time) (b. 1860 - d. 1925)
27 Oct 1920 - 23 Feb 1921 Gerhard Louis de Geer af Finsp�ng (b. 1854 - d. 1935)
23 Feb 1921 - 13 Oct 1921 Oscar von Sydow (b. 1873 - d. 1936)
13 Oct 1921 - 29 Apr 1923 Karl Hjalmar Branting (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Apr 1923 - 19 Oct 1924 Ernst Trygger (b. 1857 - d. 1943)
19 Oct 1924 - 25 Jan 1925 Karl Hjalmar Branting (3rd time) (s.a.)
25 Jan 1925 - 6 Jun 1926 Rickard Sandler (b. 1884 - d. 1964)
6 Jun 1926 - 1 Oct 1928 Carl Gustaf Ekman (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1945)
1 Oct 1928 - 6 Jun 1930 Salomon Arvid Achates Lindman
(2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Jun 1930 - 6 Aug 1932 Carl Gustaf Ekman (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Aug 1932 - 26 Sep 1932 Felix Teodor Hamrin (b. 1875 - d. 1937)
26 Sep 1932 - 19 Jun 1936 Per Albin Hansson (1st time) (b. 1885 - d. 1946)
19 Jun 1936 - 28 Sep 1936 Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp (b. 1883 - d. 1954)
28 Sep 1936 - 6 Oct 1946 Per Albin Hansson (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Oct 1946 - 10 Oct 1946 �sten Und�n (acting) (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
10 Oct 1946 - 14 Oct 1969 Tage Fritiof Erlander (b. 1901 - d. 1985)
14 Oct 1969 - 7 Oct 1976 Olof Palme (1st time) (b. 1927 - d. 1986)
7 Oct 1976 - 13 Oct 1978 Thorbj�rn F�lldin (1st time) (b. 1926)
13 Oct 1978 - 9 Oct 1979 Ola Ullsten (b. 1931)
9 Oct 1979 - 7 Oct 1982 Thorbj�rn F�lldin (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Oct 1982 - 28 Feb 1986 Olof Palme (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Feb 1986 - 3 Oct 1991 Ingvar Carlsson (1st time) (b. 1934)
(acting to 12 Mar 1986)
3 Oct 1991 - 7 Oct 1994 Carl Bildt (b. 1949)
7 Oct 1994 - 21 Mar 1996 Ingvar Carlsson (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Mar 1996 - 6 Oct 2006 G�ran Persson (b. 1949)
6 Oct 2006 - Fredrik Reinfeldt (b. 1965)
�Royal style to 19 Sep 1973: Sveriges, G�tes och Vendes Konung/Drottning ("King/Queen of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends"); from 19 Sep 1973 simply Sveriges Konung.
26 Feb 1658 ceded by Denmark to Sweden in the Treaty of Roskilde;
king of Sweden adds the style of Duke of Sk�ne
1720 autonomy abolished
9 Feb 1801 - 27 Mar 1809 office of governor-general restored
Governors
4 Jul 1698 - 27 Dec 1705 Carl Gustaf greve Rehnski�ld (b. 1651 - d. 1722)
27 Dec 1705 - 1711 Magnus greve Stenbock (b. 1664 - d. 1717)
(governor-general)
1711 - 1716 Jacob friherre Burenski�ld (b. 1655 - d. 1738)
1716 - 1717 Carl Gustaf Skytte (b. 164... - d. 1717)
28 Jun 1717 - 1719 Carl Gustaf greve H�rd (b. 1674 - d. 1744)
9 Feb 1801 - 27 Mar 1809 Johan Kristoffer friherre Toll (b. 1734 - d. 1817)
(governor-general)
8 Feb 1649 Peace of Westphalia treaties go into effect, recognizing
the sovereign independence of the full members of the
Swiss Confederation
12 Apr 1798 proclamation of Helvetic Republic, One and Indivisible
10 Mar 1803 Napol�on's "Mediation" reestablishes the Swiss
Confederation; canton sovereignty largely restored
21 Nov 1848 Federal Constitution goes into effect
Presidents of the Executive Directory
22 Apr 1798 - 31 May 1798 Johann Lukas Legrand (b. 1755 - d. 1836)
1 Jun 1798 - 1 Jul 1798 Urs Viktor Oberlin (1st time) (b. 1747 - d. 1818)
2 Jul 1798 - 31 Jul 1798 Pierre Maurice Glayre (1st time) (b. 1743 - d. 1819)
1 Aug 1798 - 31 Aug 1798 Fr�d�ric C�sar de La Harpe
(1st time) (b. 1754 - d. 1838)
1 Sep 1798 - 30 Sep 1798 Peter Ochs (1st time) (b. 1752 - d. 1821)
1 Oct 1798 - 21 Nov 1798 Fr�d�ric C�sar de La Harpe
(2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Nov 1798 - 12 Jan 1799 Urs Viktor Oberlin (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Jan 1799 - 5 Mar 1799 Pierre Maurice Glayre (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Mar 1799 - 26 Apr 1799 David Ludwig Bay (b. 1749 - d. 1832)
27 Apr 1799 - 23 Jun 1799 Peter Ochs (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1799 - 4 Sep 1799 Fr�d�ric C�sar de La Harpe
(3rd time) (s.a.)
