MORPHOLOGY AND GRAMMAR

This page is going through some restructuring. Only a few minor changes will be made in the morphology. Please forgive any inconvenience. Thank you.

SYLLABLE STRUCTURE

All syllables end in a vowel, the exceptions being final syllables. The syllable order is as follows:
vowel, consonant-vowel, consonant-consonant-vowel.

DIGRAPHS

Syllables may begin with the following digraphs:
bz,bz',pkh,ps,ps',vd,vdh,vn,vl,fth,mn,ml,
gdh,gv,gz,gz',gzh,ghdh,ghv,ghz,ghz',ghzh,kth,kf,ks,ks'ksh,khth,khf,khs,khs',khsh,
dv,dz,dzh,dl,tf,ts,tsh,tlh,dhb,dhv,dhm,dhg,dhgh,dhd,dhj,dhj',dhz,dhz',dhn,dhl,
thp,thf,thk,thkh,tht,thq,thq',ths,ths',thlh,
jl,j'l,qlh,q'lh,
zb,zv,zdh,zg,zgh,zj',zl,z'b,z'v,z'd,z'dh,z'g,z'gh,z'j,z'j',
sp,sf,st,sth,sk,skh,sq,sq',s'p,s'f,s't,s'th,s'k,s'kh,s'q,s'q'.

VERBAL FORMS

As an example, here are the verb forms of the noun faasq'u, meaning eye:

dhuufaasq'u to see
dhnuufaasq'u I see
dhnu'ufaasq'u we see
dhluufaasq'u you see
dhlu'ufaasq'u you (pl.) see
dhmuufaasq'u he sees
dhmu'ufaasq'u they see
dhduufaasq'u she sees
dhdu'ufaasq'u they see
dhuufaasq'u it sees
dhu'ufaasq'u they see
(please take special note of the last six forms, as they denote gender.
Only verbs have gender.)

dhnuufaaghisq'u I am seeing
dhnu'ufaaghisq'u we are seeing
dhluufaaghisq'u you are seeing
dhlu'ufaaghisq'u you (pl.) are seeing
dhmuufaaghisq'u he is seeing
dhmu'ufaaghisq'u they are seeing
dhduufaaghisq'u she is seeing
dhdu'ufaaghisq'u they are seeing
dhuufaaghisq'u it is seeing
dhu'ufaaghisq'u they are seeing

dhnuufaazüsq'u I am seen
dhnu'ufaazüsq'u we are seen
dhluufaazüsq'u you are seen
dhlu'ufaazüsq'u you (pl.) are seen
dhmuufaazüsq'u he is seen
dhmu'ufaazüsq'u they are seen
dhduufaazüsq'u she is seen
dhdu'ufaazüsq'u they are seen
dhuufaazüsq'u it is seen
dhu'ufaazüsq'u they are seen

dhnuufaaghzüsq'u I am being seen
dhnu'ufaaghzüsq'u we are being seen
dhluufaaghzüsq'u you are being seen
dhlu'ufaaghzüsq'u you (pl.) are being seen
dhmuufaaghzüsq'u he is being seen
dhmu'ufaaghzüsq'u they are being seen
dhduufaaghzüsq'u she is being seen
dhdu'ufaaghzüsq'u they are being seen
dhuufaaghzüsq'u it is being seen
dhu'ufaaghzüsq'u they are being seen

tfiifaasq'u I will see
tfi'ifaasq'u we will see
tsiifaasq'u you will see
tsi'ifaasq'u you (pl.) will see
tshiifaasq'u he will see
tshi'ifaasq'u they will see
tlhiifaasq'u she will see
tlhi'ifaasq'u they will see
tiifaasq'u it will see
ti'ifaasq'u they will see

tfiifaaghisq'u I will be seeing
tfi'ifaaghisq'u we will be seeing
tsiifaaghisq'u you will be seeing
tsi'ifaaghisq'u you (pl.) will be seeing
tshiifaaghisq'u he will be seeing
tshi'ifaaghisq'u they will be seeing
tlhiifaaghisq'u she will be seeing
tlhi'ifaaghisq'u they will be seeing
tiifaaghisq'u it will be seeing
ti'ifaaghisq'u they will be seeing

kfaafaasq'u I saw
kfa'afaasq'u we saw
klhaafaasq'u you saw
klha'afaasq'u you (pl.) saw
kthaafaasq'u he saw
ktha'afaasq'u they saw
ksaafaasq'u she saw
ksa'afaasq'u they saw
kaafaasq'u it saw
ka'afaasq'u they saw

To express the negative, add qi to the prefix (dhnuuqimotog I do not drink)
The habitual present singular is expressed by the prefixes q'o,q'a,q'u,q'e;
the habitual present plural is expressed by the prefixes q'ö,q'ä,q'ü,q'ë.

PASSIVE FORM

klahozüi one being thought about

ACTIVE FORM

klahoghi'i thinker

ADVERBIAL FORM

klahozhei'i thoughtfully

NOUN FORMS

Noun cases are as follows:

klhahoi head klhahoiï the head
Plural: klha'ahoi heads klha'ahoiï the heads

Possessive Forms

klhahohoi(In Üqoi, the object, not the subject, takes the possessive form, and the two words form a compound: klhahohoitelesqi (Telesqi's head)
klhahohomnei my head klhahohomne'ei our head
klhahohomlei your head klhahohomle'ei your head
klhahohombei his head klhahohombe'ei their head
klhahohompei her head klhahohompe'ei their head
klhahohobzei its head klhahohobze'ei their head
Klhahohomlei kfaafaasq'u. I saw your head.

A simpler form is klhahomnei, etc. For emphasis, use the basic possessive form:
Klahohoi kthaafaasq'u. He saw his own head.

Dative Forms

klahoj'ei to a head
klahoj'oi at a head
klahoj'i'i on a head
klahoj'ëi off a head
klahoj'ïi behind a head
klahoj'äi in front of a head
klahonoi before a head
klahoqui after a head
klahoj'ui with a head
klahoj'ai under a head
klahoj'öi from a head
klahos'äi over a head
klahos'ëi beside a head
klaholai out of a head
klahobei except a head
klahovoi outside of a head
klahomi'i since a head
klahozhai in the middle of a head
klahothoi for a head
klahodz'ui between a head (and something else, natch:))
kla'ahomi'i all heads*
klahoizu this head*
kla'ahoizu these heads*
klahoiz'u that head*
kla'ahoiz'u those heads*
*When the noun ends in a consonant, uz and uz' are used;
dlöömequz this cup
dlöömequz' that cup

SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Üqoi grammar is object-subject-verb Mpeqaaään ghnoothlumed? The fruit, did he eat?
Gzaghiqiilh dhduuvai. (An) artist she is.
Mpempeqäätlhegiv s'q'ämotog? Juice, were you drinking?
Khs'uhan mbeevai? Acetone, is it?

ADJECTIVAL FORMS

klahokai thoughtful dhuuklahokai thinkable

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Equative: iikama'al as real as; Iikama'al hazhoonaiï tsokkhëz'uüm. The man is as real as the sun.
Comparative: huakazhgenu more determined; Huakazhgenu haTelesq. Telesqi is more determined.
Superlative: huakazhgenqu most determined; Huakazhgenqu haTelesqi. Telesqi is most determined.
huakazhgenulh more determined than
huakazhgenqulh most determined