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1510 Spanish colony
1655 British colony
3 Jan 1958 - 31 May 1962 part of the Federation of the West Indies
(see under Trinidad and Tobago)
6 Aug 1962 independence
Governors
Mar 1693 - Jan 1702 Sir William Beeston (b. 1636 - d. 17...)
(acting to 1700)
1702 William Selwyn (b. 16... - d. 1702)
1702 Peter Beckford (acting)
1702 - 1711 Thomas Handasyde (acting to 1704) (b. 16... - d. 1712)
1711 - 1716 Lord Archibald Hamilton (b. 1673 - d. 1754)
1716 - 1718 Peter Heywood
1718 - 1722 Sir Nicholas Lawes
1722 - 4 Jul 1726 Henry Bentinck, Duke of Portland (b. 1682 - d. 1726)
1726 - 1728 John Ayscough (1st time) (acting)
1728 - Mar 1734 Robert Hunter (b. c.1675 - d. 1734)
1734 - 1735 John Ayscough (2nd time) (acting)
1735 John Gregory (1st time) (acting)
1735 - 1736 Henry Cunninghame
1736 - 1738 John Gregory (2nd time) (acting)
30 Apr 1738 - 1752 Edward Trelawny (b. 1699 - d. 1754)
1752 - Jan 1756 Charles Knowles (b. ... - d. 1777)
Feb 1756 - Apr 1759 Sir Henry Moore (1st time) (b. 1713 - d. 1769)
(acting)
Apr 1759 - Nov 1759 George Haldane (b. 1722 - d. 1759)
Nov 1759 - 1762 Sir Henry Moore (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
1762 - 1766 William Henry Lyttleton (b. 1724 - d. 1808)
1766 - 1767 Roger Hope Elletson (b. ... - d. 1775)
1767 - Dec 1772 Sir William Trelawny (b. ... - d. 1772)
Dec 1772 - 1774 John Dalling (1st time) (acting) (b. ... - d. 1798)
1774 - 1777 Sir Basil Keith
1777 - 1781 John Dalling (2nd time) (s.a.)
1781 - 1784 Archibald Campbell (b. 1739 - d. 1791)
(acting to 1783)
1784 - 1790 Alured Clarke (b. 1745 - d. 1832)
1790 - 19 Nov 1791 Thomas Howard, Earl of Effingham (b. 1746 - d. 1791)
1791 - 1795 Adam Williamson (from 18 Nov 1794,
Sir Adam Williamson) (acting) (b. 1736 - d. 1798)
1795 - 1801 Alexander Lindsay, Earl of
Balcares (b. 1752 - d. 1825)
1801 - 1805 Sir George Nugent (b. 1757 - d. 1849)
1806 - 1808 Sir Eyre Coote (b. 1762 - d. 1823)
1808 - 1827 William Montague, Duke of
Manchester (b. 1771 - d. 1843)
1827 - 1829 Sir John Keane (acting) (b. 1781 - d. 1844)
1829 - 1832 Somerset Lowry-Corry, Earl of
Belmore (b. 1774 - d. 1841)
1832 George Cuthbert (1st time)
(acting)
1832 - 1834 Constantine Henry Phipps,
Earl of Mulgrave (b. 1797 - d. 1863)
1834 Sir Amos Norcot (acting)
1834 George Cuthbert (2nd time)
(acting)
1834 - 1836 Howe Peter Browne, Marquess of
Sligo (b. 1788 - d. 1845)
1836 - 1839 Sir Lionel Smith (b. 1778 - d. 1842)
1839 - 1842 Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (b. 1785 - d. 1846)
1842 - 1846 James Bruce, Earl of Elgin and
Kincardine (b. 1811 - d. 1863)
1846 - 1847 George Henry Frederick Berkeley (b. 1785 - d. 1857)
(acting)
1847 - 1853 Sir Charles Edward Grey (b. 1785 - d. 1865)
1853 - 1856 Sir Henry Barkly (b. 1815 - d. 1898)
1856 - 1857 Edward Wells Bell (acting)
1857 - 1862 Charles Henry Darling (b. 1809 - d. 1870)
1862 - 1865 Edward John Eyre (acting to 1864) (b. 1815 - d. 1901)
12 Dec 1865 - 16 Jul 1866 Sir Henry Knight Storks (b. 1811 - d. 1874)
1866 - 1874 Sir John Peter Grant (b. 1807 - d. 1893)
1874 W.A. Young (acting) (b. 1818 - d. 1878)
1874 - Jan 1877 Sir William Grey (b. 1818 - d. 1878)
Jan 1877 Edward Everard Rushworth (acting)
Jan 1877 Mann (acting)
Jan 1877 - 1883 Sir Anthony Musgrave (1st time) (b. 1828 - d. 1888)
1883 Somerset M. Wiseman Clarke
(acting)
1883 D.J. Gamble (acting)
1883 - 1889 Sir Henry Wylie Norman (b. 1826 - d. 1904)
1889 William Clive Justice (acting)
1889 - 1898 Sir Henry Arthur Blake (b. 1840 - d. 1918)
1898 Hallowes (acting)
1898 - 1904 Sir Augustus William Lawson
Hemming (b. 1842 - d. 1907)
1904 Sydney Haldane Olivier (1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1943)
(acting)
1904 Hugh Clarence Bourne (1st time)
(acting)
30 Sep 1904 - 1907 Sir James Alexander Swettenham (b. 1846 - d. 1933)
1907 Hugh Clarence Bourne (2nd time)
(acting)
16 May 1907 - Jan 1913 Sydney Haldane Olivier (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jan 1913 - 7 Mar 1913 Philip Clark Cork (acting) (b. 1854 - d. 1936)
7 Mar 1913 - 11 May 1918 Sir William Henry Manning (b. 1863 - d. 1932)
11 May 1918 - 11 Jun 1918 Robert Johnstone (acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1944)
11 Jun 1918 - 1924 Sir Leslie Probyn (b. 1862 - d. 1938)
1924 Herbert Bryan (1st time) (acting) (b. 1865 - d. 1950)
29 Sep 1924 - Jun 1925 Sir Samuel Herbert Wilson (b. 1873 - d. 1950)
1925 Sir Herbert Bryan (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
Oct 1925 - 26 Apr 1926 A.S. Jeef (1st time) (acting)
26 Apr 1926 - 9 Nov 1932 Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs (b. 1876 - d. 1947)
9 Nov 1932 - 21 Nov 1932 A.S. Jeef (2nd time) (acting)
21 Nov 1932 - Apr 1934 Sir Alexander Ransford Slater (b. 1874 - d. 1940)
Apr 1934 - 24 Oct 1934 A.S. Jeef (3rd time) (acting)
24 Oct 1934 - 2 Jun 1938 Sir Edward Brandis Denham (b. 1876 - d. 1938)
2 Jun 1938 - 19 Aug 1938 Charles Campbell Woolley (acting) (b. 1893 - d. 1981)
19 Aug 1938 - Jul 1943 Sir Arthur Frederick Richards (b. 1885 - d. 1978)
Jul 1943 - 29 Sep 1943 William Henry Flinn (acting) (b. 1895 - d. 1973)
29 Sep 1943 - 7 Apr 1951 Sir John Huggins (b. 1891 - d. 1971)
7 Apr 1951 - 18 Nov 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot (b. 1907 - d. 1990)
18 Dec 1957 - 6 Aug 1962 Sir Kenneth Blackburne (b. 1907 - d. 1980)
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
6 Aug 1962 - 30 Nov 1962 Sir Kenneth Blackburne (s.a.)
1 Dec 1962 - 2 Mar 1973 Sir Clifford Campbell (b. 1892 - d. 1991)
2 Mar 1973 - 27 Jun 1973 Sir Herbert Duffus (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 2002)
27 Jun 1973 - 31 Mar 1991 Florizel Glasspole (from 17 Apr
1981, Sir Florizel Glasspole) (b. 1909 - d. 2000)
31 Mar 1991 - 1 Aug 1991 Edward Zacca (interim) (b. 1931)
1 Aug 1991 - 15 Feb 2006 Sir Howard Cooke (b. 1915)
15 Feb 2006 - 26 Feb 2009 Kenneth Hall (from 5 Nov 2007,
Sir Kenneth Hall) (b. 1941)
26 Feb 2009 - Patrick Allen (from 12 May 2009,
Sir Patrick Allen) (b. 1951)
Chief ministers
5 May 1953 - 2 Feb 1955 Alexander Bustamante (b. 1884 - d. 1977)
2 Feb 1955 - 4 Jul 1959 Norman Manley (b. 1893 - d. 1969)
Prime ministers
4 Jul 1959 - 24 Apr 1962 Norman Manley (s.a.)
24 Apr 1962 - 23 Feb 1967 Sir Alexander Bustamante (s.a.)
Feb 1964 - 23 Feb 1967 Donald Burns Sangster (b. 1911 - d. 1967)
(acting for Bustamante)
23 Feb 1967 - 11 Apr 1967 Donald Burns Sangster (from 6 Apr
1967, Sir Donald Burns Sangster) (s.a.)