5 Sep 1799 - 17 Nov 1799 Fran�ois Pierre Savary (b. 1750 - d. 1821)
18 Nov 1799 - 7 Jan 1800 Johann Rudolf Dolder (b. 1753 - d. 1807)
President of the Provisional Executive Power
7 Jan 1800 - 11 Jan 1800 Johann Rudolf Dolder (s.a.)
Presidents of the Provisional Executive Commission
12 Jan 1800 - 27 May 1800 Johann Rudolf Dolder (s.a.)
28 May 1800 - 25 Jun 1800 Karl Albrecht Frisching (b. 1734 - d. 1801)
26 Jun 1800 - 23 Jul 1800 Fran�ois Pierre Savary (s.a.)
24 Jul 1800 - 8 Aug 1800 Johann Konrad Finsler (b. 1765 - d. 1839)
Presidents of the Provisional Executive Council
9 Aug 1800 - 30 Sep 1800 Karl Albrecht Frisching (1st time) (s.a.)
1 Oct 1800 - 31 Oct 1800 Johann Rudolf Dolder (1st time) (s.a.)
1 Nov 1800 - 30 Nov 1800 Karl Friedrich Zimmermann
(1st time) (b. 1765 - d. 1823)
1 Dec 1800 - 31 Dec 1800 Johann Jakob Schmid (1st time) (b. 1765 - d. 1828)
1 Jan 1801 - 31 Jan 1801 Vinzenz R�ttimann (1st time) (b. 1769 - d. 1844)
1 Feb 1801 - 28 Feb 1801 Fran�ois Pierre Savary (1st time) (s.a.)
1 Mar 1801 - 31 Mar 1801 Karl Albrecht Frisching (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Apr 1801 - 30 Apr 1801 Johann Rudolf Dolder (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 May 1801 - 31 May 1801 Karl Friedrich Zimmermann
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jun 1801 - 30 Jun 1801 Fran�ois Pierre Savary (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jul 1801 - 31 Jul 1801 Johann Jakob Schmid (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Aug 1801 - 31 Aug 1801 Vinzenz R�ttimann (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Sep 1801 - 30 Sep 1801 Paulus Usteri (b. 1768 - d. 1831)
1 Oct 1801 - 27 Oct 1801 Johann Rudolf Dolder (3rd time) (s.a.)
President of the Provisional Executive
28 Oct 1801 - 22 Nov 1801 Johann Rudolf Dolder (s.a.)
Erster Landammann/Premier Landamman
23 Nov 1801 - 6 Feb 1802 Aloys Reding von Biberegg (b. 1765 - d. 1818)
Landamm�nner/Landammans
6 Feb 1802 - 20 Apr 1802 Aloys Reding von Biberegg (s.a.)
20 Apr 1802 - 5 Jul 1802 Vinzenz R�ttimann (acting) (s.a.)
5 Jul 1802 - 8 Mar 1803 Johann Rudolf Dolder (s.a.)
Heads of the Confederation (the chief magistrates of the canton hosting the Diet),
with the title Landammann der Schweiz/Landamman de la Suisse/Landamano della Svizzera
10 Mar 1803 - 31 Dec 1803 Louis d'Affry (1st time) (b. 1743 - d. 1810)
1 Jan 1804 - 31 Dec 1804 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl
(1st time) (b. 1760 - d. 1832)
1 Jan 1805 - 31 Dec 1805 Peter Josef Johann Anton von
Glutz-Ruchti (b. 1754 - d. 1835)
1 Jan 1806 - 31 Dec 1806 Andreas Merian (b. 1742 - d. 1811)
1 Jan 1807 - 31 Dec 1807 Hans von Reinhard (1st time) (b. 1755 - d. 1835)
1 Jan 1808 - 31 Dec 1808 Vinzenz R�ttimann (1st time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1809 - 31 Dec 1809 Louis d'Affry (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1810 - 31 Dec 1810 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1811 - 31 Dec 1811 Heinrich Daniel Balthasar Josef
Grimm von Wartenfels (b. 1754 - d. 1821)
