Taiwan - Tajikistan - Tanzania - Thailand - Togo - Tokelau - Tonga - Trinidad and Tobago - Tunisia - Turkey - Turkmenistan - Turks and Caicos Islands - Tuvalu |
8 May 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki, handing Taiwan over to Japan,
in force
25 May 1895 Republic of Taiwan inaugurated, in resistance to the
handover
2 Jun 1895 handover of Taiwan to Japan formally executed, while
resistance continues, especially in Tainan city
21 Oct 1895 Republic of Taiwan extinguished by Japan
25 Oct 1945 Taiwan is returned to the Republic of China
8 Dec 1949 Taiwan becomes the seat of the Republic of China, which
controls only the island (plus small islands of Fujian
province) and gradually loses international recognition�
(for the Republic of China before 1949, see China)
25 May 1895 - 21 Oct 1895 nien-hao (era name): Yung-ch'ing Presidents 25 May 1895 - 5 Jun 1895 T'ang Ching-sung (b. 1841 - d. 1903) Jun 1895 - 21 Oct 1895 Liu Yung-fu (b. 1837 - d. 1917)
Governors-general
17 Jun 1895 - 2 Jun 1896 Motonori Kabayama (b. 1837 - d. 1922)
2 Jun 1896 - 14 Oct 1896 Viscount Taro Katsura (b. 1848 - d. 1913)
14 Oct 1896 - 26 Feb 1898 Maresuke Nogi (b. 1849 - d. 1912)
26 Feb 1898 - 11 Apr 1906 Baron Gentaro Kodama (b. 1852 - d. 1906)
11 Apr 1906 - 1 May 1915 Viscount (from 1907, Count)
Samata Sakuma (b. 1844 - d. 1915)
1 May 1915 - 6 Jun 1918 Sadayoshi Ando (b. 1853 - d. 1932)
6 Jun 1918 - 24 Oct 1919 Motojiro Akashi (b. 1864 - d. 1919)
29 Oct 1919 - 2 Sep 1923 Baron Kenjiro Den (b. 1853 - d. 1930)
6 Sep 1923 - 1 Sep 1924 Kakichi Uchida (b. 1866 - d. 1933)
1 Sep 1924 - 16 Jul 1926 Takio Izawa (b. 1869 - d. 1949)
16 Jul 1926 - 16 Jun 1928 Mitsunoshin Ueyama (b. 1870 - d. 1938)
16 Jun 1928 - 30 Jul 1929 Takeji Kawamura (b. 1871 - d. 1955)
30 Jul 1929 - 16 Jan 1931 Eizo Ishizuka (b. 1866 - d. 1942)
16 Jan 1931 - 2 Mar 1932 Masahiro Ota (b. 1870 - d. 1951)
2 Mar 1932 - 26 May 1932 Hiroshi Minami (b. 1869 - d. 1946)
27 May 1932 - 2 Sep 1936 Kenzo Nakagawa (b. 1875 - d. 1944)
2 Sep 1936 - 27 Nov 1940 Seizo Kobayashi (b. 1877 - d. 1962)
27 Nov 1940 - 30 Dec 1944 Kiyoshi Hasegawa (b. 1883 - d. 1970)
30 Dec 1944 - 25 Oct 1945 Rikichi Ando (b. 1884 - d. 1946)
Presidents 21 Jan 1949 - 1 Mar 1950 Li Tsung-jen (acting) (b. 1890 - d. 1969) 1 Mar 1950 - 5 Apr 1975 Chiang Kai-shek (b. 1887 - d. 1975) 5 Apr 1975 - 20 May 1978 Yen Chia-kan (b. 1905 - d. 1993) 20 May 1978 - 13 Jan 1988 Chiang Ching-kuo (b. 1910 - d. 1988) 13 Jan 1988 - 20 May 2000 Lee Teng-hui (b. 1923) 20 May 2000 - 20 May 2008 Chen Shui-bian (b. 1950) 20 May 2008 - Ma Ying-jeou (b. 1950)
Presidents of the Executive Yuan (premiers) 3 Jun 1949 - 7 Mar 1950 Yen Hsi-shan (b. 1883 - d. 1960) 7 Mar 1950 - 7 Jun 1954 Ch'en Ch'eng (1st time) (b. 1898 - d. 1965) 7 Jun 1954 - 30 Jun 1958 Yu Hung-chun (b. 1897 - d. 1960) 30 Jun 1958 - 15 Dec 1963 Ch'en Ch'eng (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 Dec 1963 - 29 May 1972 Yen Chia-kan (s.a.) 29 May 1972 - 30 May 1978 Chiang Ching-kuo (s.a.) 30 May 1978 - 20 May 1984 Sun Yun-suan (b. 1913 - d. 2006) 20 May 1984 - 21 May 1989 Yu Kuo-hwa (b. 1914 - d. 2000) 21 May 1989 - 30 May 1990 Lee Huan (b. 1917) 30 May 1990 - 10 Feb 1993 Hau Pei-tsun (b. 1919) 10 Feb 1993 - 1 Sep 1997 Lien Chan (b. 1936) 1 Sep 1997 - 20 May 2000 Vincent Siew (b. 1939) 20 May 2000 - 6 Oct 2000 Tang Fei (b. 1932) 6 Oct 2000 - 1 Feb 2002 Chang Chun-hsiung (1st time) (b. 1938) 1 Feb 2002 - 1 Feb 2005 Yu Shyi-kun (b. 1948) 1 Feb 2005 - 25 Jan 2006 Frank Hsieh (b. 1946) 25 Jan 2006 - 21 May 2007 Su Tseng-chang (b. 1947) 21 May 2007 - 20 May 2008 Chang Chun-hsiung (2nd time) (s.a.) 20 May 2008 - 10 Sep 2009 Liu Chao-shiuan (b. 1943) 10 Sep 2009 - Wu Den-yih (b. 1948)