11 Apr 1967 - 2 Mar 1972 Hugh Lawson Shearer (b. 1923 - d. 2004)
2 Mar 1972 - 1 Nov 1980 Michael Manley (1st time) (b. 1924 - d. 1997)
1 Nov 1980 - 10 Feb 1989 Edward Seaga (b. 1930)
10 Feb 1989 - 30 Mar 1992 Michael Manley (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Mar 1992 - 30 Mar 2006 P.J. Patterson (b. 1935)
30 Mar 2006 - 11 Sep 2007 Portia Simpson Miller (f) (b. 1945)
11 Sep 2007 - Bruce Golding (b. 1947)
660 BCE empire founded according to tradition
Era names (nengo)
23 Oct 1688 - 16 Apr 1704 Genroku
16 Apr 1704 - 11 Jun 1711 Hoei
11 Jun 1711 - 9 Aug 1716 Shotoku
9 Aug 1716 - 7 Jun 1736 Kyoho
7 Jun 1736 - 12 Apr 1741 Genbun
12 Apr 1741 - 3 Apr 1744 Kanpo
3 Apr 1744 - 5 Aug 1748 Enkyo
5 Aug 1748 - 14 Dec 1751 Kan-en
14 Dec 1751 - 30 Jun 1764 Horeki (or Horyaku)
30 Jun 1764 - 10 Dec 1772 Meiwa
10 Dec 1772 - 25 Apr 1781 An-ei
25 Apr 1781 - 19 Feb 1789 Tenmei
10 Feb 1789 - 19 Mar 1801 Kansei
19 Mar 1801 - 22 Mar 1804 Kyowa
22 Mar 1804 - 26 May 1818 Bunka
26 May 1818 - 23 Jan 1831 Bunsei
23 Jan 1831 - 9 Jan 1845 Tenpo
9 Jan 1845 - 1 Apr 1848 Koka
1 Apr 1848 - 15 Jan 1855 Kaei
15 Jan 1855 - 8 Apr 1860 Ansei
8 Apr 1860 - 29 Mar 1861 Man-en
29 Mar 1861 - 27 Mar 1864 Bunkyu
27 Mar 1864 - 1 May 1865 Genji (or Ganji)
1 May 1865 - 23 Oct 1868 Keio
23 Oct 1868 - 30 Jul 1912 Meiji
30 Jul 1912 - 25 Dec 1926 Taisho
25 Dec 1926 - 8 Jan 1989 Showa
8 Jan 1989 - Heisei
Shoguns�
1680 - 19 Feb 1709 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (Joken-in) (b. 1646 - d. 1709)
1709 - 12 Nov 1712 Tokugawa Ienobu (Bunsho-in) (b. 1662 - d. 1712)
1713 - 19 Jun 1716 Tokugawa Ietsugu (Yusho-in) (b. 1709 - d. 1716)
1716 - 1745 Tokugawa Yoshimune (Yutoku-in) (b. 1677 - d. 1751)
1745 - 1760 Tokugawa Ieshige (Junshin-in) (b. 1712 - d. 1761)
1760 - 17 Sep 1786 Tokugawa Ieharu (Shinmei-in) (b. 1737 - d. 1786)
15 Apr 1787 - 1837 Tokugawa Ienari (Bunkyo-in) (b. 1773 - d. 1841)
2 Apr 1837 - 22 Jun 1853 Tokugawa Ieyoshi (Shintoku-in) (b. 1792 - d. 1853)
23 Oct 1853 - 6 Jul 1858 Tokugawa Iesada (Onkyo-in) (b. 1824 - d. 1858)
1 Dec 1858 - 29 Aug 1866 Tokugawa Iemochi (Shotoku-in) (b. 1846 - d. 1866)
10 Jan 1867 - 4 Jan 1868 Tokugawa Yoshinobu (b. 1837 - d. 1913)
Emperors/Empresses�
- Yamato dynasty -
2 May 1687 - 27 Jul 1709 Asahito (Higashiyama-tenno) (b. 1675 - d. 1710)
27 Jul 1709 - 13 Apr 1735 Yasuhito (Nakamikado-tenno) (b. 1702 - d. 1737)
13 Apr 1735 - 9 Jun 1747 Teruhito (Sakuramachi-tenno) (b. 1720 - d. 1750)
9 Jun 1747 - 31 Aug 1762 Tohito (Momozono-tenno) (b. 1741 - d. 1762)
15 Sep 1762 - 9 Jan 1771 Toshi-ko (Go-Sakuramachi-tenno)
(f) (b. 1740 - d. 1813)
9 Jan 1771 - 6 Dec 1779 Hidehito (Go-Momozono-tenno) (b. 1758 - d. 1779)
1 Jan 1780 - 7 May 1817 Tomohito (Kokaku-tenno) (b. 1771 - d. 1840)
7 May 1817 - 21 Feb 1846 Ayahito (Ninko-tenno) (b. 1800 - d. 1846)
10 Mar 1846 - 30 Jan 1867 Osahito (Komei-tenno) (b. 1831 - d. 1867)
13 Feb 1867 - 30 Jul 1912 Mutsuhito (Meiji-tenno) (b. 1852 - d. 1912)
30 Jul 1912 - 25 Dec 1926 Yoshihito (Taisho-tenno) (b. 1879 - d. 1926)
25 Nov 1921 - 25 Dec 1926 Prince Hirohito (regent) (b. 1901 - d. 1989)
25 Dec 1926 - 7 Jan 1989 Hirohito (Showa-tenno) (s.a.)
7 Jan 1989 - Akihito (b. 1933)
Prime ministers�
22 Dec 1885 - 30 Apr 1888 Count Hirobumi Ito (1st time) (b. 1841 - d. 1909)
30 Apr 1888 - 24 Dec 1889 Count Kiyotaka Kuroda (b. 1840 - d. 1900)
24 Dec 1889 - 6 May 1891 Count Aritomo Yamagata (1st time) (b. 1838 - d. 1922)
6 May 1891 - 8 Aug 1892 Count Masayoshi Matsukata
(1st time) (b. 1835 - d. 1924)
8 Aug 1892 - 18 Sep 1896 Count (from 1895, Marquess)
Hirobumi Ito (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Sep 1896 - 12 Jan 1898 Count Masayoshi Matsukata
(2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Jan 1898 - 30 Jun 1898 Marquess Hirobumi Ito (3rd time) (s.a.)
30 Jun 1898 - 8 Nov 1898 Count Shigenobu Okuma
(1st time) C (b. 1838 - d. 1922)
8 Nov 1898 - 10 Oct 1900 Marquess Aritomo Yamagata
(2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Oct 1900 - 2 Jun 1901 Marquess Hirobumi Ito
(4th time) FC (s.a.)
2 Jun 1901 - 7 Jan 1906 Viscount (from 1902, Count)
Taro Katsura (1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1913)
7 Jan 1906 - 14 Jul 1908 Marquess Kimmochi Saionji
(1st time) FC (b. 1849 - d. 1940)
14 Jul 1908 - 30 Aug 1911 Marquess Taro Katsura
(2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Aug 1911 - 19 Dec 1912 Marquess Kimmochi Saionji
(2nd time) FC (s.a.)
19 Dec 1912 - 12 Feb 1913 Duke Taro Katsura (3rd time) (s.a.)
12 Feb 1913 - 15 Apr 1914 Count Gonnohyoe Yamamoto
(1st time) (b. 1852 - d. 1933)
15 Apr 1914 - 9 Oct 1916 Count Shigenobu Okuma
(2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Oct 1916 - 29 Sep 1918 Count Masatake Terauchi (b. 1852 - d. 1919)
29 Sep 1918 - 4 Nov 1921 Takashi Hara FC (b. 1856 - d. 1921)
4 Nov 1921 - 13 Nov 1921 Count Yasuya Uchida (1st time) (b. 1865 - d. 1936)
(acting)
13 Nov 1921 - 12 Jun 1922 Viscount Korekiyo Takahashi
(1st time) FC (b. 1854 - d. 1936)
12 Jun 1922 - 24 Aug 1923 Baron Tomosaburo Kato (b. 1859 - d. 1923)
26 Aug 1923 - 12 Sep 1923 Count Yasuya Uchida (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
12 Sep 1923 - 5 Jan 1924 Count Gonnohyoe Yamamoto
(2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Jan 1924 - 11 Jun 1924 Viscount Keigo Kiyoura (b. 1850 - d. 1942)
11 Jun 1924 - 28 Jan 1926 Viscount Takaaki Kato C (b. 1860 - d. 1926)
28 Jan 1926 - 19 Apr 1927 Reijiro Wakatsuki (1st time) C (b. 1866 - d. 1949)
(acting to 30 Jan 1926)
19 Apr 1927 - 2 Jul 1929 Baron Giichi Tanaka FC (b. 1863 - d. 1929)
2 Jul 1929 - 14 Apr 1931 Osachi Hamaguchi CD (b. 1870 - d. 1931)
14 Apr 1931 - 13 Dec 1931 Reijiro Wakatsuki (2nd time) CD (s.a.)
13 Dec 1931 - 15 May 1932 Tsuyoshi Inukai FC (b. 1855 - d. 1932)
16 May 1932 - 26 May 1932 Viscount Korekiyo Takahashi
(2nd time) (acting) FC (s.a.)
26 May 1932 - 8 Jul 1934 Viscount Makoto Saito (b. 1858 - d. 1936)
8 Jul 1934 - 9 Mar 1936 Keisuke Okada (b. 1862 - d. 1952)
9 Mar 1936 - 2 Feb 1937 Koki Hirota (b. 1878 - d. 1948)
2 Feb 1937 - 2 Jun 1937 Senjuro Hayashi (b. 1876 - d. 1943)
2 Jun 1937 - 4 Jan 1939 Duke Fumimaro Konoe (1st time) (b. 1891 - d. 1945)
4 Jan 1939 - 29 Aug 1939 Baron Kiichiro Hiranuma (b. 1867 - d. 1952)
29 Aug 1939 - 15 Jan 1940 Nobuyuki Abe (b. 1875 - d. 1953)
15 Jan 1940 - 21 Jul 1940 Mitsumasa Yonai (b. 1880 - d. 1948)
21 Jul 1940 - 18 Oct 1941 Duke Fumimaro Konoe (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Oct 1941 - 22 Jul 1944 Hideki Tojo (b. 1884 - d. 1948)