1 Jan 1812 - 31 Dec 1812 Peter Burckhardt (b. 1742 - d. 1817)
1 Jan 1813 - 31 Dec 1813 Hans von Reinhard (2nd time) (s.a.)
Presidents of the Diet
6 Apr 1814 - 1814 Hans von Reinhard (1st time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1814 - 12 Dec 1814 Hans Konrad von Escher vom Luchs (b. 1743 - d. 1814)
12 Dec 1814 - 21 Dec 1814 Johann Konrad Finsler (interim) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1814 - 31 Dec 1815 David von Wyss II (1st time) (b. 1763 - d. 1839)
1 Jan 1816 - 31 Dec 1816 Hans von Reinhard (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1817 - 31 Dec 1817 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl
(1st time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1818 - 31 Dec 1818 Niklaus Friedrich von M�linen
(1st time) (b. 1760 - d. 1833)
1 Jan 1819 - 31 Dec 1819 Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar
Amrhyn (1st time) (b. 1777 - d. 1848)
1 Jan 1820 - 31 Dec 1820 Vinzenz R�ttimann (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1821 - 31 Dec 1821 David von Wyss II (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1822 - 31 Dec 1822 Hans von Reinhard (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1823 - 31 Dec 1823 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1824 - 31 Dec 1824 Niklaus Friedrich von M�linen
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1825 - 31 Dec 1825 Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar
Amrhyn (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1826 - 31 Dec 1826 Vinzenz R�ttimann (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1827 - 31 Dec 1827 David von Wyss II (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1828 - 31 Dec 1828 Hans von Reinhard (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1829 - 31 Dec 1829 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1830 - 31 Dec 1830 Emanuel Friedrich von Fischer (b. 1786 - d. 1870)
1 Jan 1831 - 31 Dec 1831 Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar
Amrhyn (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1832 - 31 Dec 1832 Eduard Pfyffer von Altishoven (b. 1782 - d. 1834)
1 Jan 1833 - 31 Dec 1833 Johann Jakob Hess (1st time) (b. 1791 - d. 1854)
1 Jan 1834 - 31 Dec 1834 Konrad Melchior Hirzel (b. 1793 - d. 1843)
1 Jan 1835 - 31 Dec 1835 Franz Karl von Tavel (b. 1801 - d. 1865)
1 Jan 1836 - 31 Dec 1836 Karl Friedrich Tscharner
(1st time) (b. 1772 - d. 1844)
1 Jan 1837 - 31 Dec 1837 Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar
Amrhyn (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1838 - 31 Dec 1838 Georg Jakob Kopp (b. 1786 - d. 1859)
1 Jan 1839 - 31 Dec 1839 Johann Jakob Hess (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1840 - 31 Dec 1840 Johann Konrad von Muralt (b. 1779 - d. 1869)
1 Jan 1841 - 31 Dec 1841 Johann Karl Friedrich Neuhaus (b. 1796 - d. 1849)
1 Jan 1842 - 31 Dec 1842 Karl Friedrich Tscharner
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1843 - 31 Dec 1843 Rudolf R�ttimann
1 Jan 1844 - 31 Dec 1844 Konstantin Siegwart-M�ller (b. 1801 - d. 1869)
1 Jan 1845 - 2 Apr 1845 Johann Heinrich Emmanuel Mousson (b. 1803 - d. 1869)
2 Apr 1845 - 31 Dec 1845 Jonas Furrer (b. 1805 - d. 1861)
1 Jan 1846 - 31 Dec 1846 Johann Ulrich Zehnder (b. 1798 - d. 1877)
1 Jan 1847 - 28 May 1847 Alexander Ludwig Funk (1st time) (b. 1806 - d. 1871)
28 May 1847 - 5 Nov 1847 Ulrich Ochsenbein (1st time) (b. 1811 - d. 1890)
5 Nov 1847 - 2 Dec 1847 Johann Rudolf Schneider (acting) (b. 1804 - d. 1880)
2 Dec 1847 - 31 May 1848 Ulrich Ochsenbein (2nd time) (s.a.)
31 May 1848 - 20 Nov 1848 Alexander Ludwig Funk (2nd time) (s.a.)
Presidents
21 Nov 1848 - 31 Dec 1849 Jonas Furrer (1st time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1850 - 31 Dec 1850 Henri Druey FDP (b. 1799 - d. 1855)
1 Jan 1851 - 31 Dec 1851 Martin J. Munzinger FDP (b. 1791 - d. 1855)
1 Jan 1852 - 31 Dec 1852 Jonas Furrer (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1853 - 31 Dec 1853 Wilhelm Matthias N�ff FDP (b. 1802 - d. 1881)
1 Jan 1854 - 31 Dec 1854 Friedrich Frey-Heros�
(1st time) FDP (b. 1801 - d. 1873)
1 Jan 1855 - 31 Dec 1855 Jonas Furrer (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1856 - 31 Dec 1856 Jakob St�mpfli (1st time) FDP (b. 1820 - d. 1879)
1 Jan 1857 - 31 Dec 1857 Constant Fornerod (1st time) FDP (b. 1819 - d. 1899)
1 Jan 1858 - 31 Dec 1858 Jonas Furrer (4th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1859 - 31 Dec 1859 Jakob St�mpfli (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1860 - 31 Dec 1860 Friedrich Frey-Heros�
(2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1861 - 31 Dec 1861 Melchior Josef Martin Kn�sel
(1st time) FDP (b. 1813 - d. 1889)
1 Jan 1862 - 31 Dec 1862 Jakob St�mpfli (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1863 - 31 Dec 1863 Constant Fornerod (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1864 - 31 Dec 1864 Jakob Dubs (1st time) FDP (b. 1822 - d. 1879)
1 Jan 1865 - 31 Dec 1865 Karl Schenk (1st time) FDP (b. 1823 - d. 1895)