Governors 25 Oct 1945 - 16 May 1947 Ch'en Yi (b. 1883 - d. 1950) 16 May 1947 - 5 Jan 1949 Wei Tao-ming (b. 1900 - d. 1978) 5 Jan 1949 - 21 Dec 1949 Ch'en Ch'eng (s.a.) 21 Dec 1949 - 16 Apr 1953 Wu Gwo-jen (b. 1903 - d. 1984) 16 Apr 1953 - 7 Jun 1954 Yu Horng-jiun (b. 1898 - d. 1960) 7 Jun 1954 - 16 Aug 1957 Yen Chia-kan (s.a.) 16 Aug 1957 - 1 Dec 1962 Chow Chih-jou (b. 1899 - d. 1986) 1 Dec 1962 - 5 Jul 1969 Huang Chieh (b. 1902 - d. 1994) 5 Jul 1969 - 6 Jun 1972 Chen Ta-ching (b. 1905 - d. 1973) 6 Jun 1972 - 20 May 1978 Shieh Tung-min (b. 1907 - d. 2001) 12 Jun 1978 - 5 Dec 1981 Lin Yang-kang (b. 1927) 5 Dec 1981 - 20 May 1984 Lee Teng-hui (s.a.) 9 Jun 1984 - 16 Jun 1990 Chiu Chuang-huan (b. 1925) 16 Jun 1990 - 25 Feb 1993 Lien Chan (s.a.) 20 Mar 1993 - 21 Dec 1998 James Soong (b. 1942) 21 Dec 1998 - 20 May 2000 Chao Shou-po (b. 1941) 20 May 2000 - 4 Feb 2002 Chang Po-ya (f) (b. 1942) 4 Feb 2002 - 10 Oct 2003 Fan Kuang-chun (b. 1939) 10 Oct 2003 - 25 Jan 2006 Lin Kuang-hua (b. 1945) 21 Dec 2007 - 20 May 2008 Lin Si-yao (b. 1961) 20 May 2008 - 10 Sep 2009 Tsai Hsung-hsiung (b. 1941) 10 Sep 2009 - 24 Feb 2010 Chang Jin-fu (b. 1948) 24 Feb 2010 - Lin Junq-tzer (b. 1944)
Governors (in Taiwan province Jul 1956 - 15 Jan 1996) 23 Nov 1949 - Jan 1955 Hu Lien (b. 1907 - d. 1977) Feb 1955 - 21 May 1986 Tai Chung-yu (b. 1910 - d. 1986) Jun 1986 - Feb 1998 Wu Chin-tzan (b. 1936) Feb 1998 - May 2007 Yen Chung-cheng (b. 1938) 21 May 2007 - 28 Nov 2007 Yang Cheng-hsi (acting) (b. 1945) 28 Nov 2007 - 20 May 2008 Chen Chin-jun (b. 1956) 20 May 2008 - 10 Sep 2009 Hsueh Hsiang-chuan (b. 1944) 10 Sep 2009 - James Cherng-tay Hsueh (b. 1956)�The People's Republic of China replaced Taiwan in the UN on 15 Nov 1971; the U.S. switched recognition from Taiwan to the People's Republic on 1 Jan 1979. Currently, Taiwan has diplomatic relations with 23 countries (Belize, Burkina Faso, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, The Gambia, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Nicaragua, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, S�o Tom� and Pr�ncipe, Solomon Islands, Swaziland, Tuvalu, Vatican City).
9 Sep 1991 independence declared (Republic of Tajikistan)
25 Dec 1991 final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.)
Presidents
31 Aug 1991 - 23 Sep 1991 Kadreddin Aslonov (acting) (b. 1947)
23 Sep 1991 - 7 Oct 1991 Rakhmon Nabiyev (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 1993)
(acting)
7 Oct 1991 - 2 Dec 1991 Akbarsho Iskandarov (1st time) (b. 1951)
(acting)
2 Dec 1991 - 7 Sep 1992 Rakhmon Nabiyev (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Sep 1992 - 19 Nov 1992 Akbarsho Iskandarov (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
19 Nov 1992 - Emomali Rakhmonov (from Mar 2007,
Emomalii Rakhmon) (b. 1952)
(acting to 27 Nov 1992; chairman Supreme Council
27 Nov 1992 - 16 Nov 1994)
Prime ministers
25 Jun 1991 - 9 Jan 1992 Izatullo Khayoyev (b. 1936)
9 Jan 1992 - 21 Sep 1992 Akbar Mirzoyev (b. 1939)
21 Sep 1992 - 18 Dec 1993 Abdumalik Abdullajanov (b. 1949)
(acting to 20 Nov 1992)
18 Dec 1993 - 2 Dec 1994 Abdujalil Samadov (b. 1949)
(acting to 27 Dec 1993)
2 Dec 1994 - 8 Feb 1996 Jamshed Karimov (b. 1940)
8 Feb 1996 - 20 Dec 1999 Yakhyo Azimov (b. 1947)
20 Dec 1999 - Akil Akilov (b. 1944)
Chairman of the Provincial Council
1990 - 1992 Akbarsho Iskandarov (s.a.)
Chairman of the Supreme Council
1992 - 1993 Akbarsho Iskandarov (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Executive Committee
Dec 1994 - 25 Nov 2006 Alimamad Niyozmamadov (b. 1943)
25 Nov 2006 - Kadyr Kasymov
(acting to 12 Feb 2007)
28 Apr 1888 Germany obtains a lease of the coastal strip from the
sultan of Zanzibar
1891 German protectorate (German East Africa)
1916 British occupation
20 Jul 1922 League of Nations mandate (Tanganyika)
13 Dec 1946 United Nations trust territory
9 Dec 1961 independence
9 Dec 1962 Republic of Tanganyika
26 Apr 1964 United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar
29 Oct 1964 United Republic of Tanzania
Reichskommissar
8 Feb 1889 - 21 Feb 1891 Hermann von Wissmann (b. 1853 - d. 1905)
Governors
14 Feb 1891 - 15 Sep 1893 Julius Freiherr von Soden (b. 1846 - d. 1921)
15 Sep 1893 - 25 Feb 1895 Friedrich Radbod Freiherr von
Schele (b. 1847 - d. 1904)
26 Apr 1895 - 3 Dec 1896 Hermann von Wissmann (s.a.)
3 Dec 1896 - 12 Mar 1901 Eduard (from 1 Jan 1900, von)
Liebert (b. 1850 - d. 1934)
12 Mar 1901 - 15 Apr 1906 Gustav Adolf Graf von G�tzen (b. 1866 - d. 1910)
15 Apr 1906 - 22 Apr 1912 Georg Albrecht Freiherr von
Rechenberg (b. 1861 - d. 1935)
22 Apr 1912 - 14 Nov 1918 Albert Heinrich Schnee (b. 1871 - d. 1949)
Administrator
9 Oct 1916 - 22 Jul 1920 Horace Archer Byatt (from
1918, Sir Horace Archer Byatt) (b. 1875 - d. 1933)