22 Jul 1944 - 7 Apr 1945 Kuniaki Koiso (b. 1880 - d. 1950)
7 Apr 1945 - 16 Aug 1945 Baron Kantaro Suzuki (b. 1867 - d. 1948)
16 Aug 1945 - 8 Oct 1945 Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni (b. 1887 - d. 1990)
8 Oct 1945 - 20 May 1946 Baron Kijuro Shidehara (b. 1872 - d. 1951)
20 May 1946 - 21 May 1947 Shigeru Yoshida (1st time) L (b. 1878 - d. 1967)
21 May 1947 - 23 Feb 1948 Tetsu Katayama S (b. 1887 - d. 1978)
23 Feb 1948 - 15 Oct 1948 Hitoshi Ashida D (b. 1887 - d. 1959)
15 Oct 1948 - 10 Dec 1954 Shigeru Yoshida (2nd time) L (s.a.)
10 Dec 1954 - 23 Dec 1956 Ichiro Hatoyama JD; 1955: LD (b. 1883 - d. 1959)
23 Dec 1956 - 25 Feb 1957 Tanzan Ishibashi LD (b. 1884 - d. 1973)
25 Feb 1957 - 18 Jul 1960 Nobusuke Kishi LD (b. 1896 - d. 1987)
18 Jul 1960 - 9 Nov 1964 Hayato Ikeda LD (b. 1899 - d. 1965)
9 Nov 1964 - 6 Jul 1972 Eisaku Sato LD (b. 1901 - d. 1975)
6 Jul 1972 - 9 Dec 1974 Kakuei Tanaka LD (b. 1918 - d. 1993)
9 Dec 1974 - 24 Dec 1976 Takeo Miki LD (b. 1907 - d. 1988)
24 Dec 1976 - 7 Dec 1978 Takeo Fukuda LD (b. 1905 - d. 1995)
7 Dec 1978 - 12 Jun 1980 Masayoshi Ohira LD (b. 1910 - d. 1980)
12 Jun 1980 - 17 Jul 1980 Masayoshi Ito (acting) LD (b. 1915 - d. 1994)
17 Jul 1980 - 26 Nov 1982 Zenko Suzuki LD (b. 1911 - d. 2004)
26 Nov 1982 - 6 Nov 1987 Yasuhiro Nakasone LD (b. 1918)
6 Nov 1987 - 2 Jun 1989 Noboru Takeshita LD (b. 1924 - d. 2000)
2 Jun 1989 - 9 Aug 1989 Sosuke Uno LD (b. 1922 - d. 1998)
9 Aug 1989 - 6 Nov 1991 Toshiki Kaifu LD (b. 1931)
6 Nov 1991 - 9 Aug 1993 Kiichi Miyazawa LD (b. 1919 - d. 2007)
9 Aug 1993 - 25 Apr 1994 Morihiro Hosokawa JN (b. 1938)
25 Apr 1994 - 29 Jun 1994 Tsutomu Hata JR (b. 1935)
29 Jun 1994 - 11 Jan 1996 Tomiichi Murayama SD (b. 1924)
11 Jan 1996 - 30 Jul 1998 Ryutaro Hashimoto LD (b. 1937 - d. 2006)
30 Jul 1998 - 5 Apr 2000 Keizo Obuchi LD (b. 1937 - d. 2000)
3 Apr 2000 - 5 Apr 2000 Mikio Aoki LD (b. 1934)
(acting for incapacitated Obuchi)
5 Apr 2000 - 26 Apr 2001 Yoshiro Mori LD (b. 1937)
26 Apr 2001 - 26 Sep 2006 Junichiro Koizumi LD (b. 1942)
26 Sep 2006 - 26 Sep 2007 Shinzo Abe LD (b. 1954)
26 Sep 2007 - 24 Sep 2008 Yasuo Fukuda LD (b. 1936)
24 Sep 2008 - 16 Sep 2009 Taro Aso LD (b. 1940)
16 Sep 2009 - Yukio Hatoyama DPJ (b. 1947)
Party abbreviations: C=Constitutional, FC=Friends of Constitutional Government, CD=Constitutional Democratic, L=Liberal, S=Socialist, D=Democratic, JD=Japan Democratic, LD=Liberal-Democratic, JN=Japan New, JR=Japan Renewal, SD=Social Democratic, DPJ=Democratic Party of JapanSupreme Commanders 2 Sep 1945 - 11 Apr 1951 Douglas MacArthur (b. 1880 - d. 1964) 11 Apr 1951 - 28 Apr 1952 Matthew B. Ridgway (b. 1895 - d. 1993)
27 Jan 1869 - 27 Jun 1869 in ambiguous secession during war of restoration President (sosai) 27 Jan 1869 - 27 Jun 1869 Takeaki Enomoto (b. 1836 - d. 1908)
1429 Kingdom of Chuzan/Zhongshan
Oct 1872 Ryukyu han, an autonomous polity associated with Japan
11 Mar 1879 annexed by Japan
1946 four units (Okinawa gun, Amami gun, Miyako gun, Yaeyama
gun), under U.S. administration
1 Apr 1951 Ryukyu, nominally part of Japan, under U.S. administration
25 Dec 1953 Amami Oshima island group returned to Japan
21 Nov 1967 Ryukyu Islands (except Okinawa) returned to Japan
26 Jun 1968 Bonin Islands returned to Japan
15 May 1972 Okinawa reverts to Japanese sovereignty as a prefecture
Kings
- Sho En-o-to/Shang Yuan Wangtong dynasty -
1669 - 1709 Sho Tei/Shang Jing (b. ... - d. 1709)
1710 - 1712 Sho Eki/Shang Ben (b. ... - d. 1712)
1713 - 1751 Sho Kei/Shang Jing
1751 - 1752 Sai On (regent) (b. 1682 - d. 1761)
1752 - 1795 Sho Boku/Shang Mu
1796 - 1802 Sho On/Shang Wen (b. 1784 - d. 1802)
1803 - 1804 Sho Sei/Shang Cheng (b. 1783 - d. 1804)
1804 - 1828 Sho Ko/Shang Hao (b. 1787 - d. 1839)
1828 - 1847 Sho Iku/Shang Yu (b. 1813 - d. 1847)
1848 - 11 Mar 1879 Sho Tai/Shang Tai (b. 1841/43 - d. 1901)
(from Oct 1872 "han-chief")
Military governors
1 Apr 1945 - 18 Jun 1945 Simon B. Buckner, Jr. (b. 1886 - d. 1945)
18 Jun 1945 - 23 Jun 1945 Roy S. Geiger (b. 1885 - d. 1947)
23 Jun 1945 - 16 Oct 1945 Joseph W. Stilwell (b. 1883 - d. 1946)
17 Oct 1945 - 29 Dec 1945 Lawrence A. Lawson
30 Dec 1945 - 26 Feb 1946 Fremont B. Hodson (b. 1894 - d. 1974)
27 Feb 1946 - 21 May 1946 Leo Donovan (b. 1895 - d. 1950)
24 May 1946 - 11 May 1948 Frederic L. Hayden (b. 1901 - d. 1969)
12 May 1948 - 30 Sep 1949 William W. Eagles (b. 1895 - d. 1988)
1 Oct 1949 - 21 Jul 1950 Josef R. Sheetz (b. 1895 - d. 1992)
28 Jul 1950 - 6 Dec 1950 Robert B. McClure (b. 1896 - d. 1973)
6 Dec 1950 - 9 Dec 1950 Harry B. Sherman (acting) (b. 1894 - d. 1974)
9 Dec 1950 - 15 Dec 1950 Robert S. Beightler (b. 1892 - d. 1978)
Deputy governors
15 Dec 1950 - 10 May 1951 Robert S. Beightler (1st time) (s.a.)
10 May 1951 - 7 Aug 1951 Harry B. Sherman (acting) (s.a.)
8 Aug 1951 - 16 Dec 1952 Robert S. Beightler (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1952 - 2 Jan 1953 James Malcolm Lewis (b. 1898 - d. 1954)
3 Jan 1953 - 4 Mar 1955 David A.D. Ogden (b. 1897 - d. 1969)
5 Mar 1955 - 3 Jul 1957 James E. Moore (b. 1902 - d. 1986)
High commissioners
4 Jul 1957 - 30 Apr 1958 James E. Moore (s.a.)
1 May 1958 - 12 Feb 1961 Donald P. Booth (b. 1902 - d. 1993)
16 Feb 1961 - 31 Jul 1964 Paul W. Caraway (b. 1905 - d. 1984)
1 Aug 1964 - 31 Oct 1966 Albert Watson II (b. 1909 - d. 1993)
2 Nov 1966 - 17 Jan 1969 Ferdinand T. Unger (b. 1913 - d. 1999)
28 Jan 1969 - 14 May 1972 James B. Lampert (b. 1914 - d. 1978)
Civil administrators
*1955 - 1959 Vonna F. Burger (b. 1902 - d. 1999)
Jun 1959 - May 1962 John G. Ondrick
18 Jul 1962 - 8 Feb 1964 Shannon McCune (b. 1913 - d. 1993)
11 Feb 1964 - 10 Jul 1967 Gerald Warner
15 Jul 1967 - 15 Aug 1969 Stanley S. Carpenter
21 Aug 1969 - 12 May 1972 Robert A. Fearey (b. 1918 - d. 2004)
Chiefs of the Okinawa Civilian Administration
24 Apr 1946 - 4 Nov 1950 Koshin Shikiya (b. 1884 - d. 1955)
4 Nov 1950 - 1 Apr 1951 Tatsuo Taira (b. 1892 - d. 1969)
Chief Executives of the Government
1 Apr 1951 - 25 Oct 1956 Shuhei Higa (b. 1902 - d. 1956)
(provisional to 1 Apr 1952)
1 Nov 1956 - 10 Nov 1959 Jugo Toma (b. 1895 - d. 1971)
10 Nov 1959 - 31 Oct 1964 Seisaku Ota (b. 1904 - d. 1999)
31 Oct 1964 - 1 Dec 1968 Seiho Matsuoka (b. 1897 - d. 1989)
1 Dec 1968 - 14 May 1972 Chobyo Yara (b. 1902 - d. 1997)
Governors
15 May 1972 - 24 Jun 1976 Chobyo Yara (s.a.)
25 Jun 1976 - 23 Nov 1978 Koichi Taira (b. 1909 - d. 1982)
23 Nov 1978 - 13 Dec 1978 Takemori Nojima (acting)
13 Dec 1978 - 9 Dec 1990 Junji Nishime (b. 1921 - d. 2001)
10 Dec 1990 - 9 Dec 1998 Masahide Ota (b. 1925)
10 Dec 1998 - 9 Dec 2006 Keiichi Inamine (b. 1933)
10 Dec 2006 - Hirokazu Nakaima (b. 1939)
12.. English fiefdom (Bailiwick of Jersey)
1 Jul 1940 - 9 May 1945 German occupation
Governors
1688 - 1703 John Legge
1703 - 1723 Henry Lumley
1723 - 1749 Richard Temple (b. 1669 - d. 1749)
1749 - 1761 John Huske (b. 1692? - d. 1761)
1761 - 1772 George Keppel, Earl of Albemarle (b. 1724 - d. 1772)
1772 - 1795 Henry Seymour Conway (b. 1721 - d. 1795)
1795 - 1796 Sir George Howard (b. 1718 - d. 1796)
1796 - 1807 George Townshend, Marquess of
Townshend (b. 1724 - d. 1807)
1807 - 1820 John Pitt, Earl of Chatham (b. 1756 - d. 1835)
1820 - 8 Jan 1854 William Carr Beresford, Baron
Beresford (from 28 Mar 1823,
William Carr Beresford, Viscount
Beresford) (b. 1768 - d. 1854)
Lieutenant governors
*1723* Magnus Kempenfelt
17.. - 17.. George Howard
17.. - 17.. William Hargrave
17.. - 17.. Peter Betsweorth
17.. - 17.. Edmund Fielding
1738 - 17 May 1740 Jean Cavalier (b. 1681 - d. 1740)
17.. - 17.. Jean Charlton
17.. - 17.. Francis Best
17.. - 17.. Gregory Beake
17.. - 1770 ...