1 Jan 1866 - 31 Dec 1866 Melchior Josef Martin Kn�sel
(2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1867 - 31 Dec 1867 Constant Fornerod (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1868 - 31 Dec 1868 Jakob Dubs (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1869 - 31 Dec 1869 Emil Welti (1st time) FDP (b. 1825 - d. 1899)
1 Jan 1870 - 31 Dec 1870 Jakob Dubs (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1871 - 31 Dec 1871 Karl Schenk (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1872 - 31 Dec 1872 Emil Welti (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1873 - 31 Dec 1873 Paul C�r�sole FDP (b. 1832 - d. 1905)
1 Jan 1874 - 31 Dec 1874 Karl Schenk (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1875 - 31 Dec 1875 Johann Jakob Scherer FDP (b. 1825 - d. 1878)
1 Jan 1876 - 31 Dec 1876 Emil Welti (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1877 - 31 Dec 1877 Joachim Heer FDP (b. 1825 - d. 1879)
1 Jan 1878 - 31 Dec 1878 Karl Schenk (4th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1879 - 31 Dec 1879 Bernhard Hammer (1st time) FDP (b. 1822 - d. 1907)
1 Jan 1880 - 31 Dec 1880 Emil Welti (4th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1881 - 31 Dec 1881 Numa Droz (1st time) FDP (b. 1844 - d. 1899)
1 Jan 1882 - 31 Dec 1882 Simeon Bavier FDP (b. 1825 - d. 1896)
1 Jan 1883 - 31 Dec 1883 Louis Ruchonnet (1st time) FDP (b. 1834 - d. 1893)
1 Jan 1884 - 31 Dec 1884 Emil Welti (5th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1885 - 31 Dec 1885 Karl Schenk (5th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1886 - 31 Dec 1886 Adolf Deucher (1st time) FDP (b. 1831 - d. 1912)
1 Jan 1887 - 31 Dec 1887 Numa Droz (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1888 - 27 Nov 1888 Wilhelm Friedrich Hertenstein FDP (b. 1825 - d. 1888)
27 Nov 1888 - 31 Dec 1889 Bernhard Hammer (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
(acting to 31 Dec 1888)
1 Jan 1890 - 31 Dec 1890 Louis Ruchonnet (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1891 - 31 Dec 1891 Emil Welti (6th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1892 - 31 Dec 1892 Walter Hauser (1st time) FDP (b. 1837 - d. 1902)
1 Jan 1893 - 31 Dec 1893 Karl Schenk (6th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1894 - 31 Dec 1894 Emil Frey FDP (b. 1838 - d. 1922)
1 Jan 1895 - 31 Dec 1895 Joseph Zemp (1st time) CVP (b. 1834 - d. 1908)
1 Jan 1896 - 31 Dec 1896 Adrien Lachenal FDP (b. 1849 - d. 1918)
1 Jan 1897 - 31 Dec 1897 Adolf Deucher (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1898 - 31 Dec 1898 Eug�ne Ruffy FDP (b. 1854 - d. 1919)
1 Jan 1899 - 31 Dec 1899 Eduard M�ller (1st time) FDP (b. 1848 - d. 1919)
1 Jan 1900 - 31 Dec 1900 Walter Hauser (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1901 - 31 Dec 1901 Ernst Brenner (1st time) FDP (b. 1856 - d. 1911)
1 Jan 1902 - 31 Dec 1902 Joseph Zemp (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1903 - 31 Dec 1903 Adolf Deucher (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1904 - 31 Dec 1904 Robert Comtesse (1st time) FDP (b. 1847 - d. 1922)
1 Jan 1905 - 31 Dec 1905 Marc-�mile Ruchet (1st time) FDP (b. 1853 - d. 1912)
1 Jan 1906 - 31 Dec 1906 Ludwig Forrer (1st time) FDP (b. 1845 - d. 1921)
1 Jan 1907 - 31 Dec 1907 Eduard M�ller (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1908 - 31 Dec 1908 Ernst Brenner (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1909 - 31 Dec 1909 Adolf Deucher (4th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1910 - 31 Dec 1910 Robert Comtesse (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1911 - 31 Dec 1911 Marc-�mile Ruchet (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1912 - 31 Dec 1912 Ludwig Forrer (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1913 - 31 Dec 1913 Eduard M�ller (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1914 - 31 Dec 1914 Arthur Hoffmann FDP (b. 1857 - d. 1927)
1 Jan 1915 - 31 Dec 1915 Giuseppe Motta (1st time) CVP (b. 1871 - d. 1940)
1 Jan 1916 - 31 Dec 1916 Camille Decoppet FDP (b. 1862 - d. 1925)
1 Jan 1917 - 31 Dec 1917 Edmund Schulthess (1st time) FDP (b. 1868 - d. 1944)
1 Jan 1918 - 31 Dec 1918 Felix Calonder FDP (b. 1863 - d. 1952)
1 Jan 1919 - 31 Dec 1919 Gustave Ador LPS (b. 1845 - d. 1928)
1 Jan 1920 - 31 Dec 1920 Giuseppe Motta (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1921 - 31 Dec 1921 Edmund Schulthess (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1922 - 31 Dec 1922 Robert Haab (1st time) FDP (b. 1865 - d. 1939)
1 Jan 1923 - 31 Dec 1923 Karl Alfred Scheurer FDP (b. 1872 - d. 1929)
1 Jan 1924 - 31 Dec 1924 Ernest Chuard FDP (b. 1857 - d. 1942)
1 Jan 1925 - 31 Dec 1925 Jean-Marie Musy (1st time) CVP (b. 1876 - d. 1952)
1 Jan 1926 - 31 Dec 1926 Heinrich H�berlin (1st time) FDP (b. 1868 - d. 1947)