Governors
22 Jul 1920 - 5 Mar 1925 Sir Horace Archer Byatt (s.a.)
5 Mar 1925 - Jan 1931 Donald Charles Cameron (b. 1872 - d. 1948)
Jan 1931 - Feb 1934 George Stewart Symes (b. 1882 - d. 1962)
Feb 1934 - 1938 Sir Harold Alfred MacMichael (b. 1882 - d. 1969)
1938 - 19 Jun 1941 Sir Mark Young (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
19 Jun 1941 - 28 Apr 1945 Sir Wilfrid Edward Francis Jackson (b. 1883 - d. 1971)
28 Apr 1945 - 18 Jun 1949 Sir William Denis Battershill (b. 1896 - d. 1959)
18 Jun 1949 - Jun 1958 Sir Edward Francis Twining (b. 1899 - d. 1967)
15 Jul 1958 - 9 Dec 1961 Sir Richard Gordon Turnbull (b. 1909 - d. 1998)
Governor-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
9 Dec 1961 - 9 Dec 1962 Sir Richard Gordon Turnbull (s.a.)
Presidents
9 Dec 1962 - 5 Nov 1985 Julius Nyerere (b. 1922 - d. 1999)
5 Nov 1985 - 23 Nov 1995 Ali Hassan Mwinyi (b. 1925)
23 Nov 1995 - 21 Dec 2005 Benjamin Mkapa (b. 1938)
21 Dec 2005 - Jakaya Kikwete (b. 1950)
Chief minister
2 Sep 1960 - 1 May 1961 Julius Nyerere (s.a.)
Prime ministers
1 May 1961 - 22 Jan 1962 Julius Nyerere (s.a.)
22 Jan 1962 - 9 Dec 1962 Rashidi Kawawa (1st time) (b. 1926 - d. 2009)
17 Feb 1972 - 13 Feb 1977 Rashidi Kawawa (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Feb 1977 - 7 Nov 1980 Edward Moringe Sokoine (1st time) (b. 1938 - d. 1984)
7 Nov 1980 - 24 Feb 1983 Cleopa David Msuya (1st time) (b. 1931)
24 Feb 1983 - 12 Apr 1984 Edward Moringe Sokoine (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Apr 1984 - 5 Nov 1985 Salim Ahmed Salim (b. 1942)
5 Nov 1985 - 9 Nov 1990 Joseph Warioba (b. 1940)
9 Nov 1990 - 7 Dec 1994 John Malecela (b. 1934)
7 Dec 1994 - 28 Nov 1995 Cleopa David Msuya (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Nov 1995 - 30 Dec 2005 Frederick Sumaye (b. 1950)
30 Dec 2005 - 9 Feb 2008 Edward Lowassa (b. 1953)
9 Feb 2008 - Mizengo Pinda (b. 1948)
14 Sep 1806 Al �Bu Sa`id lineage from Oman begins to rule Zanzibar
6 Apr 1861 Zanzibar separated from Oman and style Sultan recognized
by U.K. mediation
7 Nov 1890 British protectorate proclaimed
1895 coastal domains of Zanzibar become Kenya Protectorate
under U.K. (and are relinquished to Kenya on Kenya's
independence 12 Dec 1963)
10 Dec 1963 British protectorate terminated
12 Jan 1964 People's Republic of Zanzibar
27 Apr 1964 united with Tanganyika
Hamis (informally, sultans)
- Al �Bu Sa`id dynasty -
14 Sep 1806 - 19 Oct 1856 Sayyid Sa`id ibn Sultan (b. 1791? - d. 1856)
19 Oct 1856 - 6 Apr 1861 Sayyid Majid ibn Sa`id (b. 1834 - d. 1870)
Sultans
- Al �Bu Sa`id dynasty -
6 Apr 1861 - 7 Oct 1870 Sayyid Majid ibn Sa`id (s.a.)
7 Oct 1870 - 26 Mar 1888 Sayyid Barghash ibn Sa`id (b. 1837 - d. 1888)
27 Mar 1888 - 13 Feb 1890 Sayyid Khalifa ibn Sa`id (b. 1852 - d. 1890)
13 Feb 1890 - 5 Mar 1893 Sayyid `Ali ibn Sa`id (b. 1854 - d. 1893)
5 Mar 1893 - 25 Aug 1896 Sayyid Hamid ibn Thuwayni (b. 1857 - d. 1896)
25 Aug 1896 - 27 Aug 1896 Sayyid Khalid ibn Barghash (b. 1874 - d. 1927)
27 Aug 1896 - 18 Jul 1902 Sayyid Hamud ibn Muhammad (b. 1853 - d. 1902)
18 Jul 1902 - 8 Dec 1911 Sayyid `Ali ibn Hamud (b. 1884 - d. 1918)
9 Dec 1911 - 9 Oct 1960 Sayyid Khalifa ibn Kharub (b. 1879 - d. 1960)
9 Oct 1960 - 1 Jul 1963 Sayyid `Abd Allah ibn Khalifa (b. 1910 - d. 1963)
1 Jul 1963 - 12 Jan 1964 Sayyid Jamshid ibn `Abd Allah (b. 1929)
Presidents
12 Jan 1964 - 7 Apr 1972 Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume (b. 1905 - d. 1972)
(from 20 Dec 1971 president of the Revolutionary Council)