1770 - 1771 Rudolph Bentinck
1771 - 1781 Moses Corbet
1781 - 1797 Francis Pierson (b. ... - d. 1797)
1797 - 1806 Andrew Gordon
1806 - 1814 Sir George Don (b. 1754 - d. 1832)
8 Oct 1814 - 1816 Sir Hilgrove Turner (b. 1764 - d. 1843)
1816 - 1821 Sir Hugh M. Gordon
1821 - 1830 Sir Colin Halkett (b. 1774 - d. 1856)
1830 - 1835 Sir William Thornton (b. 1779 - d. 1840)
1835 - 1838 Sir Archibald Campbell (b. c.1763 - d. 1838)
1838 - 1846 Sir Edward Gibbs (b. ... - d. 1847)
1847 - 1852 Sir James Reynett
1852 - 1857 Sir James Love (b. 1789 - d. 1866)
1857 - 10 Jul 1860 Godfrey Charles Mundy (b. 1804 - d. 1860)
1860 - 1862 Sir Robert Percy Douglas (b. 1804 - d. 1891)
1862 - 1864 B. Loch
1864 - 1869 Burke Cuppage (b. 1794 - d. 1877)
1869 - 1873 Philip Melmoth Nelson Guy (b. 1804 - d. 1878)
1873 - 1878 Sir William Sherbrooke Ramsay
Norcott (b. 1804 - d. 1886)
1878 - 1883 Lothian Nicholson (b. 1827 - d. 1893)
1883 - 1887 Henry Wray (b. 1826 - d. 1900)
1887 - 1892 Charles Brisbane Ewart (b. 1827 - d. 1903)
1892 - 1895 Edwin Markham (b. 1833 - d. 1918)
1895 - 1900 Sir Edward Hopton (b. 1837 - d. 1912)
1900 - 1904 Henry Richard Abadie (b. 1841 - d. 1915)
1904 - 1910 Hugh Sutlej Gough (b. 1848 - d. 1920)
1910 - 5 Dec 1916 Sir Alexander Nelson Rochefort (b. 1850 - d. 1916)
5 Dec 1916 - 29 Oct 1920 Sir Alexander Wilson (b. 1858 - d. 1937)
29 Oct 1920 - 1924 Sir William Douglas Smith (b. 1865 - d. 1939)
1924 - 1929 Sir Francis Richard Bingham (b. 1863 - d. 1935)
1929 - 1934 Walter Patrick Hore-Ruthven,
Baron Ruthven (b. 1870 - d. 1956)
1934 - 1939 Horace de Courcy Martelli
(from 1937, Sir Horace
de Courcy Martelli) (b. 1877 - d. 1959)
1939 - 21 Jun 1940 James Murray Robert Harrison (b. 1880 - d. 1957)
21 Jun 1940 - 25 Aug 1945 Alexander Coutanche (b. 1892 - d. 1973)
(acting to 24 Jun 1940, then president of the
Superior Council)
Provisional military administrator
1 Jul 1940 - 1940 Erich Gussek
Chief administrators
1940 - Aug 1941 Gottfried von Stein
Aug 1941 - 10 Nov 1943 Wilhelm Casper
10 Nov 1943 - 1945 Hans Max Freiherr von Aufsess (b. 1906 - d. 1993)
Head of the British military government
12 May 1945 - 25 Aug 1945 L.A. Freeman
Lieutenant governors
25 Aug 1945 - 1953 Sir Arthur Edward Grasett (b. 1888 - d. 1971)
1953 - 1958 Sir Gresham Nicholson (b. 1892 - d. 1975)
1958 - 1963 Sir George Erskine (b. 1899 - d. 1965)
1964 - 1969 Sir Michael Villiers (b. 1907 - d. 1990)
1969 - 1974 Sir John Davis (b. 1911 - d. 1989)
1974 - 1979 Sir Desmond Fitzpatrick (b. 1912 - d. 2002)
1979 - 1984 Sir Peter Whiteley (b. 1920)
1985 - 1990 Sir William Pillar (b. 1924 - d. 1999)
1990 - 1995 Sir John Sutton (b. 1932)
Sep 1995 - 12 Oct 2000 Sir Michael Wilkes (b. 1940)
24 Jan 2001 - 7 Apr 2006 Sir John Cheshire (b. 1942)
14 Jun 2006 - Andrew Ridgway (b. 1950)
Bailiffs
1694 - 1703 �douard de Carteret
1703 - 1715 Charles de Carteret (b. 1679 - d. 1715)
1715 - 2 Jan 1763 John Carteret, Baron Carteret,
(from 1744) Earl Granville (b. 1690 - d. 1763)
1763 - 13 Sep 1776 Robert Carteret, Earl Granville (b. 1721 - d. 1776)
1776 - 1826 Henry Frederick Carteret,
(from 1784) Baron Carteret (b. 1735 - d. 1826)
1826 - 1831 Thomas Le Breton (b. 1763 - d. 1838)
1831 - 1848 Sir Jean de Veulle (b. 1799 - d. 1848)
1848 - 1857 Sir Thomas Le Breton (b. 1791 - d. 1857)
1858 - 1880 John Hammond (b. 1801 - d. 1880)
1880 - 10 Nov 1884 Sir Robert Pipon Marett (b. 1820 - d. 1884)
1884 - 1899 Sir George Clement Bertram (b. 1841 - d. 1915)
1899 - 1931 Sir William Henry Venables-Vernon (b. 1852 - d. 1934)
1931 - 1935 Charles Edward Malet de Carteret (b. 1869 - d. 1946)
1935 - 17 Nov 1961 Alexander Coutanche (from 1945,
Sir Alexander Coutanche; from Jul
1961, Alexander Coutanche, Baron
Coutanche) (s.a.)
17 Nov 1961 - 14 Apr 1962 Cecil Stanley Harrison (b. 1902 - d. 1962)
May 1962 - 31 Dec 1974 Robert Hugh Le Masurier (from
1966, Sir Robert Hugh Le Masurier) (b. 1913 - d. 1996)
1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1985 Frank Ereaut (from 1976, Sir Frank
Ereaut) (b. 1919 - d. 1998)
1 Jan 1986 - Feb 1995 Peter Crill (from 1987, Sir Peter
Crill) (b. 1925 - d. 2005)
Feb 1995 - Philip Bailhache (from 1996,
Sir Philip Bailhache) (b. 1946)
Chief ministers
8 Dec 2005 - 12 Dec 2008 Frank Walker (b. 1943)
12 Dec 2008 - Terry Le Sueur (b. 1942?)
Commanders
27 Sep 1940 - May 1941 Rudolf Graf von Schmettow
(1st time) (b. 1891 - d. 19...)
May 1941 - 4 Sep 1943 Erich M�ller (b. 1889 - d. 19...)
4 Sep 1943 - 27 Feb 1945 Rudolf Graf von Schmettow
(2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Feb 1945 - 9 May 1945 Friedrich H�ffmeier (b. 1898 - d. 1972)
British military administrator
12 May 1945 - 25 Aug 1945 Alfred Snow (b. 1898 - d. ...)
Heads of the civil administration (Feldkommandanten to May 1944, then Platzkommandanten)
9 Aug 1940 - 19 Sep 1941 Friedrich Schumacher
19 Sep 1941 - Jan 1944 Friedrich Knackfuss
Jan 1944 - 19 May 1944 Wilhelm Kratzer (acting)
19 May 1944 - 1 Mar 1945 I.V. Heider
1 Mar 1945 - May 1945 Kurt von Cleve
11 Apr 1921 Emirate of Transjordan (under British mandate)
25 May 1946 Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan
3 Apr 1949 Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
14 Feb 1958 - 14 Jul 1958 federation with Iraq (Arab Union)
Emir
11 Apr 1921 - 25 May 1946 Abdullah I (b. 1882 - d. 1951)
Kings
25 May 1946 - 20 Jul 1951 Abdullah I (s.a.)
20 Jul 1951 - 5 Sep 1951 Naif (regent) (b. 1914 - d. 1983)
5 Sep 1951 - 11 Aug 1952 Talal (b. 1909 - d. 1972)
4 Jun 1952 - 2 May 1953 Regency Council
- Ibrahim Hashim (b. 1888 - d. 1958)
- Suleiman Toukan (b. 1892 - d. 1958)
- Abdul Rahman Rusheidat
11 Aug 1952 - 7 Feb 1999 Hussein (b. 1935 - d. 1999)
14 Jul 1998 - 19 Jan 1999 Hassan (regent) (b. 1947)
7 Feb 1999 - Abdullah II (b. 1962)
Prime ministers
11 Apr 1921 - 15 Aug 1921 Rashid Tali
15 Aug 1921 - 10 Mar 1922 Mazhar al-Raslan (1st time)
10 Mar 1922 - 1 Feb 1923 Ali Rida al-Rikabi (1st time) (b. 1864 - d. 1943)
1 Feb 1923 - 5 Sep 1923 Mazhar al-Raslan (2nd time)
(acting)
5 Sep 1923 - 3 May 1924 Hassan Khalid Abul-Huda (1st time) (b. 1871 - d. 1936)
3 May 1924 - 26 Jun 1926 Ali Rida al-Rikabi (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Jun 1926 - 22 Feb 1931 Hassan Khalid Abul-Huda (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Feb 1931 - 18 Oct 1933 Abdullah as-Sarraj (b. 1863 - d. 19...)
18 Oct 1933 - 28 Sep 1938 Ibrahim Hashim (1st time) (s.a.)
28 Sep 1938 - 15 Oct 1944 Tawfiq Abul-Huda (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1956)
15 Oct 1944 - 19 May 1945 Samir al-Rifai (1st time) (b. 1901 - d. 1965)
19 May 1945 - 4 Feb 1947 Ibrahim Hashim (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Feb 1947 - 28 Dec 1947 Samir al-Rifai (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Dec 1947 - 12 Apr 1950 Tawfiq Abul-Huda (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Apr 1950 - 4 Dec 1950 Sa`id al-Mufti (1st time) (b. 1898 - d. 1989)
4 Dec 1950 - 25 Jul 1951 Samir al-Rifai (3rd time) (s.a.)
25 Jul 1951 - 5 May 1953 Tawfiq Abul-Huda (3rd time) (s.a.)
5 May 1953 - 4 May 1954 Fawzi al-Mulqi (b. 1910 - d. 1962)
4 May 1954 - 30 May 1955 Tawfiq Abul-Huda (4th time) (s.a.)
30 May 1955 - 15 Dec 1955 Sa`id al-Mufti (2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Dec 1955 - 21 Dec 1955 Hazza` al-Majali (1st time) (b. 1916 - d. 1960)
21 Dec 1955 - 9 Jan 1956 Ibrahim Hashim (3rd time) (acting) (s.a.)
9 Jan 1956 - 22 May 1956 Samir al-Rifai (4th time) (s.a.)
22 May 1956 - 1 Jul 1956 Sa`id al-Mufti (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jul 1956 - 29 Oct 1956 Ibrahim Hashim (4th time) (s.a.)