1 Jan 1927 - 31 Dec 1927 Giuseppe Motta (3rd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1928 - 31 Dec 1928 Edmund Schulthess (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1929 - 31 Dec 1929 Robert Haab (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1930 - 31 Dec 1930 Jean-Marie Musy (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1931 - 31 Dec 1931 Heinrich H�berlin (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1932 - 31 Dec 1932 Giuseppe Motta (4th time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1933 - 31 Dec 1933 Edmund Schulthess (4th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1934 - 31 Dec 1934 Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1st time) FDP (b. 1889 - d. 1958)
1 Jan 1935 - 31 Dec 1935 Rudolf Minger SVP (b. 1881 - d. 1955)
1 Jan 1936 - 31 Dec 1936 Albert Meyer FDP (b. 1870 - d. 1953)
1 Jan 1937 - 31 Dec 1937 Giuseppe Motta (5th time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1938 - 31 Dec 1938 Johannes Baumann FDP (b. 1874 - d. 1953)
1 Jan 1939 - 31 Dec 1939 Philipp Etter (1st time) CVP (b. 1891 - d. 1977)
1 Jan 1940 - 31 Dec 1940 Marcel Pilet-Golaz (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1941 - 31 Dec 1941 Ernst Wetter FDP (b. 1877 - d. 1965)
1 Jan 1942 - 31 Dec 1942 Philipp Etter (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1943 - 31 Dec 1943 Enrico Celio (1st time) CVP (b. 1889 - d. 1980)
1 Jan 1944 - 31 Dec 1944 Walter Stampfli FDP (b. 1884 - d. 1965)
1 Jan 1945 - 31 Dec 1945 Eduard von Steiger (1st time) SVP (b. 1881 - d. 1962)
1 Jan 1946 - 31 Dec 1946 Karl Kobelt (1st time) FDP (b. 1891 - d. 1968)
1 Jan 1947 - 31 Dec 1947 Philipp Etter (3rd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1948 - 31 Dec 1948 Enrico Celio (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1949 - 31 Dec 1949 Ernst Nobs SPS (b. 1886 - d. 1957)
1 Jan 1950 - 31 Dec 1950 Max Petitpierre (1st time) FDP (b. 1899 - d. 1994)
1 Jan 1951 - 31 Dec 1951 Eduard von Steiger (2nd time) SVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1952 - 31 Dec 1952 Karl Kobelt (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1953 - 31 Dec 1953 Philipp Etter (4th time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1954 - 31 Dec 1954 Rodolphe Rubattel FDP (b. 1896 - d. 1961)
1 Jan 1955 - 31 Dec 1955 Max Petitpierre (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1956 - 31 Dec 1956 Markus Feldmann SVP (b. 1897 - d. 1958)
1 Jan 1957 - 31 Dec 1957 Hans Streuli FDP (b. 1892 - d. 1970)
1 Jan 1958 - 31 Dec 1958 Thomas Holenstein CVP (b. 1896 - d. 1962)
1 Jan 1959 - 31 Dec 1959 Paul Chaudet (1st time) FDP (b. 1904 - d. 1977)
1 Jan 1960 - 31 Dec 1960 Max Petitpierre (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1961 - 31 Dec 1961 Friedrich Traugott Wahlen SVP (b. 1899 - d. 1985)
1 Jan 1962 - 31 Dec 1962 Paul Chaudet (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1963 - 31 Dec 1963 Willy Sp�hler (1st time) SPS (b. 1902 - d. 1990)
1 Jan 1964 - 31 Dec 1964 Ludwig von Moos (1st time) CVP (b. 1910 - d. 1990)
1 Jan 1965 - 31 Dec 1965 Hans Peter Tschudi (1st time) SPS (b. 1913 - d. 2002)
1 Jan 1966 - 31 Dec 1966 Hans Schaffner FDP (b. 1908 - d. 2004)
1 Jan 1967 - 31 Dec 1967 Roger Bonvin (1st time) CVP (b. 1907 - d. 1982)
1 Jan 1968 - 31 Dec 1968 Willy Sp�hler (2nd time) SPS (s.a.)
1 Jan 1969 - 31 Dec 1969 Ludwig von Moos (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1970 - 31 Dec 1970 Hans Peter Tschudi (2nd time) SPS (s.a.)
1 Jan 1971 - 31 Dec 1971 Rudolf Gn�gi (1st time) SVP (b. 1917 - d. 1985)
1 Jan 1972 - 31 Dec 1972 Nello Celio FDP (b. 1914 - d. 1995)
1 Jan 1973 - 31 Dec 1973 Roger Bonvin (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1974 - 31 Dec 1974 Ernst Brugger FDP (b. 1914 - d. 1998)
1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1975 Pierre Graber SPS (b. 1908 - d. 2003)
1 Jan 1976 - 31 Dec 1976 Rudolf Gn�gi (2nd time) SVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1977 - 31 Dec 1977 Kurt Furgler (1st time) CVP (b. 1924 - d. 2008)
1 Jan 1978 - 31 Dec 1978 Willi Ritschard SPS (b. 1918 - d. 1983)
1 Jan 1979 - 31 Dec 1979 Hans H�rlimann CVP (b. 1918 - d. 1994)
1 Jan 1980 - 31 Dec 1980 Georges-Andr� Chevallaz FDP (b. 1915 - d. 2002)
1 Jan 1981 - 31 Dec 1981 Kurt Furgler (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1982 - 31 Dec 1982 Fritz Honegger FDP (b. 1917 - d. 1999)
1 Jan 1983 - 31 Dec 1983 Pierre Aubert (1st time) SPS (b. 1927)
1 Jan 1984 - 31 Dec 1984 Leon Schlumpf SVP (b. 1925)
1 Jan 1985 - 31 Dec 1985 Kurt Furgler (3rd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1986 - 31 Dec 1986 Alphons Egli CVP (b. 1924)
1 Jan 1987 - 31 Dec 1987 Pierre Aubert (2nd time) SPS (s.a.)
1 Jan 1988 - 31 Dec 1988 Otto Stich (1st time) SPS (b. 1927)
1 Jan 1989 - 31 Dec 1989 Jean-Pascal Delamuraz
(1st time) FDP (b. 1936 - d. 1998)
1 Jan 1990 - 31 Dec 1990 Arnold Koller (1st time) CVP (b. 1933)
1 Jan 1991 - 31 Dec 1991 Flavio Cotti (1st time) CVP (b. 1939)
1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992 Ren� Felber SPS (b. 1933)
1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993 Adolf Ogi (1st time) SVP (b. 1942)
1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1994 Otto Stich (2nd time) SPS (s.a.)