11 Apr 1972 - 30 Jan 1984 Sheikh Mwinyi Aboud Jumbe (b. 1920)
30 Jan 1984 - 24 Oct 1985 Ali Hassan Mwinyi (s.a.)
(acting to 19 Apr 1984)
24 Oct 1985 - 25 Oct 1990 Idris Abdul Wakil (b. 1925 - d. 2000)
25 Oct 1990 - 8 Nov 2000 Salmin Amour (b. 1948)
8 Nov 2000 - Amani Abeid Karume (b. 1948)
Chief ministers
23 Feb 1961 - 5 Jun 1961 Geoffrey Charles Lawrence (acting) (b. 1915 - d. 1994)
5 Jun 1961 - 24 Jun 1963 Sheikh Muhammad Shamte Hamadi
Prime ministers
24 Jun 1963 - 12 Jan 1964 Sheikh Muhammad Shamte Hamadi
12 Jan 1964 - 27 Apr 1964 Abdullah Kassim Hanga (b. 1932 - d. 1969)
Chief ministers
21 Feb 1983 - 6 Feb 1984 Ramadhani Haji Faki
6 Feb 1984 - 22 Jan 1988 Seif Shariff Hamad (b. 1943)
25 Jan 1988 - 1 Nov 1995 Omar Ali Juma (b. 1941 - d. 2001)
1 Nov 1995 - 15 Nov 2000 Mohamed Gharib Bilal (b. 1945)
15 Nov 2000 - Shamsi Vuai Nahodha (b. 1962)
British consuls-general
1891 - 1893 Gerald Herbert Portal (from 1892,
Sir Gerald Herbert Portal) (b. 1858 - d. 1894)
1893 - 1894 James Rennell Rodd (b. 1858 - d. 1941)
1894 - 1900 Arthur Henry Hardinge (from 1897,
Sir Arthur Henry Hardinge) (b. 1859 - d. 1933)
1900 - 1904 Sir Charles Eliot (b. 1862 - d. 1931)
1904 - 1909 Basil Shillito Cave (b. 1865 - d. 1931)
1909 - 13 Feb 1913 Edward Clarke (b. 1860 - d. 1913)
Residents
1 Jul 1913 - 1922 Francis Barrow Pearce (b. 1866 - d. 1926)
1922 - 1923 John Houston Sinclair (b. 1871 - d. 1961)
Jan 1924 - 1929 Alfred Claud Hollis (from 1927,
Sir Alfred Claud Hollis) (b. 1874 - d. 1961)
Dec 1929 - 1937 Richard Sims Donkin Rankine
(from 1932, Sir Richard Sims
Donkin Rankine) (b. 1875 - d. 1961)
Oct 1937 - 1940 John Hathorn Hall (b. 1894 - d. 1979)
1941 - 1946 Henry Guy Pilling (b. 1886 - d. 1953)
1946 - 1951 Vincent Goncalves Glenday (b. 1891 - d. 1970)
1952 - 1954 John Dalzell Rankine (b. 1907 - d. 1987)
2 Nov 1954 - 1959 Henry Steven Potter (from 1956,
Sir Henry Steven Potter) (b. 1904 - d. 1976)
1959 - 1963 Arthur George Rixson Mooring (b. 1908 - d. 1969)
1350 Kingdom of Ayutthaya
Dec 1767 Kingdom of Thonburi
6 Apr 1782 Kingdom of Krung Thep (Bangkok)
c.1856 Kingdom of Siam (this term comes into gradual official use)
23 Jun 1939 Kingdom of Thailand
8 Sep 1945 - 20 Jul 1949 name "Siam" authorized for foreign use
Kings
11 Jul 1688 - 1703 Phetracha
1703 - 1709 Luang Sorasak "Phra Chao Sua" (b. 1662 - d. 1709)
1709 - Jan 1733 Phumintharacha
Jan 1733 - 13 Apr 1758 Borommakot (b. c.1682 - d. 1758)
May 1758 - Aug 1758 Uthumphon
Aug 1758 - 7 Apr 1767 Ekatat
Dec 1767 - 6 Apr 1782 Taksin (b. 1734 - d. 1782)
- Chakkri dynasty� -
6 Apr 1782 - 7 Sep 1809 Buddha Yodfa = Rama I (b. 1737 - d. 1809)
7 Sep 1809 - 21 Jul 1824 Buddha Loetla = Rama II (b. 1768 - d. 1824)
21 Jul 1824 - 2 Apr 1851 Nangklao = Rama III (b. 1788 - d. 1851)
3 Apr 1851 - 1 Oct 1868 Mongkut = Rama IV (b. 1804 - d. 1868)
2 Oct 1868 - 23 Oct 1910 Chulalongkorn = Rama V (b. 1853 - d. 1910)
23 Oct 1910 - 26 Nov 1925 Vajiravudh = Rama VI (b. 1881 - d. 1925)
26 Nov 1925 - 2 Mar 1935 Prajadhipok = Rama VII (b. 1893 - d. 1941)
2 Mar 1935 - 9 Jun 1946 Ananda Mahidol = Rama VIII (b. 1925 - d. 1946)
9 Jun 1946 - Bhumibol Adulyadej = Rama IX (b. 1927)
Prime ministers
10 Dec 1932 - 24 Jun 1933 Phya Manopakornnitithada (b. 1884 - d. 1948)
24 Jun 1933 - 26 Dec 1938 Phya Phaholphonphayuhasena (b. 1889 - d. 1958)
26 Dec 1938 - 1 Aug 1944 Plaek Pibulsongkram (1st time) (b. 1897 - d. 1964)
1 Aug 1944 - 17 Jul 1945 Khuang Aphaiwong (1st time) (b. 1902 - d. 1968)
31 Aug 1945 - 17 Sep 1945 Thawi Bunyaket (b. 1904 - d. 1971)
17 Sep 1945 - 13 Jan 1946 Seni Pramoj (1st time) (b. 1905 - d. 1997)
13 Jan 1946 - 18 Mar 1946 Khuang Aphaiwong (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Mar 1946 - 21 Aug 1946 Pridi Banomyong (b. 1900 - d. 1983)
26 Aug 1946 - 8 Nov 1947 Thawan Thamrongnawasawat (b. 1901 - d. 1988)
12 Nov 1947 - 8 Apr 1948 Khuang Aphaiwong (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
8 Apr 1948 - 17 Sep 1957 Plaek Pibulsongkram (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Sep 1957 - 24 Dec 1957 Pote Sarasin (b. 1905 - d. 2000)
1 Jan 1958 - 20 Oct 1958 Thanom Kittikachorn (1st time) (b. 1911 - d. 2004)
20 Oct 1958 - 8 Dec 1963 Sarit Thanarat (b. 1908 - d. 1963)
(acting to 10 Feb 1959)