29 Oct 1956 - 13 Apr 1957 Suleiman an-Nabulsi (b. 1908 - d. 1976)
13 Apr 1957 - 15 Apr 1957 Abdul Halim an-Nimr
15 Apr 1957 - 24 Apr 1957 Hussein Khalidi (b. 1895 - d. 1962)
24 Apr 1957 - 18 May 1958 Ibrahim Hashim (5th time) (s.a.)
18 May 1958 - 6 May 1959 Samir al-Rifai (5th time) (s.a.)
6 May 1959 - 29 Aug 1960 Hazza` al-Majali (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Aug 1960 - 28 Jan 1962 Bahjat al-Talhouni (1st time) (b. 1913 - d. 1994)
28 Jan 1962 - 27 Mar 1963 Wasfi al-Tall (1st time) (b. 1920 - d. 1971)
27 Mar 1963 - 21 Apr 1963 Samir al-Rifai (6th time) (s.a.)
21 Apr 1963 - 6 Jul 1964 Sharif Hussein ibn Nasir
(1st time) (b. 1902 - d. 1982)
6 Jul 1964 - 14 Feb 1965 Bahjat al-Talhouni (2nd time) (s.a.)
14 Feb 1965 - 4 Mar 1967 Wasfi al-Tall (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Mar 1967 - 23 Apr 1967 Sharif Hussein ibn Nasir
(2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Apr 1967 - 7 Oct 1967 Saad Jumaa ibn Muhammad (b. 1915 - d. 1979)
7 Oct 1967 - 24 Mar 1969 Bahjat al-Talhouni (3rd time) (s.a.)
24 Mar 1969 - 13 Aug 1969 Abdul Munim al-Rifai (1st time) (b. 1917 - d. 1985)
13 Aug 1969 - 27 Jun 1970 Bahjat al-Talhouni (4th time) (s.a.)
27 Jun 1970 - 16 Sep 1970 Abdul Munim al-Rifai (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Sep 1970 - 26 Sep 1970 Muhammad Daoud (b. 1913 - d. 1972)
26 Sep 1970 - 28 Oct 1970 Ahmad Toukan (b. 1903 - d. 1981)
28 Oct 1970 - 28 Nov 1971 Wasfi al-Tall (3rd time) (s.a.)
29 Nov 1971 - 26 May 1973 Ahmad al-Lawzi (b. 1925)
26 May 1973 - 13 Jul 1976 Zaid al-Rifai (1st time) (b. 1936)
13 Jul 1976 - 19 Dec 1979 Mudar Badran (1st time) (b. 1934)
19 Dec 1979 - 3 Jul 1980 Sharif Abdul Hamid Sharaf (b. 1939 - d. 1980)
3 Jul 1980 - 28 Aug 1980 Qassim ar-Rimawi (b. 1918 - d. 1982)
28 Aug 1980 - 10 Jan 1984 Mudar Badran (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Jan 1984 - 4 Apr 1985 Ahmad Abdel Obeidat (b. 1938)
4 Apr 1985 - 27 Apr 1989 Zaid al-Rifai (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Apr 1989 - 4 Dec 1989 Sharif Zaid ibn Shaker (1st time) (b. 1934 - d. 2002)
4 Dec 1989 - 19 Jun 1991 Mudar Badran (3rd time) (s.a.)
19 Jun 1991 - 21 Nov 1991 Taher al-Masri (b. 1942)
21 Nov 1991 - 29 May 1993 Sharif Zaid ibn Shaker (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 May 1993 - 7 Jan 1995 Abdul Salam al-Majali (1st time) (b. 1925)
7 Jan 1995 - 4 Feb 1996 Sharif Zaid ibn Shaker (3rd time) (s.a.)
4 Feb 1996 - 19 Mar 1997 Abdul Karim al-Kabariti (b. 1949)
19 Mar 1997 - 20 Aug 1998 Abdul Salam al-Majali (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Aug 1998 - 4 Mar 1999 Fayez Tarawneh (b. 1949)
4 Mar 1999 - 19 Jun 2000 Abdul Rauf al-Rawabdeh (b. 1939)
19 Jun 2000 - 25 Oct 2003 Ali Abu al-Ragheb (b. 1946)
25 Oct 2003 - 7 Apr 2005 Faisal al-Fayez (b. 1952)
7 Apr 2005 - 27 Nov 2005 Adnan Badran (b. 1935)
27 Nov 2005 - 25 Nov 2007 Marouf al-Bakhit (b. 1947)
25 Nov 2007 - 14 Dec 2009 Nader Dahabi (b. 1946)
14 Dec 2009 - Samir al-Rifai (b. 1966)
British residents
1921 - 1924 Harry St. John Bridger Philby (b. 1885 - d. 1960)
1924 - 1939 Henry Cox (from 1937,
Sir Henry Cox) (b. 1880 - d. 1953)
1939 - 1946 Alec Seath Kirkbride (b. 1897 - d. 1978)
5 Dec 1936 Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (see Soviet republics) 10 Dec 1991 Republic of Kazakhstan 16 Dec 1991 independence declared 25 Dec 1991 final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.) President 24 Apr 1990 - Nursultan Nazarbayev (b. 1940)
Prime ministers 14 Oct 1991 - 12 Oct 1994 Sergey Tereshchenko (b. 1961) 12 Oct 1994 - 10 Oct 1997 Akezhan Kazhegeldin (b. 1952) 10 Oct 1997 - 1 Oct 1999 Nurlan Balgimbayev (b. 1947) 1 Oct 1999 - 28 Jan 2002 Kasymzhomart Tokayev (b. 1953) (acting to 12 Oct 1999) 28 Jan 2002 - 13 Jun 2003 Imangali Tasmagambetov (b. 1956) 13 Jun 2003 - 10 Jan 2007 Daniyal Akhmetov (b. 1954) 10 Jan 2007 - Karim Masimov (b. 1965)
25 May 1887 sultan of Zanzibar grants coastal areas to the
British East Africa Association
1 Jul 1895 British East Africa Protectorate
1920 Kenya Colony and Protectorate
12 Dec 1963 independence
12 Dec 1964 republic
President of the British East Africa Association
(from 3 Sep 1888, British East Africa Company)
25 May 1887 - 1889 Sir William Mackinnon (b. 1823 - d. 1893)
Administrators
1889 - 1890 George Sutherland Mackenzie (b. 1844 - d. 1910)
May 1890 - Feb 1891 Francis Walter de Winton (b. 1835 - d. 1901)
Sep 1891 - 1892 Lloyd Williams Matthews (b. 1851 - d. 1901)
Feb 1892 - 1893 Sir Gerald Herbert Portal (b. 1858 - d. 1897)
Commissioners (from 31 Dec 1905, governors)
1 Jul 1895 - 7 Oct 1900 Arthur Henry Hardinge (from 1897,
Sir Arthur Henry Hardinge) (b. 1859 - d. 1933)
7 Oct 1900 - 30 Dec 1900 C.H. Craufurd (acting)
30 Dec 1900 - 20 May 1904 Sir Charles Eliot (b. 1862 - d. 1931)
20 May 1904 - 1 Aug 1904 Frederick Jackson (1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1929)
(acting)
1 Aug 1904 - 1 Oct 1905 Sir Donald William Stewart (b. 1860 - d. 1905)
1 Oct 1905 - 12 Dec 1905 Frederick Jackson (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
12 Dec 1905 - 12 Apr 1909 Sir James Hayes Sadler (b. 1851 - d. 1922)
12 Apr 1909 - 16 Sep 1909 Charles Bowring (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1945)
(acting)
16 Sep 1909 - 17 Jul 1912 Sir Edouard Percy Cranwill
Girouard (b. 1867 - d. 1932)
17 Jul 1912 - 4 Oct 1912 Charles Bowring (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
4 Oct 1912 - 14 Apr 1917 Sir Henry Conway Belfield (b. 1855 - d. 1923)
14 Apr 1917 - 1 Feb 1919 Charles Bowring (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
1 Feb 1919 - 28 Aug 1922 Sir Edward Northey (b. 1868 - d. 1953)
31 Aug 1922 - 10 Feb 1925 Sir Robert Thorne Coryndon (b. 1870 - d. 1925)
10 Feb 1925 - 3 Oct 1925 Edward Denham (acting) (b. 1876 - d. 1938)
3 Oct 1925 - 27 Sep 1930 Sir Edward William Macleay Grigg (b. 1879 - d. 1955)
27 Sep 1930 - 13 Feb 1931 Sir Henry Monck-Mason Moore
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1887 - d. 1964)
13 Feb 1931 - 22 Dec 1936 Sir Joseph Aloysius Byrne (b. 1874 - d. 1942)
22 Dec 1936 - 6 Apr 1937 Armigel de Vins Wade (acting) (b. 1880 - d. 1966)
6 Apr 1937 - 30 Sep 1939 Sir Robert Brooke-Popham (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
30 Sep 1939 - 9 Jan 1940 Walter Harragin (acting) (b. 1890 - d. 1966)
9 Jan 1940 - 25 Oct 1944 Sir Henry Monck-Mason Moore
(2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Oct 1944 - 12 Dec 1944 Gilbert McCall Rennie (acting) (b. 1895 - d. 1981)
12 Dec 1944 - 21 Jun 1952 Sir Philip Euen Mitchell (b. 1890 - d. 1964)
21 Jun 1952 - 29 Sep 1952 Henry S. Potter (acting) (b. 1904 - d. 1976)
29 Sep 1952 - 14 Oct 1959 Sir Evelyn Baring (b. 1903 - d. 1973)
14 Oct 1959 - 23 Oct 1959 Walter Fleming Coutts (acting) (b. 1912 - d. 1988)
23 Oct 1959 - 17 Nov 1962 Sir Patrick Muir Renison (b. 1911 - d. 1965)
17 Nov 1962 - 4 Jan 1963 Sir Eric Griffith-Jones (acting) (b. 1913 - d. 1979)
4 Jan 1963 - 12 Dec 1963 Malcolm John MacDonald (b. 1901 - d. 1981)
Governor-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
12 Dec 1963 - 12 Dec 1964 Malcolm John MacDonald (s.a.)
Presidents
12 Dec 1964 - 22 Aug 1978 Jomo Kenyatta (b. 1891 - d. 1978)
22 Aug 1978 - 30 Dec 2002 Daniel arap Moi (b. 1924)
(acting to 14 Oct 1978)
30 Dec 2002 - Mwai Kibaki (b. 1931)
Prime ministers
1 Jun 1963 - 12 Dec 1964 Jomo Kenyatta (s.a.)
17 Apr 2008 - Raila Odinga (b. 1945)
Oct 1892 Gilbert and Ellice Islands (British protectorate)
12 Jan 1916 British colony
Dec 1941 - Nov 1943 Japanese occupation
1 Oct 1975 separation of the Ellice Islands as Tuvalu
12 Jul 1979 independence of the Gilbert Islands as Republic of Kiribati
Resident commissioners
1892 - 1901 Charles Richard Swayne (b. 1843 - d. 1921)
1901 - 1909 W. Telfer Campbell
1909 - 1913 John Quayle Dickson
1913 - 1921 Edward Carlyon Eliot (b. 1870 - d. 1940)
1921 - 1926 Herbert Reginald McClure
1926 - 1933 Arthur Grimble (b. 1888 - d. 1956)
18 Oct 1933 - 19 Dec 1941 Jack Charles Barley (b. 1887 - d. 19...)
1941 - 1946 Vivian Fox-Strangways
1946 - 1949 Henry Evans Maude (b. 1906 - d. 2006)
1949 - 1951 John Peel (b. 1912 - d. 2004)
1952 - 1961 Michael Louis Bernacchi (b. 1911 - d. 1983)
May 1962 - 1970 Valdemar Jens Andersen (b. 1919)
1970 - 1971 Sir John Osbaldiston Field (b. 1913 - d. 1985)
Governors
1 Jan 1972 - 1973 Sir John Osbaldiston Field (s.a.)
1973 - 1978 John Hilary Smith (b. 1918)
1978 - 12 Jul 1979 Reginald James Wallace (b. 1919)
Presidents (beretitenti)
12 Jul 1979 - 10 Dec 1982 Ieremia Tabai (1st time) (b. 1950)
10 Dec 1982 - 18 Feb 1983 Rota Onorio (b. 1919)
(chairman Council of State)
18 Feb 1983 - 4 Jul 1991 Ieremia Tabai (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Jul 1991 - 24 May 1994 Teatao Teannaki (b. 1939)
24 May 1994 - 28 May 1994 Tekiree Tamuera (b. 1940)
(chairman Council of State)
28 May 1994 - 1 Oct 1994 Ata Teaotai
(chairman Council of State)
1 Oct 1994 - 28 Mar 2003 Teburoro Tito (b. 1953)
28 Mar 2003 - 10 Jul 2003 Tion Otang
(chairman Council of State)
10 Jul 2003 - Anote Tong (b. 1952)
Leader of government business
Apr 1971 - May 1974 Reuben K. Uatioa (b. 1924 - d. 1977)
Chief ministers
May 1974 - Mar 1978 Naboua Ratieta (b. 1938 - d. 1986)
Mar 1978 - 12 Jul 1979 Ieremia Tabai (s.a.)