1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995 Kaspar Villiger (1st time) FDP (b. 1941)
1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996 Jean-Pascal Delamuraz
(2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997 Arnold Koller (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Flavio Cotti (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Ruth Dreifuss (f) SPS (b. 1940)
1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000 Adolf Ogi (2nd time) SVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 Moritz Leuenberger (1st time) SPS (b. 1946)
1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002 Kaspar Villiger (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Pascal Couchepin (1st time) FDP (b. 1942)
1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Joseph Deiss CVP (b. 1946)
1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Samuel Schmid SVP (b. 1947)
1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 Moritz Leuenberger (2nd time) SPS (s.a.)
1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007 Micheline Calmy-Rey (f) SPS (b. 1945)
1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008 Pascal Couchepin (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 Hans-Rudolf Merz FDP (b. 1942)
1 Jan 2010 - Doris Leuthard (f) CVP (b. 1963)
Party abbreviations: CVP=Christian Democratic People's Party (before 1912 Catholic Conservative Party, 1912-57 Swiss Conservative People's Party, 1957-70 Conservative Christian Social People's Party), FDP=Liberal-Democratic Party or predecessors, LPS=Liberal Party of Switzerland or predecessors, SPS=Social Democratic Party of Switzerland, SVP=Swiss People's Party (1921-71 Peasants', Business, and Citizens' Party)
1516 part of Ottoman Empire
30 Sep 1918 independence
8 Mar 1920 Kingdom of Syria
1 Dec 1920 State of Damascus and State of Aleppo
28 Jun 1922 Union of Syrian States
29 Sep 1923 - 1 Jan 1944 League of Nations mandate
1 Jan 1925 State of Syria
11 Jun 1932 Syrian Republic
10 Jul 1939 State of Syria
21 Jun 1941 - 17 Apr 1946 occupied by British and French troops
16 Sep 1941 Syrian Republic
27 Sep 1941 independence
22 Feb 1958 part of United Arab Republic (see Egypt)
28 Sep 1961 Syrian Arab Republic
Heads of Government
30 Sep 1918 Muhammad Said al-Jazairi
30 Sep 1918 - 5 Oct 1918 Ali Rida Pasha al-Rikabi (b. 1864 - d. 1943)
5 Oct 1918 - 8 Mar 1920 Faysal ibn Hussein al-Hashimi (b. 1885 - d. 1933)
King
8 Mar 1920 - 28 Jul 1920 Faysal ibn Hussein al-Hashimi (s.a.)
Acting heads of state
28 Jul 1920 - 21 Aug 1920 Ala ad-Din ad-Durubi Pasha (b. 18... - d. 1920)
6 Sep 1920 - 30 Nov 1920 Jamil al-Ulshi (b. 1883 - d. 1951)
Governor (State of Damascus)
1 Dec 1920 - 28 Jun 1922 Haqqi Bay al-Azm (b. 1864 - d. 1955)
Governor (State of Aleppo)
1 Dec 1920 - 28 Jun 1922 Kamil Pasha al-Kudsi
Heads of State
28 Jun 1922 - 21 Dec 1925 Subhi Bay Barakat al-Khalidi
9 Feb 1926 - 28 Apr 1926 Fran�ois Pierre-Alype (acting) (b. 1886 - d. 1956)
28 Apr 1926 - 15 Feb 1928 Damad-i Shahriyari Ahmad Nami Bay (b. 1873 - d. 1962)
15 Feb 1928 - 19 Nov 1931 Shaykh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani (b. 1885 - d. 1943)
(acting)
Presidents
11 Jun 1932 - 21 Dec 1936 Muhammad Ali Bay al-Abid (b. 1868 - d. 1939)
21 Dec 1936 - 7 Jul 1939 Hashim al-Atassi (1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 1960)
7 Jul 1939 - 10 Jul 1939 Nasuhi al-Bukhari (acting) (b. ... - d. 1961)
10 Jul 1939 - 4 Apr 1941 Bahij ad-Din al-Khatib (b. 1895 - d. 1981)
(chairman Council of Commissioners)
4 Apr 1941 - 16 Sep 1941 Khalid al-Azm (acting) (b. 1903 - d. 1965)
16 Sep 1941 - 17 Jan 1943 Shaykh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani (s.a.)
17 Jan 1943 - 25 Mar 1943 Jamil al-Ulshi (acting) (s.a.)
25 Mar 1943 - 17 Aug 1943 Ata Bay al-Ayyubi (Head of State) (b. 1877 - d. 1951)
17 Aug 1943 - 30 Mar 1949 Shukri al-Kuwatli (1st time) (b. 1891 - d. 1967)
30 Mar 1949 - 14 Aug 1949 Husni az-Zaim (b. 1897 - d. 1949)
14 Aug 1949 - 15 Aug 1949 Sami al-Hinnawi (b. 1896 - d. 1950)
(chairman Supreme Military Council)