9 Dec 1963 - 14 Oct 1973 Thanom Kittikachorn (2nd time) (s.a.)
(chairman National Executive Council
26 Nov 1971 - 18 Dec 1972)
14 Oct 1973 - 26 Feb 1975 Sanya Thammasak (b. 1907 - d. 2002)
26 Feb 1975 - 14 Mar 1975 Seni Pramoj (2nd time) (s.a.)
14 Mar 1975 - 20 Apr 1976 Kukrit Pramoj (b. 1911 - d. 1995)
20 Apr 1976 - 6 Oct 1976 Seni Pramoj (3rd time) (s.a.)
6 Oct 1976 - 23 Nov 1980 Sa-ngad Chaloryu (b. 1915 - d. 1980)
(chairman Administration Reform Council; from 20 Oct 1977,
chairman Revolutionary Council; from 12 Nov 1977,
chairman National Policy Council)
8 Oct 1976 - 20 Oct 1977 Thanin Kraivichien (b. 1927)
12 Nov 1977 - 3 Mar 1980 Kriangsak Chomanan (b. 1917 - d. 2003)
3 Mar 1980 - 4 Aug 1988 Prem Tinsulanonda (b. 1920)
4 Aug 1988 - 23 Feb 1991 Chatichai Choonhavan (b. 1922 - d. 1998)
23 Feb 1991 - 7 Mar 1991 Sunthorn Kongsompong (b. 1931? - d. 1999)
(chairman National Peacekeeping Council)
7 Mar 1991 - 7 Apr 1992 Anand Panyarachun (1st time) (b. 1932)
7 Apr 1992 - 24 May 1992 Suchinda Kraprayoon (b. 1933)
24 May 1992 - 10 Jun 1992 Meechai Ruchupan (acting) (b. 1938)
10 Jun 1992 - 23 Sep 1992 Anand Panyarachun (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Sep 1992 - 13 Jul 1995 Chuan Leekpai (1st time) (b. 1938)
13 Jul 1995 - 1 Dec 1996 Banharn Silpa-archa (b. 1932)
1 Dec 1996 - 9 Nov 1997 Chavalit Yongchaiyudh (b. 1932)
9 Nov 1997 - 9 Feb 2001 Chuan Leekpai (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Feb 2001 - 19 Sep 2006 Thaksin Shinawatra (b. 1949)
5 Apr 2006 - 23 May 2006 Chidchai Vanasatidya (b. 1946)
(acting for Thaksin)
19 Sep 2006 - 1 Oct 2006 Sonthi Boonyaratkalin (b. 1946)
(leader of Democratic Reform Council)
1 Oct 2006 - 29 Jan 2008 Surayud Chulanont (b. 1943)
29 Jan 2008 - 9 Sep 2008 Samak Sundaravej (b. 1935 - d. 2009)
9 Sep 2008 - 2 Dec 2008 Somchai Wongsawat (b. 1947)
(acting to 18 Sep 2008)
2 Dec 2008 - 15 Dec 2008 Chaovarat Chanweerakul (acting) (b. 1936)
15 Dec 2008 - Abhisit Vejjajiva (b. 1964)
�The Chakkri rulers were often referred to as "the king of the first/second/etc. reign." During the king of the third reign, his two predecessors were referred to as "the First King" and "the Middle King," respectively; the then current king not wanting to be "the Last King," but careful to avoid referring to his predecessors "by name," erected two statues to represent them, gave names to the statues (Buddha Yodfa, Buddha Loetla), and made those names the "official" referents for the respective kings; he himself became Nangklao. Vajiravudh, the king of the sixth reign, decided in 1916 to refer henceforth to the rulers of the dynasty as Rama I, Rama II, and so on, he being Rama VI. This device was rejected by his successor Prajadhipok, the king of the seventh reign, but informally re-adopted later. It is quite commonly used by officials under the current king of the ninth reign.
1259 Lanna kingdom founded
1558 under Burmese suzerainty
1774 under Thai suzerainty
1892 incorporated into Siam; royalty continues until 1939
Kings
1675 - 1707 Chephutarai
1707 - 1727 Mangraenara
1727 - 1759 Ong Kham
1759 - 1761 Chan
1761 - 1762 Khi Hut
1763 - 1768 Abhayagamani
1768 - 1771 Moyagamani
Princes (title Chao)
1775 - 1813 Kawila (b. 17... - d. 1813)
1813 - 1821 Thammalangka (b. c.1755 - d. 1821)
1821 - 1825 Kham Fan (b. c.1754 - d. 1825)
1825 - 1846 Phutthawong (b. ... - d. 1846)
1846 - 1854 Mahawong (b. ... - d. 1854)
1856 - 1870 Kavilorot (b. ... - d. 1870)
1871 - 1897 Inthavichayanon (b. 1817 - d. 1897)
1901 - 1911 Suriyawong
1911 - 1939 In Kaeo Nowarat
bf.1400 Patani kingdom founded
1786 Thai occupation
1816 split into 7 divisions (Patani, Rahman, Jalar, Sai, Legeh,
Jering, Nongcik)
1902 incorporated into Siam
Kings
1690 - 1707 Raja Mas Kelatan
1707 - 1710 Raja Mas Jayam (1st time)
1710 - 1719 Raja Dewi (f)
1719 - 1723 Raja Bendang Badan
1723 - 1724 Raja Laksamana Dajang
1724 - 1726 Raja Mas Jayam (2nd time)
1726 - 12 Aug 1729 Along Yunus (b. ... - d. 1729)
1729 - 1776 ...
1776 - 1786 Sultan Muhammad
1786 - 1791 Tengku Lamidin
1791 - 1808 Datok Pengkalan
1808 - 1815 Nai Khwan Sai
1815 - 1816 Nai Pai
5 Jul 1884 German protectorate
26 Aug 1914 British and French occupation
20 Jul 1922 League of Nations mandates
1946 United Nations trust territory
Commissioners (from Nov 1893, Landeshauptleute; from 18 Apr 1898, governors)
6 Jul 1884 - 26 Jun 1885 Heinrich Randad
(provisional consul)
26 Jun 1885 - May 1887 Ernst Falkenthal (b. 1858 - d. 1911)
Jul 1887 - 17 Oct 1888 Jesco von Puttkamer (1st time) (b. 1855 - d. 1917)
(acting)
17 Oct 1888 - 14 Apr 1891 Eugen von Zimmerer (b. 1843 - d. 1918)
4 Jun 1892 - 13 Aug 1895 Jesco von Puttkamer (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Nov 1895 - 20 Jan 1902 August K�hler (b. 1858 - d. 1902)
1 Dec 1902 - 27 Jul 1905 Waldemar Horn (b. 1864 - d. 19...)
27 Jul 1905 - 7 Nov 1910 Johann Nepomuk Julius Graf Zech
auf Neuhofen (b. 1868 - d. 1914)
31 Mar 1911 - 19 Jun 1912 Edmund Br�ckner (b. 1871 - d. 1935)
19 Jun 1912 - 26 Aug 1914 Adolf Friedrich Herzog von
Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1873 - d. 1969)
1957 part of Ghana
Administrators
1920 - 1927 Francis Walter Fillon Jackson (b. 1881 - d. 1936)
1927 - 1957 the governors of Gold Coast
(see Ghana)