27 Mar 1393 Great Choson Realm 12 Oct 1897 Great Han Empire 17 Nov 1905 Japanese protectorate 29 Aug 1910 - 15 Aug 1945 annexed by Japan Sep 1945 occupied by U.S.S.R. (north) and U.S. (south) 15 Aug 1948 Republic of Korea (South Korea) 3 Sep 1948 Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)Note: Emperors are listed with their personal name followed by their temple name (myoho, by which rulers are generally referred to), posthumous style (si), and era name (nyonho). Era names, the adoption of which was a very strong indication of sovereignty vis-�-vis Imperial China, were not adopted before 1 Jan 1896.
Kings (title Chonha, from 7 Jan 1895 Taegunju P'yeha)
- Choson dynasty -
18 Sep 1674 - 12 Jul 1720 Yi Sun (b. 1660 - d. 1720)
myoho: Sukchong / si: Hyon-ui taewang
12 Jul 1720 - 11 Oct 1724 Yi Kyon (b. 1688 - d. 1724)
myoho: Kyongjong / si: Tokmun taewang
11 Oct 1724 - 22 Apr 1776 Yi Kum (b. 1694 - d. 1776)
myoho: Yongjong, later Yongjo
si: Hyonhyo taewang, Chihyong taewang
22 Apr 1776 - 18 Aug 1800 Yi Sun (b. 1752 - d. 1800)
myoho: Chongjong, later Chongjo
si: Changhyo taewang, Munsong taewang
18 Aug 1800 - 13 Dec 1834 Yi Kwang (b. 1790 - d. 1834)
myoho: Sunjo / si: Songhyo taewang, Yondok taewang
13 Dec 1834 - 25 Jul 1849 Yi Hwan (b. 1827 - d. 1849)
myoho: Honjong / si: Chulhyo taewang, Ch'egon taewang
28 Jul 1849 - 16 Jan 1864 Yi Chung (b. 1831 - d. 1864)
myoho: Ch'oljong / si: Yonghyo taewang, Huilyun taewang
21 Jan 1864 - 12 Oct 1897 Yi Hyong (b. 1852 - d. 1919)
myoho: Kojong
nyonho 1 Jan 1896 - 14 Oct 1897: Konyang
21 Jan 1864 - 22 Dec 1873 Taewon-gun (regent) (b. 1820 - d. 1898)
Emperors (title Taehan Hwangje)
- Choson dynasty -
12 Oct 1897 - 20 Jul 1907 Yi Hyong (s.a.)
myoho: Kojong
nyonho 14 Oct 1897 - 20 Jul 1907: Kwangmu
20 Jul 1907 - 29 Aug 1910 Yi Ch'ok (b. 1874 - d. 1926)
myoho: Sunjong
nyonho 20 Jul 1907 - 29 Aug 1910: Lyunghui
Residents-general
21 Dec 1905 - 14 Jun 1909 Marquess Hirobumi Ito (from 21
Sep 1907, Duke Hirobumi Ito) (b. 1841 - d. 1909)
14 Jun 1909 - 30 May 1910 Viscount Arasuke Sone (b. 1849 - d. 1910)
30 May 1910 - 1 Oct 1910 Viscount Masatake Terauchi (b. 1852 - d. 1919)
Governors-general
1 Oct 1910 - 9 Oct 1916 Count Masatake Terauchi (s.a.)
16 Oct 1916 - 12 Aug 1919 Count Yoshimichi Hasegawa (b. 1850 - d. 1924)
12 Aug 1919 - 10 Dec 1927 Baron (from 1925, Viscount)
Makoto Saito (1st time) (b. 1858 - d. 1936)
14 Apr 1927 - 1 Dec 1927 Kazushige Ugaki (1st time) (b. 1868 - d. 1956)
(acting for Saito)
10 Dec 1927 - 17 Aug 1929 Hanzo Yamanashi (b. 1865 - d. 1944)
17 Aug 1929 - 17 Jun 1931 Viscount Makoto Saito (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Jun 1931 - 5 Aug 1936 Kazushige Ugaki (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Aug 1936 - 15 Jun 1942 Jiro Minami (b. 1874 - d. 1955)
15 Jun 1942 - 22 Jul 1944 Kuniaki Koiso (b. 1880 - d. 1950)
25 Jul 1944 - 12 Sep 1945 Nobuyuki Abe (b. 1875 - d. 1953)
General secretaries of the Central Committee of the Workers' (Communist) Party of Korea (until Jun 1949, North Korean Workers' Party) Jul 1946 - 8 Jul 1994 Kim Il Sung (b. 1912 - d. 1994) 8 Jul 1994 - 8 Oct 1997 vacant 8 Oct 1997 - Kim Jong Il (b. 1942)�Vice-presidents during the vacancy: Pak Song Chol (s.a.), Li Jong Ok (s.a.), Kim Yong Chu (b. 1922), Kim Pyong Sik (b. 1919 - d. 1999).
Soviet commanders-in-chief Sep 1945 - Apr 1947 Ivan Chistyakov (b. 1900 - d. 1979) Apr 1947 - Sep 1948 Gennady Korotkov (b. 1898 - d. 1982) Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly 3 Sep 1948 - 20 Sep 1957 Kim Du Bong (b. 1886 - d. 1958?) 20 Sep 1957 - 28 Dec 1972 Choi Yong Kun (b. 1900 - d. 1976) Presidents 28 Dec 1972 - 8 Jul 1994 Kim Il Sung (s.a.) 8 Jul 1994 - 5 Sep 1998 vacant� Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly� 5 Sep 1998 - Kim Yong Nam (b. 1928)
Chairman of the North Korean Provisional People's Committee 8 Feb 1946 - 9 Sep 1948 Kim Il Sung (s.a.) Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (premiers) 9 Sep 1948 - 28 Dec 1972 Kim Il Sung (s.a.) 28 Dec 1972 - 29 Apr 1976 Kim Il (b. 1910 - d. 1984) 29 Apr 1976 - 16 Dec 1977 Pak Song Chol (b. 1913 - d. 2008) 16 Dec 1977 - 27 Jan 1984 Li Jong Ok (b. 1916 - d. 1999) 27 Jan 1984 - 29 Dec 1986 Kang Song San (1st time) (b. 1931) 29 Dec 1986 - 12 Dec 1988 Li Gun Mo (b. 1924) 12 Dec 1988 - 11 Dec 1992 Yon Hyong Muk (b. 1931 - d. 2005) 11 Dec 1992 - 21 Feb 1997 Kang Song San (2nd time) (s.a.) 21 Feb 1997 - 3 Sep 2003 Hong Song Nam (b. 1929 - d. 2009) (acting to 5 Sep 1998) 3 Sep 2003 - 11 Apr 2007 Pak Pong Ju (b. 1939) 11 Apr 2007 - Kim Yong Il (b. 1944)
U.S. commander-in-chief
9 Sep 1945 - Aug 1948 John R. Hodge (b. 1893 - d. 1963)
U.S. military governors
12 Sep 1945 - Dec 1945 Archibald V. Arnold (b. 1889 - d. 1973)
Dec 1945 - 11 Sep 1947 Archer L. Lerch (b. 1894 - d. 1947)
Oct 1947 - Aug 1948 William F. Dean (b. 1899 - d. 1981)
Presidents
15 Aug 1948 - 3 May 1960 Syngman Rhee (b. 1875 - d. 1965)
3 May 1960 - 15 Jun 1960 Ho Chong (1st time) (acting) (b. 1896 - d. 1988)
15 Jun 1960 - 26 Jun 1960 Kwak Sang Hoon (acting) (b. 1896 - d. 1979)
26 Jun 1960 - 13 Aug 1960 Ho Chong (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
13 Aug 1960 - 24 Mar 1962 Yun Po Sun (b. 1897 - d. 1990)
24 Mar 1962 - 26 Oct 1979 Park Chung Hee (b. 1917 - d. 1979)
(acting to 17 Dec 1963; de facto leader as chairman of the
Supreme Council for National Reconstruction from 3 Jul 1961)
26 Oct 1979 - 16 Aug 1980 Choi Kyu Hah (b. 1919 - d. 2006)
(acting to 6 Dec 1979)
16 Aug 1980 - 1 Sep 1980 Park Choong Hoon (acting) (b. 1919 - d. 2001)
1 Sep 1980 - 25 Feb 1988 Chun Doo Hwan (b. 1931)
25 Feb 1988 - 25 Feb 1993 Roh Tae Woo (b. 1932)
25 Feb 1993 - 25 Feb 1998 Kim Young Sam (b. 1927)
25 Feb 1998 - 25 Feb 2003 Kim Dae Jung (b. 1925 - d. 2009)
25 Feb 2003 - 25 Feb 2008 Roh Moo Hyun (b. 1946 - d. 2009)
12 Mar 2004 - 14 May 2004 Goh Kun (b. 1938)
(acting for suspended Roh)
25 Feb 2008 - Lee Myung Bak (b. 1941)
Prime ministers
1 Aug 1948 - 21 Apr 1950 Lee Bum Suk (b. 1900 - d. 1972)
21 Apr 1950 - 23 Nov 1950 Shin Sung Mo (acting) (b. 1898 - d. 1960)
23 Nov 1950 - 24 Apr 1952 Chang Myon (1st time) (b. 1899 - d. 1966)
24 Apr 1952 - 6 May 1952 Yi Yun Yong (acting) (b. 1890 - d. 1975)
6 May 1952 - 6 Oct 1952 Chang Taek Sang (b. 1893 - d. 1969)
9 Oct 1952 - 17 Jun 1954 Paik Too Chin (1st time) (b. 1908 - d. 1993)
(acting to 24 Apr 1953)