15 Aug 1949 - 2 Dec 1951 Hashim al-Atassi (2nd time) (s.a.)
(Head of State)
2 Dec 1951 - 3 Dec 1951 Adib al-Shishakli (1st time) (b. 1909 - d. 1964)
(chairman Supreme Military Council)
3 Dec 1951 - 11 Jul 1953 Fawzi as-Silu (Head of State) (b. 1905 - d. 1972)
11 Jul 1953 - 25 Feb 1954 Adib al-Shishakli (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Feb 1954 - 28 Feb 1954 Maamun al-Kuzbari (1st time) (b. 1914 - d. 1998)
(acting)
28 Feb 1954 - 6 Sep 1955 Hashim al-Atassi (3rd time) (s.a.)
6 Sep 1955 - 22 Feb 1958 Shukri al-Kuwatli (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Sep 1961 - 20 Nov 1961 Maamun al-Kuzbari (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
20 Nov 1961 - 14 Dec 1961 Izzat an-Nuss (acting) (b. 1912)
14 Dec 1961 - 8 Mar 1963 Nazim al-Kudsi (b. 1906 - d. 1998)
9 Mar 1963 - 27 Jul 1963 Louai al-Atassi (b. 1926 - d. 2003)
(chairman National Revolutionary Command Council)
27 Jul 1963 - 23 Feb 1966 Amin al-Hafez (b. 1921? - d. 2009)
(chairman National Revolutionary Command Council to 13 May
1964, then chairman Presidential Council)
25 Feb 1966 - 18 Nov 1970 Nureddin al-Atassi (b. 1929 - d. 1992)
(Head of State)
18 Nov 1970 - 22 Feb 1971 Ahmed Khatib (b. 1933)
(Head of State)
22 Feb 1971 - 10 Jun 2000 Hafez al-Assad (b. 1930 - d. 2000)
(acting to 14 Mar 1971)
10 Jun 2000 - 17 Jul 2000 Abdul-Halim Khaddam (acting) (b. 1932)
17 Jul 2000 - Bashar al-Assad (b. 1965)
Prime ministers
Mar 1920 - May 1920 Ali Rida Pasha al-Rikabi (s.a.)
May 1920 - 28 Jul 1920 Hashim al-Atassi (1st time) (s.a.)
28 Jul 1920 - 21 Aug 1920 Ala ad-Din ad-Durubi Pasha (s.a.)
6 Sep 1920 - 30 Nov 1920 Jamil al-Ulshi (1st time) (s.a.)
7 Jun 1932 - 16 Mar 1934 Haqqi Bay al-Azm (s.a.)
16 Mar 1934 - 22 Feb 1936 Shaykh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani (s.a.)
22 Feb 1936 - 21 Dec 1936 Ata Bay al-Ayyubi (s.a.)
21 Dec 1936 - 18 Feb 1939 Jamil Mardam Bay (1st time) (b. 1893 - d. 1960)
23 Feb 1939 - 13 Mar 1939 Lutfi al-Haffar (b. 1891 - d. 1968)
6 Apr 1939 - 9 Jul 1939 Nasuhi al-Bukhari (s.a.)
4 Apr 1941 - 21 Sep 1941 Khalid al-Azm (1st time) (s.a.)
21 Sep 1941 - 19 Apr 1942 Hassan al-Hakim (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1988)
19 Apr 1942 - 10 Jan 1943 Husni al-Barazi (b. 1893 - d. 19...)
10 Jan 1943 - 25 Mar 1943 Jamil al-Ulshi (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Aug 1943 - 14 Oct 1944 Saadallah al-Jabiri (1st time) (b. 1893 - d. 1947)
14 Oct 1944 - 1 Oct 1945 Faris al-Khuri (1st time) (b. 1877 - d. 1962)
1 Oct 1945 - 16 Dec 1946 Saadallah al-Jabiri (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Dec 1946 - 29 Dec 1946 Khalid al-Azm (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
29 Dec 1946 - 17 Dec 1948 Jamil Mardam Bay (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1948 - 30 Mar 1949 Khalid al-Azm (3rd time) (s.a.)
17 Apr 1949 - 26 Jun 1949 Husni az-Zaim (s.a.)
26 Jun 1949 - 14 Aug 1949 Muhsin al-Barazi (b. 1904 - d. 1949)
17 Aug 1949 - 24 Dec 1949 Hashim al-Atassi (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Dec 1949 - 27 Dec 1949 Nazim al-Kudsi (1st time) (s.a.)
27 Dec 1949 - 4 Jun 1950 Khalid al-Azm (4th time) (s.a.)
4 Jun 1950 - 27 Mar 1951 Nazim al-Kudsi (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Mar 1951 - 9 Aug 1951 Khalid al-Azm (5th time) (s.a.)