30 Aug 1956 autonomy (Autonomous Republic of Togo)
22 Feb 1958 Republic of Togo
27 Apr 1960 independence (Togolese Republic)
Commissioners
4 Sep 1916 - 27 Apr 1917 Gaston L�on Joseph Fourn
27 Apr 1917 - 31 Jan 1922 Alfred Louis Woelffel (b. 1873 - d. 19...)
31 Jan 1922 - 27 Dec 1931 Auguste Fran�ois Bonnecarr�re (b. 1875 - d. 1966)
(acting to 22 Dec 1922)
27 Dec 1931 - 18 Oct 1933 Robert de Guise
18 Oct 1933 - 7 May 1934 L�on Charles Alphonse P�tre
(acting)
7 May 1934 - 1 Jan 1935 Maurice Bourgine (b. 1879 - d. 1963)
1 Jan 1935 - 25 Sep 1936 L�on Geismar
25 Sep 1936 - 1 Jan 1941 Lucien Montagn� (b. 1886 - d. 1942)
1 Jan 1941 - 19 Nov 1941 L�once Joseph Delpech
(acting to 28 Aug 1941)
19 Nov 1941 - 12 Apr 1942 Jean-Fran�ois de Saint-Alary (b. 1888 - d. 1970)
12 Apr 1942 - 31 Aug 1943 Pierre Salceti
31 Aug 1943 - 10 Jan 1944 Albert Mercadier (acting)
10 Jan 1944 - 8 Mar 1948 Jean Noutary (b. 1896 - d. 1962)
(acting to 4 Nov 1944)
8 Mar 1948 - 20 Sep 1951 Jean C�dile (b. 1908 - d. 1984)
20 Sep 1951 - 25 Apr 1952 Yves Digo (b. 1897 - d. 1974)
25 Apr 1952 - 3 Feb 1955 Laurent P�choux (b. 1904 - d. 2000)
3 Feb 1955 - 21 Sep 1956 Jean B�rard (b. 1910)
(acting to 6 Aug 1955)
High commissioners
21 Sep 1956 - 23 Mar 1957 Jean B�rard (s.a.)
23 Mar 1957 - Jun 1957 Joseph �douard Georges Rigal
(acting)
Jun 1957 - 27 Apr 1960 Georges Sp�nale (b. 1913 - d. 1983)
Presidents
27 Apr 1960 - 13 Jan 1963 Sylvanus Olympio (b. 1902 - d. 1963)
(Head of State to 12 Apr 1961)
13 Jan 1963 - 15 Jan 1963 Emmanuel Bodjoll� (b. 1928)
(chairman Insurrection Committee)
16 Jan 1963 - 13 Jan 1967 Nicolas Grunitzky (b. 1913 - d. 1969)
(acting to 5 May 1963)
14 Jan 1967 - 14 Apr 1967 Kl�ber Dadjo (b. 1914 - d. 1979)
(chairman National Reconciliation Committee)
14 Apr 1967 - 5 Feb 2005 �tienne Eyad�ma (from 8 May 1974,
Gnassingb� Eyad�ma) (b. 1937 - d. 2005)
5 Feb 2005 - 25 Feb 2005 Faure Gnassingb� (1st time) (b. 1966)
(acting from 21 Feb 2005)
25 Feb 2005 - 4 May 2005 Abass Bonfoh (acting) (b. 1948)
4 May 2005 - Faure Gnassingb� (2nd time) (s.a.)
Prime ministers
10 Sep 1956 - 16 May 1958 Nicolas Grunitzky (s.a.)
16 May 1958 - 12 Apr 1961 Sylvanus Olympio (s.a.)
27 Aug 1991 - 23 Apr 1994 Joseph Kokou Koffigoh (b. 1948)
23 Apr 1994 - 20 Aug 1996 Edem Kodjo (1st time) (b. 1938)
20 Aug 1996 - 21 May 1999 Kwassi Klutse (b. 1945)
21 May 1999 - 31 Aug 2000 Eugene Koffi Adoboli (b. 1934?)
31 Aug 2000 - 29 Jun 2002 Agbeyome Kodjo (b. 1954)
29 Jun 2002 - 9 Jun 2005 Koffi Sama (b. 1944)
9 Jun 2005 - 20 Sep 2006 Edem Kodjo (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Sep 2006 - 6 Dec 2007 Yawovi Agboyibo (b. 1943)
6 Dec 2007 - 8 Sep 2008 Komlan Mally (b. 1960)
8 Sep 2008 - Gilbert Houngbo (b. 1961)
bf.1600 Fakaofo (the senior polity) founded; Nukunonu and Atafu
later become independent
1889 British protectorate
29 Feb 1916 Tokelau (as Union Group) becomes part of the British
colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (see Kiribati)
1925 separated from Gilbert and Ellice Islands; administered by the
governor-general of New Zealand
1926 governor-general's powers delegated to the administrator
of Western Samoa
1946 renamed Tokelau Islands
1 Jan 1949 attached to New Zealand
9 Dec 1976 renamed Tokelau
Rulers (title Aliki)
... - ... Letaiolo
... - ... Poufau
*1841* Taupe
1846 - 1852* Havaiki I
*1858* Lika
*1871* Longotahi
18.. - May 1881 Vaopuka
1881 - 1890* Te Taulu
*1892* Tavita Te Fuli
1902 - 29 Feb 1916 Ielemia Havaiki II
Rulers (title Aliki)
... - ... Sunga
... - ... Kakaia
... - ... Ngala
... - ... Ulua
... - ... Falevai
... - 29 Feb 1916 Takua
Rulers (title Aliki)
... - ... Toniua
... - ... Foli
... - ... Tongia
... - ... Fafie
... - 29 Feb 1916 Tuilaka
Administrators
1949 - Feb 1960 Guy Richardson Powles (b. 1905 - d. 1994)
Feb 1960 - 31 Mar 1965 John Bird Wright (b. 1909)
Jun 1965 - 1968 Owston Paul Gabites
1968 - 1971 Richard Basil Taylor (b. 1920 - d. 2000)
1971 - 1972 Duncan MacIntyre (b. 1915 - d. 2001)
1972 - 1973 Matiu Rata (b. 1934 - d. 1997)
1973 - 1975 William Gray Thorp
1975 - 1984 Frank Henry Corner (b. 1920)
1984 - 1988 Harold Huyton Francis
Feb 1988 - 1990 Neil Walter (1st time) (b. 1942)
1990 - Jan 1992 Graham Ansell (b. 1931)
Jan 1992 - Mar 1993 Brian Absolum
Mar 1993 - 28 Feb 2003 Lindsay Watt
1 Mar 2003 - 17 Oct 2006 Neil Walter (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Oct 2006 - 2009 David Payton (b. 1952?)
2009 - John Allen (acting)
Heads of government (Ulu-o-Tokelau)
1992 - Feb 1993 Kuresa Nasau (1st time)
Feb 1993 - Feb 1994 Salesio Lui
Feb 1994 - Feb 1995 Peniuto Semisi
Feb 1995 - Feb 1996 Kuresa Nasau (2nd time)
Feb 1996 - Feb 1997 Pio Tuia (1st time) (b. 1943?)