28 Jun 1954 - 28 Nov 1954 Pyun Yung Tai (b. 1892 - d. 1969)
15 Jun 1960 - 18 Aug 1960 Ho Chong (s.a.)
18 Aug 1960 - 18 May 1961 Chang Myon (2nd time) (s.a.)
Chief cabinet ministers
21 May 1961 - 3 Jul 1961 Chang Do Yung (b. 1923)
3 Jul 1961 - 16 Jun 1962 Song Yo Chan (b. 1918 - d. 1980)
18 Jun 1962 - 10 Jul 1962 Park Chung Hee (s.a.)
10 Jul 1962 - 17 Dec 1963 Kim Hyun Chul (b. 1901 - d. 1989)
Prime ministers
17 Dec 1963 - 10 May 1964 Choi Doo Sun (b. 1894 - d. 1974)
10 May 1964 - 20 Dec 1970 Chung Il Kwon (b. 1917 - d. 1994)
20 Dec 1970 - 4 Jun 1971 Paik Too Chin (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Jun 1971 - 19 Dec 1975 Kim Jong Pil (1st time) (b. 1926)
19 Dec 1975 - 6 Dec 1979 Choi Kyu Hah (s.a.)
(acting to 13 Mar 1976)
12 Dec 1979 - 22 May 1980 Shin Hyon Hwak (b. 1920 - d. 2007)
22 May 1980 - 2 Sep 1980 Park Choong Hoon (acting) (s.a.)
2 Sep 1980 - 4 Jan 1982 Nam Duck Woo (b. 1924)
(acting to 22 Sep 1980)
4 Jan 1982 - 25 Jun 1982 Yoo Chang Soon (b. 1918)
(acting to 23 Jan 1982)
25 Jun 1982 - 14 Oct 1983 Kim Sang Hyup (b. 1920 - d. 1995)
(acting to 21 Sep 1982)
15 Oct 1983 - 19 Feb 1985 Chin Iee Chong (b. 1921)
(acting to 17 Oct 1983)
19 Feb 1985 - 26 May 1987 Lho Shin Yong (b. 1930)
(acting to 16 May 1985)
26 May 1987 - 14 Jul 1987 Lee Han Key (acting) (b. 1917 - d. 1995)
14 Jul 1987 - 25 Feb 1988 Kim Chung Yul (b. 1917 - d. 1992)
(acting to 7 Aug 1987)
25 Feb 1988 - 5 Dec 1988 Lee Hyun Jae (b. 1929)
(acting to 2 Mar 1988)
5 Dec 1988 - 27 Dec 1990 Kang Young Hoon (b. 1922)
(acting to 16 Dec 1988)
27 Dec 1990 - 24 May 1991 Ro Jai Bong (b. 1936)
24 May 1991 - 8 Oct 1992 Chung Won Shik (b. 1928)
(acting to 8 Jul 1991)
8 Oct 1992 - 25 Feb 1993 Hyun Soong Jong (b. 1919)
25 Feb 1993 - 17 Dec 1993 Hwang In Sung (b. 1926)
17 Dec 1993 - 22 Apr 1994 Lee Hoi Chang (b. 1935)
29 Apr 1994 - 17 Dec 1994 Lee Yung Duk (b. 1926 - d. 2010)
17 Dec 1994 - 18 Dec 1995 Lee Hong Koo (b. 1934)
18 Dec 1995 - 4 Mar 1997 Lee Soo Sung (b. 1939)
4 Mar 1997 - 3 Mar 1998 Goh Kun (1st time) (s.a.)
3 Mar 1998 - 13 Jan 2000 Kim Jong Pil (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 17 Aug 1998)
13 Jan 2000 - 19 May 2000 Park Tae Joon (b. 1927)
19 May 2000 - 22 May 2000 Lee Hun Jai (1st time) (acting) (b. 1944)
22 May 2000 - 11 Jul 2002 Lee Han Dong (b. 1934)
(acting to 29 Jun 2000)
11 Jul 2002 - 31 Jul 2002 Chang Sang (f) (acting) (b. 1939)
31 Jul 2002 - 9 Aug 2002 Jeon Yun Churl (acting) (b. 1939)
9 Aug 2002 - 10 Sep 2002 Chang Dae Whan (acting) (b. 1952)
10 Sep 2002 - 26 Feb 2003 Kim Suk Soo (b. 1932)
(acting to 5 Oct 2002)
26 Feb 2003 - 25 May 2004 Goh Kun (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 May 2004 - 30 Jun 2004 Lee Hun Jai (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
30 Jun 2004 - 14 Mar 2006 Lee Hae Chan (b. 1952)
14 Mar 2006 - 19 Apr 2006 Han Duck Soo (1st time) (acting) (b. 1949)
19 Apr 2006 - 7 Mar 2007 Han Myung Sook (f) (b. 1944)
7 Mar 2007 - 2 Apr 2007 Kwon O Kyu (acting) (b. 1952)
2 Apr 2007 - 29 Feb 2008 Han Duck Soo (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Feb 2008 - 29 Sep 2009 Han Seung Soo (b. 1936)
29 Sep 2009 - Chung Un Chan (b. 1946)
1396 Kosovo begins to come under Ottoman administration
(completed 1455)
1912 conquered by Serbia
7 Sep 1913 annexed by Serbia
1945 Autonomous Kosovo-Metohija District
1963 Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija
1968 Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo
28 Sep 1990 Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija
12 Jun 1999 foreign occupation
17 Feb 2008 independence declared (Republic of Kosovo), winning partial
international recognition (including most Western countries)
Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party
(from 1952, League of Communists)
Sep 1944 - Mar 1945 Miladin Popovic (b. 1910 - d. 1945)
Mar 1945 - Feb 1956 Djoka Pajkovic (b. 1917 - d. 1980)
Feb 1956 - 1965 Dusan Mugosa (b. 1914 - d. 1973)
1965 - 28 Jun 1971 Velli Deva (1st time) (b. 1923)
28 Jun 1971 - 6 May 1981 Mahmut Bakalli (b. 1936 - d. 2006)
6 May 1981 - Jun 1982 Velli Deva (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1982 - May 1983 Sinan Hasani (b. 1922)
May 1983 - 1984 Ilaz Kurteshi (b. 1927)
1984 - 1985 Svetislav Dolasevic
1985 - May 1986 Kol� Shiroka (b. 1922)
May 1986 - 1988 Azem Vllasi (b. 1948)
1988 - 17 Nov 1988 Kaqusha Jashari (f)
17 Nov 1988 - 27 Jan 1989 Remzi Kolgeci (acting)
27 Jan 1989 - 12 Oct 1990 Rahman Morina (b. 1943 - d. 1990)
Chairman of the People's Liberation Committee
1 Jan 1944 - 11 Jul 1945 Mehmet Hoxha (b. 1908)
Presidents of the Assembly
11 Jul 1945 - 20 Feb 1953 Fadil Hoxha (1st time) (b. 1916 - d. 2001)
20 Feb 1953 - 12 Dec 1953 Ismet Shaqiri (b. 1918)
12 Dec 1953 - 5 May 1956 Djoka Pajkovic (s.a.)
5 May 1956 - 4 Apr 1960 Pavle Jovicevic (b. 1910 - d. 1985)
4 Apr 1960 - 18 Jun 1963 Dusan Mugosa (s.a.)
18 Jun 1963 - 24 Jun 1967 Stanoje Aksic (b. 1921 - d. 1970)
24 Jun 1967 - 7 May 1969 Fadil Hoxha (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 May 1969 - May 1974 Ilaz Kurteshi (s.a.)
Presidents of the Presidency
May 1974 - 5 Aug 1981 Xhavid Nimani (b. 1919 - d. 2000)
5 Aug 1981 - 1982 Ali Shukri (b. 1919 - d. 2005)
1982 - May 1983 Kol� Shiroka (s.a.)
May 1983 - May 1985 Shefqet Nebih Gashi (b. 1927)
May 1985 - May 1986 Branislav Skembarevic (b. 1920 - d. 2003)
May 1986 - May 1988 Bajram Selani
May 1988 - 5 Apr 1989 Remzi Kolgeci
27 Jun 1989 - 11 Apr 1990 Hysen Kajdom�aj
Provincial Coordinator
11 Apr 1990 - 1991 Momcilo Trajkovic (b. 1950)
Mayors of Pristina
1991 - 1992 Zivojin Mitrovic (b. 1950)
1992 Novica Sojevic (b. 1940)
Prefects of Kosovo district
1992 - 1994 Milos Simovic
1994 - 1996 Aleksa Jokic (b. 1950)
1996 - 1998 Milos Nesovic
1998 - 1999 Veljko Odalovic (1st time) (b. 1956)
1999 - 2000 Andreja Milosavljevic (b. 1936)
2000 - 2001 Veljko Odalovic (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Apr 2001 - 6 Dec 2001 Jovica Filipovic (b. 1963)
6 Dec 2001 - 28 Sep 2004 Dragan Velic (b. 1958)
28 Sep 2004 - 8 Dec 2007 Srdjan Vasic (b. 1960)
13 Dec 2007 - Goran Arsic
Chairman of the Executive Council of the People's Committee
1945 - 1953 Fadil Hoxha (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Executive Council
1953 - 1963 Fadil Hoxha (s.a.)
1963 - May 1967 Ali Shukri (s.a.)
May 1967 - May 1974 Ilija Vakic (b. 1932)
May 1974 - May 1978 Bogoljub Nedeljkovic (b. 1920)
May 1978 - Sep 1981 Bahri Oru�i (b. 1930)
Sep 1981 - May 1982 Riza Sapunxhiu (b. 1925 - d. 2008)
May 1982 - 5 May 1984 Imer Pula (b. 1921)
5 May 1984 - May 1986 Ljubomir Nedjo Borkovic (b. 1926)
May 1986 - 1987 Nazmi Mustafa (b. 1941)
1987 - May 1989 Kaqusha Jashari (f)
May 1989 - 1989 Nikolla Shkreli
1989 Daut Jashanica (b. 1948)
4 Dec 1989 - 5 Jul 1990 Jusuf Zejnullahu (b. 1943?)
Chairman of the Temporary Executive Council
28 Sep 1998 - 7 Mar 2002 Zoran Andjelkovic (b. 1958)
Alternative government
19 Oct 1991 independence declared (Republic of Kosovo)
1 Feb 2000 international administration recognized
President
25 May 1992 - 1 Feb 2000 Ibrahim Rugova (b. 1944 - d. 2006)
(5 May - 30 Jul 1999 in Italian exile)
Prime ministers
19 Oct 1991 - 1 Feb 2000 Bujar Bukoshi (b. 1947)
(1993 - Jun 1999 in Bonn [Germany] exile)
2 Apr 1999 - 1 Feb 2000 Hashim Tha�i (in opposition) (b. 1968)
Administrators (heads of United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo)
13 Jun 1999 - 15 Jul 1999 S�rgio Vieira de Mello (Brazil) (b. 1948 - d. 2003)
(acting)
15 Jul 1999 - 15 Jan 2001 Bernard Kouchner (France) (b. 1939)
15 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 Hans H�kkerup (Denmark) (b. 1945)
1 Jan 2002 - 14 Feb 2002 Charles H. Brayshaw (U.S.)
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1942)
14 Feb 2002 - 8 Jul 2003 Michael Steiner (Germany) (b. 1949)
8 Jul 2003 - 25 Aug 2003 Charles H. Brayshaw (U.S.)
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
25 Aug 2003 - 11 Jun 2004 Harri Holkeri (Finland) (b. 1937)
11 Jun 2004 - 16 Aug 2004 Charles H. Brayshaw (U.S.)
(3rd time) (acting) (s.a.)