9 Aug 1951 - 13 Nov 1951 Hassan al-Hakim (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Nov 1951 - 28 Nov 1951 Zaki al-Khatib (acting)
28 Nov 1951 - 29 Nov 1951 Maaruf al-Dawalibi (1st time) (b. 1907 - d. 2004)
3 Dec 1951 - 19 Jul 1953 Fawzi as-Silu (s.a.)
19 Jul 1953 - 1 Mar 1954 Adib al-Shishakli (s.a.)
1 Mar 1954 - 19 Jun 1954 Sabri al-Assali (1st time) (b. 1903 - d. 1976)
19 Jun 1954 - 3 Nov 1954 Said al-Ghazzi (1st time)
3 Nov 1954 - 13 Feb 1955 Faris al-Khuri (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Feb 1955 - 13 Sep 1955 Sabri al-Assali (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Sep 1955 - 14 Jun 1956 Said al-Ghazzi (2nd time)
14 Jun 1956 - 6 Mar 1958 Sabri al-Assali (3rd time) (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Syrian Region
7 Oct 1958 - 20 Sep 1960 Nureddin Kuhala
20 Sep 1960 - 16 Aug 1961 Abdul Hamid Serraj (b. c.1923 - d. af.1963)
Prime ministers
29 Sep 1961 - 20 Nov 1961 Maamun al-Kuzbari (s.a.)
20 Nov 1961 - 14 Dec 1961 Izzat an-Nuss (s.a.)
22 Dec 1961 - 28 Mar 1962 Maaruf al-Dawalibi (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Apr 1962 - 14 Sep 1962 Ahmad Bashir al-Azmah (b. 1910 - d. 1992)
17 Sep 1962 - 9 Mar 1963 Khalid al-Azm (6th time) (s.a.)
9 Mar 1963 - 12 Nov 1963 Salah al-Din Bitar (1st time) (b. 1912 - d. 1980)
12 Nov 1963 - 13 May 1964 Amin al-Hafez (1st time) (s.a.)
13 May 1964 - 3 Oct 1964 Salah al-Din Bitar (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Oct 1964 - 23 Sep 1965 Amin al-Hafez (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Sep 1965 - 21 Dec 1965 Yusuf Zuaiyin (1st time) (b. 1931)
1 Jan 1966 - 23 Feb 1966 Salah al-Din Bitar (3rd time) (s.a.)
25 Feb 1966 - 29 Oct 1968 Yusuf Zuaiyin (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Oct 1968 - 21 Nov 1970 Nureddin al-Atassi (s.a.)
21 Nov 1970 - 3 Apr 1971 Hafez al-Assad (s.a.)
3 Apr 1971 - 21 Dec 1972 Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (1st time) (b. 1930)
21 Dec 1972 - 7 Aug 1976 Mahmoud al-Ayyubi (b. 1932)
7 Aug 1976 - 27 Mar 1978 Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Mar 1978 - 9 Jan 1980 Muhammad Ali al-Halabi (b. 1937)
9 Jan 1980 - 1 Nov 1987 Abdul Rauf al-Kasm (b. 1932)
1 Nov 1987 - 13 Mar 2000 Mahmoud Zuabi (b. 1938 - d. 2000)
13 Mar 2000 - 10 Sep 2003 Muhammad Mustafa Mero (b. 1941)
10 Sep 2003 - Muhammad Naji al-Otari (b. 1944)
High commissioners 21 Nov 1919 - 23 Nov 1922 Henri Gouraud (b. 1867 - d. 1946) 23 Nov 1922 - 17 Apr 1923 Robert de Caix (acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1970) 17 Apr 1923 - Dec 1924 Maxime Weygand (b. 1867 - d. 1965) 2 Jan 1925 - 30 Oct 1925 Maurice Sarrail (b. 1856 - d. 1929) Dec 1925 - 17 Jun 1926 Henry de Jouvenel (b. 1876 - d. 1935) 12 Oct 1926 - 12 Oct 1932 Henri Ponsot (b. 1877 - d. 1963) Jul 1933 - Oct 1938 Damien de Martel (b. 1878 - d. 1940) Jan 1939 - Dec 1940 Gabriel Puaux (b. 1883 - d. 1970) 29 Dec 1940 - 14 Jun 1941 Henri Fernand Dentz (b. 1881 - d. 1945) Delegates-general 21 Jun 1941 - 7 Jun 1943 Georges Catroux (b. 1877 - d. 1969) 7 Jun 1943 - 23 Nov 1943 Jean Helleu (b. 1885 - d. 1955) 23 Nov 1943 - Feb 1944 Yves Chataigneau (b. 1891 - d. 1961) Mar 1944 - 6 Jul 1946 �tienne Beynet (b. 1883 - d. 1969)
2 Sep 1920 Alawite Territory
1 Jul 1922 incorporated into Syria
1 Jan 1925 Alawite State
1930 State of Latakia
5 Dec 1936 incorporated into Syria
Governors
2 Sep 1920 - 192. Joseph Ni�ger (b. 1874 - d. 1951)
192. - 1 Jul 1922 Gaston Billotte (b. 1875 - d. 1940)
1 Jan 1925 - 1925 L�on Cayla (b. 1881 - d. 1965)
Jul 1925 - 5 Dec 1936 Ernest Schoeffler
1 May 1921 autonomous
2 Dec 1936 incorporated into Syria
Governors
1 May 1921 - 15 Sep 1923 Amir Salim Pasha al-Atrash (b. ... - d. 1923)
Sep 1923 - 6 Mar 1924 Trenga (provisional)
6 Mar 1924 - 14 Oct 1925 Gabriel Marie Victor Carbillet (b. 1884 - d. 19...)
(provisional to 1 Oct 1924)
14 Oct 1925 - 1927 Charles Andr�a
1927 Marie Joseph L�on Augustin Henry (b. 1870 - d. 1942)
1927 - 1932 Abel Cl�ment-Grandcourt (b. 1873 - d. 1948)
3 Feb 1932 - 28 Jan 1934 Renaud Massiet (b. 1877 - d. 1947)
1934 - 1935 Devicq
1935 - 2 Dec 1936 Tarit