Feb 1997 - Feb 1998 Falima Teao
Feb 1998 - Feb 1999 Kuresa Nasau (3rd time)
Feb 1999 - Feb 2000 Pio Tuia (2nd time) (s.a.)
Feb 2000 - Feb 2001 Kolouei O'Brien (1st time)
Feb 2001 - Feb 2002 Kuresa Nasau (4th time)
Feb 2002 - Feb 2003 Pio Tuia (3rd time) (s.a.)
Feb 2003 - Feb 2004 Kolouei O'Brien (2nd time)
Feb 2004 - Feb 2005 Patuki Isaako
Feb 2005 - 15 Feb 2006 Pio Tuia (4th time) (s.a.)
15 Feb 2006 - Feb 2007 Kolouei O'Brien (3rd time)
Feb 2007 - 23 Feb 2008 Kuresa Nasau (5th time)
23 Feb 2008 - 21 Feb 2009 Pio Tuia (5th time) (s.a.)
21 Feb 2009 - Feb 2010 Foua Toloa
Feb 2010 - Kuresa Nasau (6th time)
4 Nov 1875 Kingdom of Tonga
1905 British protectorate
5 Jun 1970 independence
Rulers (title Tu'i Tonga)
17.. - 1770 Fatafehi Tu'i Pulotu 'i Langi
Tu'oteau
1770 - 1784 Fatafehi Paulaho (b. ... - d. 1784)
1784 - 1786 Fatafehi Ma'ulupekotofa
1786 - 1793 vacant
1793 - 1810 Fatafehi Fununuiava (b. 1765 - d. 1810)
1810 - 1827 vacant
1827 - 9 Dec 1865 Fatafehi Laufilitonga (from 1851,
Samuelio Fatafehi Laufilitonga) (b. 1797 - d. 1865)
Chiefs (title Tu'i Ha'atakalaua)
... - ... Mapa
... - ... Fuatakifolaha
... - 1777 Maealiuaki
1777 - 10 May 1799 Mulikiha'amea (b. ... - d. 1799)
Chiefs (title Tu'i Kanokupolu)
... - ... Tupoulahi
... - 1777 Maealiuaki
1777 - 1782 Tu'i Halafatai
1782 - 17.. Tupoulahisi'i
17.. - 1793 Mulikiha'amea (b. ... - d. 1799)
1793 Tupoumahe'ofo (f) (b. 1745 - d. 1793)
1793 - 29 Apr 1797 Tupou Mumui (b. 1733 - d. 1797)
1797 - 21 Apr 1799 Finau Tuku'aho (b. 1753 - d. 1799)
(regent 1793-97)
21 Apr 1799 - 22 Apr 1799 Ma'afu'olimuloa (b. 17... - d. 1799)
22 Apr 1799 - 1812 Tupou Malohi (b. 17... - d. 1812)
(in Fiji exile 1800-05)
1812 - 1820 Tupouto'a (b. 17... - d. 1820)
1820 - 1826 vacant
1826 - 18 Nov 1845 'Alea Motu'a Tupouifaletuipapai (b. ... - d. 1845)
(from 18 Jan 1830, Josiah Tupou)
18 Nov 1845 - 4 Nov 1875 Siaosi Taufa'ahau Tupou Maeakafa (b. 1797 - d. 1893)
Kings/Queens
4 Nov 1875 - 18 Feb 1893 George Tupou I (s.a.)
18 Feb 1893 - 5 Apr 1918 George Tupou II (b. 1874 - d. 1918)
5 Apr 1918 - 16 Dec 1965 Salote Tupou III (f) (b. 1900 - d. 1965)
16 Dec 1965 - 11 Sep 2006 Taufa'ahau Tupou IV (b. 1918 - d. 2006)
11 Sep 2006 - George Tupou V (b. 1948)
Prime ministers
1876 - 18 Dec 1879 Tevita Unga (b. c.1824 - d. 1879)
Apr 1881 - Jul 1890 Shirley Waldemar Baker (b. 1836 - d. 1903)
Jul 1890 - 1893 Siaosi Tuku'aho (b. 1854 - d. 1897)
1893 - Jan 1905 Siosateki Tonga (b. 1853 - d. 1913)
Jan 1905 - 30 Sep 1912 Sione Mateialona (b. 1852 - d. 1925)
30 Sep 1912 - 30 Jun 1922 Tevita Tu'ivakano
30 Jun 1922 - Jul 1940 Uiliame Tupoulahi Tungi (b. 1887 - d. 1941)
Jul 1940 - 12 Dec 1949 Solomone Ula Ata (b. 1883 - d. 1950)
12 Dec 1949 - 16 Dec 1965 Crown Prince Tupouto'a Tungi
(= Taufa'ahau Tupou IV) (s.a.)
16 Dec 1965 - 21 Aug 1991 Prince Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake (b. 1922 - d. 1999)
21 Aug 1991 - 3 Jan 2000 Baron Vaea (b. 1921 - d. 2009)
3 Jan 2000 - 11 Feb 2006 Prince 'Ulukalala Lavaka Ata (b. 1959)
11 Feb 2006 - Feleti Sevele (b. 1944)
(acting to 30 Mar 2006)
British consuls
1901 - 1909 Hamilton Hunter (b. 1846 - d. 1923)
1909 - 1913 W. Telfer Campbell
1913 - 1917 Henry Eugene Walter Grant (b. 1855 - d. 1934)
1917 - 1926 Islay McOwen
1926 - 1937 James Scott Neill (b. 1889 - d. 1958)
1937 - 1943 Arthur Leopold Armstrong (b. 1888 - d. 1973)
1943 - 1949 Charles Walter Trevor Johnson (b. 1893 - d. ...)
1949 - 1954 James Edward Windrum (b. 1895 - d. ...)