16 Aug 2004 - 30 Jun 2006 S�ren Jessen-Petersen (Denmark) (b. 1944)
30 Jun 2006 - 31 Aug 2006 Steven Schook (U.S.) (acting) (b. 1953)
1 Sep 2006 - 20 Jun 2008 Joachim R�cker (Germany) (b. 1951)
20 Jun 2008 - Lamberto Zannier (Italy) (b. 1954)
Presidents
4 Mar 2002 - 21 Jan 2006 Ibrahim Rugova (s.a.)
21 Jan 2006 - 10 Feb 2006 Nexhat Daci (acting) (b. 1944)
10 Feb 2006 - Fatmir Sejdiu (b. 1951)
Prime ministers
4 Mar 2002 - 3 Dec 2004 Bajram Rexhepi (b. 1954)
3 Dec 2004 - 8 Mar 2005 Ramush Haradinaj (b. 1968)
8 Mar 2005 - 23 Mar 2005 Adem Salihaj (acting) (b. 1950)
23 Mar 2005 - 10 Mar 2006 Bajram Kosumi (b. 1960)
10 Mar 2006 - 9 Jan 2008 Agim �eku (b. 1960)
9 Jan 2008 - Hashim Tha�i (s.a.)
1752 Al Sabah lineage founds Kuwait
3 Nov 1914 British protectorate (informally since 23 Nov 1899)
19 Jun 1961 State of Kuwait
8 Aug 1990 - 27 Feb 1991 annexed by Iraq
Rulers (from 1961, emirs)
- Banu `Utub dynasty -
1752 - 1762 Sheikh Abu Abdullah Sabah
ibn Jabir Al Sabah (b. 16... - d. 1762)
1762 - 3 May 1814 Sheikh Abdullah ibn Sabah Al Sabah (b. c.1740 - d. 1814)
3 May 1814 - 1859 Sheikh Jabir ibn Abdullah Al Sabah (b. c.1770 - d. 1859)
1859 - Nov 1866 Sheikh Sabah ibn Jabir Al Sabah (b. ... - d. 1866)
Nov 1866 - May 1892 Sheikh Abdullah ibn Sabah Al Sabah (b. 1814 - d. 1892)
May 1892 - 17 May 1896 Sheikh Muhammad ibn Sabah Al Sabah (b. 1831 - d. 1896)
18 May 1896 - 28 Nov 1915 Sheikh Mubarak al-Lahab ibn Sabah
Al Sabah (b. 1837 - d. 1915)
28 Nov 1915 - 5 Feb 1917 Sheikh Jabir Al Mubarak Al Sabah (b. 1860 - d. 1917)
5 Feb 1917 - 22 Feb 1921 Sheikh Salim Al Mubarak Al Sabah (b. 1864 - d. 1921)
22 Feb 1921 - 29 Jan 1950 Sheikh Ahmad Al Jabir Al Sabah (b. 1885 - d. 1950)
29 Jan 1950 - 24 Nov 1965 Sheikh Abdullah Al Salim Al Sabah (b. 1895 - d. 1965)
24 Nov 1965 - 31 Dec 1977 Sheikh Sabah Al Salim Al Sabah (b. 1913 - d. 1977)
31 Dec 1977 - 15 Jan 2006 Sheikh Jabir Al Ahmad Al Jabir
Al Sabah (b. 1926 - d. 2006)
(2 Aug 1990 - 14 Mar 1991 in at-Ta�if [Saudi Arabia] exile)
4 Aug 1990 - 8 Aug 1990 Alaa Hussein Ali (b. 1948?)
(Iraqi-installed head of state)
Aug 1990 - Nov 1990 Ali Hassan al-Majid (b. 194... - d. 2010)
(Iraqi governor)
Nov 1990 - Feb 1991 Aziz Salih al-Numan (b. 194...)
(Iraqi governor)
15 Jan 2006 - 24 Jan 2006 Sheikh Saad Al Abdullah Al Salim
Al Sabah (b. 1929 - d. 2008)
29 Jan 2006 - Sheikh Sabah Al Ahmad Al Jabir
Al Sabah (b. 1929)
Prime ministers
17 Jan 1962 - 2 Feb 1963 Sheikh Jabir Al Ahmad Al Jabir
Al Sabah (1st time) (s.a.)
2 Feb 1963 - 30 Nov 1965 Sheikh Sabah Al Salim Al Sabah (s.a.)
30 Nov 1965 - 8 Feb 1978 Sheikh Jabir Al Ahmad Al Jabir
Al Sabah (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Feb 1978 - 13 Jul 2003 Sheikh Saad Al Abdullah Al Salim
Al Sabah (s.a.)
(2 Aug 1990 - 4 Mar 1991 in at-Ta�if [Saudi Arabia] exile)
13 Jul 2003 - 7 Feb 2006 Sheikh Sabah Al Ahmad Al Jabir
Al Sabah (s.a.)
7 Feb 2006 - Sheikh Nasser Muhammad Al Ahmad
Al Sabah (b. 1941)
British political agents (subordinated to the chief political residents
of the Persian Gulf; see under Bahrain)
1904 - 1909 Stuart George Knox (b. 1869 - d. 1956)
1909 - 1914 William Henry Irvine Shakespear (b. 1878 - d. 1915)
1914 - 1916 William George Grey (b. 1866 - d. 1953)
1916 - 1918 Robert Edward Archibald Hamilton (b. 1871 - d. 1950)
1918 Percy Gordon Loch (b. 1887 - d. 1953)
1918 - 1920 Daniel Vincent MacCollum
1920 - 1929 James Carmichael More (b. 1883 - d. 1959)
1929 - 1936 Harold Richard Patrick Dickson
(1st time) (b. 1881 - d. 1959)
1936 - 1939 Gerald Simpson de Gaury (b. 1897 - d. 1984)
1939 - 1941 Arnold Crawshaw Galloway
(1st time) (b. 1901 - d. 1988)
1941 Harold Richard Patrick Dickson
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1941 - 1943 Tom Hickinbotham (b. 1903 - d. 1983)
1943 - 1944 Cornelius James Pelly (1st time) (b. 1908 - d. 1985)
1944 - 1945 Gordon Noel Jackson (b. 1913 - d. 1999)
1945 - 1946 Maurice Patrick Tandy (b. 1912 - d. 1986)
1946 - 1947 Arnold Crawshaw Galloway
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1947 - 1951 Herbert George Jakins
1951 - 1955 Cornelius James Pelly (2nd time) (s.a.)
1955 - 1957 Gawain Westray Bell (b. 1909 - d. 1995)
1957 - 1959 Aubrey Seymour Halford-MacLeod (b. 1914 - d. 2000)
1959 - 1961 John Christopher Blake Richmond (b. 1909 - d. 1990)
5 Dec 1936 Kirgiz Soviet Socialist Republic (see Soviet republics)
15 Dec 1990 Kyrgyz Republic (semi-officially Republic of Kyrgyzstan
until 5 May 1993)
31 Aug 1991 independence declared
25 Dec 1991 final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.)
President
27 Oct 1990 - 11 Apr 2005 Askar Akayev (b. 1944)
(de facto deposed 24 Mar 2005)
24 Mar 2005 - 25 Mar 2005 Ishenbay Kadyrbekov (acting) (b. 1949)
25 Mar 2005 - 15 Apr 2010 Kurmanbek Bakiyev (b. 1949)
(acting to 14 Aug 2005; de facto deposed 7 Apr 2010)
7 Apr 2010 - Roza Otunbayeva (f) (b. 1950)
(chairman of provisional government)
Prime ministers
21 Jan 1991 - 29 Nov 1991 Nasirdin Isanov (b. 1943 - d. 1991)
29 Nov 1991 - 10 Feb 1992 Andrey Iordan (acting) (b. 1934 - d. 2006)
10 Feb 1992 - 13 Dec 1993 Tursunbek Chyngyshev (b. 1942)
(acting to 26 Feb 1992)
13 Dec 1993 - 14 Dec 1993 Almanbet Matubraimov (acting) (b. 1952)
14 Dec 1993 - 24 Mar 1998 Apas Jumagulov (b. 1934)
24 Mar 1998 - 23 Dec 1998 Kubanychbek Jumaliyev (b. 1956)
(acting to 25 Mar 1998)
23 Dec 1998 - 25 Dec 1998 Boris Silayev (1st time) (acting) (b. 1946)
25 Dec 1998 - 4 Apr 1999 Jumabek Ibraimov (b. 1944 - d. 1999)
4 Apr 1999 - 12 Apr 1999 Boris Silayev (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
12 Apr 1999 - 21 Dec 2000 Amangeldy Muraliyev (b. 1947)
(acting to 21 Apr 1999)
21 Dec 2000 - 22 May 2002 Kurmanbek Bakiyev (1st time) (s.a.)
22 May 2002 - 25 Mar 2005 Nikolay Tanayev (b. 1945)
(acting to 30 May 2002)
25 Mar 2005 - 15 Aug 2005 Kurmanbek Bakiyev (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 28 Mar 2005)
20 Jun 2005 - 10 Jul 2005 Medetbek Kerimkulov (b. 1949)
(acting for Bakiyev)
15 Aug 2005 - 29 Jan 2007 Feliks Kulov (b. 1948)
(acting to 1 Sep 2005)
29 Jan 2007 - 29 Mar 2007 Azim Isabekov (b. 1960)
29 Mar 2007 - 28 Nov 2007 Almazbek Atambayev (b. 1956)
(acting to 30 Mar 2007)
28 Nov 2007 - 24 Dec 2007 Iskenderbek Aidaraliyev (acting) (b. 1955)
24 Dec 2007 - 21 Oct 2009 Igor Chudinov (b. 1961)
21 Oct 2009 - 7 Apr 2010 Daniyar Usenov (b. 1960)