1954 - 1957 Charles Robert Harley Nott (b. 1904)
1957 - 1959 Archibald Cameron Reid (1st time) (b. 1915 - d. 1994)
1959 - 1965 Edward James Coode (b. 1918)
1965 - 1970 Archibald Cameron Reid (2nd time) (s.a.)
late 18th century Ha'apai-Vava'u archipelago develops high degree of autonomy,
but subject to the Tu'i Tonga, and notionally the Tu'i
Kanokupolu, although the chiefs were often the most powerful
persons in all of Tonga
Mar 1833 incorporated into Tonga
Chiefs (nominally governors)
*1777 - 12 Jun 1797 Finau 'Ulukalala I 'i Ma'ufanga (b. 1748 - d. 1799)
1797 - 1799 Takitakimalohi
1799 - 1809 Finau 'Ulukalala II 'i Feletoa (b. c.1750 - d. 1809)
1809 - 1811 Finau 'Ulukalala III Moengangongo (b. c.1786 - d. 1811)
1811 - Mar 1833 Finau 'Ulukalala IV Tuabayi (b. ... - d. 1833)
1532 Spanish colony
18 Feb 1797 taken by Britain
1802 Spain formally cedes Trinidad to Britain
1 Jan 1899 part of Trinidad and Tobago
Governors
1699 - 1704 Francisco Ru�z de Aguirre
1704 - 1711 Felipe de Artieda
1711 - 1716 Crist�bal F�lix de Guzm�n
1716 - 1721 Pedro de Jara
1721 Juan de Orvay (acting)
1721 - 1726 Mart�n P�rez de Anda y Salazar
1726 - 1730 Agust�n de Arredondo
1730 - 1733 Bartolom� de Aldunate y Rada
1733 - 1735 Jos� Orbay + Pedro Ximenes (acting)
1735 - Jan 1746 Esteban Sim�n de Li�an y Vera
Jan 1746 - Jun 1746 F�lix Espinosa de los Monteros
1746 - 7 Jan 1752 Juan Jos� Salcedo
7 Jan 1752 - 17 Jan 1757 Francisco Manclares
17 Jan 1757 - 6 Apr 1760 Pedro de la Moneda
6 Apr 1760 - 1762 Jacinto San Juan
1762 - 5 Apr 1766 Jos� Antonio Gil
5 Apr 1766 - 31 Mar 1773 Jos� de Flores
31 Mar 1773 - 30 Dec 1776 Juan de Dios V�ldez y Yarza
30 Dec 1776 - 11 Jul 1779 Manuel Falquez (military governor) (b. ... - d. 1779)
1776 - 31 Mar 1781 Mart�n de Salaverria
(civil governor)
31 Mar 1781 - 23 Jan 1784 Juan Francisco Machado
23 Jan 1784 - 18 Oct 1784 Antonio Barreto (acting)
18 Oct 1784 - 18 Feb 1797 Jos� Mar�a Chac�n
18 Feb 1797 - Feb 1797 Sir Ralph Abercromby (b. 1734 - d. 1801)
Feb 1797 - Feb 1803 Thomas Picton (b. 1758 - d. 1815)
Feb 1803 - Jul 1804 Commission
- William Fullarton (b. 1758 - d. 1808)
- Samuel Hood (b. 1762 - d. 1814)
- Thomas Picton (s.a.)
Jul 1804 - 27 Sep 1811 Sir Thomas Hislop (b. 1764 - d. 1843)
27 Sep 1811 - 14 Jun 1813 William Munro
14 Jun 1813 - Jan 1828 Sir Ralph James Woodford (b. 1784 - d. 1828)
Jan 1828 - Apr 1828 J.V. Capadose (acting)
Apr 1828 - 10 Mar 1829 Charles Felix Smith (b. 1786 - d. 1858)
10 Mar 1829 - 22 Apr 1833 Lewis Grant (from 1831,
Sir Lewis Grant) (b. ... - d. 1852)
22 Apr 1833 - 9 Mar 1839 Sir George Fitzgerald Hill (b. 1763 - d. 1839)
9 Mar 1839 - Apr 1840 John Alexander Mein (acting)
Apr 1840 - 1846 Henry George Macleod
1846 - 1854 George Francis Robert Harris,
Baron Harris (b. 1810 - d. 1872)
10 Mar 1854 - 1857 Sir Charles Elliot (b. 1801 - d. 1875)
26 Jan 1857 - 1864 Robert William Keate (b. 1814 - d. 1873)
6 Sep 1864 - 1866 Sir John Henry Thomas
Manners-Sutton (b. 1814 - d. 1877)
7 Nov 1866 - 1870 Arthur Charles Hamilton-Gordon (b. 1829 - d. 1912)
25 Jun 1870 - 1874 James Robert Longden (b. 1827 - d. 1891)
2 May 1874 - 1874 William Wellington Cairns (b. 1828 - d. 1888)
20 Nov 1874 - 1880 Henry Turner Irving (b. 1833 - d. 1923)
2 Nov 1880 - 1884 Sir Sanford Freeling (b. 1828 - d. 1894)
19 Jun 1884 - 1885 Sir Frederick Palgrave Barlee (b. 1827 - d. 1884)
(acting)
24 Jan 1885 - 1885 Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock (b. 1844 - d. 1908)
9 Oct 1885 - 1891 Sir William Robinson (b. 1836 - d. 1912)
19 Aug 1891 - 1897 Sir Frederick Napier Broome (b. 1842 - d. 1896)
2 Jun 1897 - 1 Jan 1899 Sir Hubert Edward Henry Jerningham (b. 1842 - d. 1914)
1628 Dutch colony (Nieuw Walcheren)
1684 neutral territory
1762 British colony (Tobago)
2 Jun 1781 - 15 Apr 1793 French rule
1802 - 1803 French rule
1833 - 1889 part of the Windward Islands (see under Grenada)
1 Jan 1899 part of Trinidad and Tobago
1980 autonomy
Lieutenant governors
12 Nov 1764 - Jul 1766 Alexander Brown (b. ... - d. 1766)
2 Dec 1766 - 16 Oct 1767 William Hill
16 Oct 1767 - 1769 Roderick Gwynne
1769 - 1771 Robert William Stewart (acting)
1771 - 1777 William Young (b. ... - d. 1788)
1777 - 1779 Peter Campbell (acting) (b. ... - d. 1779)
1779 - 1781 John Graham (acting)
1781 - 2 Jun 1781 George Ferguson
Governors (from 1889 commissioners)
2 Jun 1781 - 1784 Philibert Fran�ois Rouxel de
Blanchelande (b. 1735 - d. 1793)
1784 - 1786 Ren� Marie, vicomte d'Arrot
1786 - 1789 Arthur, comte Dillon (b. 1750 - d. 1794)
1789 - 1792 Antoine de Jobal de Poigny
1792 - 1793 Philippe Marie de Marguenat
1793 - 15 Apr 1793 Laroque de Monteil
1793 - 1794 William Myers (acting)
1794 - 1795 George Poyntz Ricketts (b. 1749 - d. 1800)
1795 - 1796 William Lindsay (b. 17... - d. 1796)
1797 - 1799 Stephen de Lancey (b. 17... - d. 1799)
1799 - 1800 Joseph Robley (1st time) (acting)
1800 Richard Master (b. 17... - d. 1800)
1800 - 1801 Joseph Robley (2nd time) (acting)
1801 - 1802 Hugh Lyle Carmichael (acting) (b. 1764 - d. 1813)
7 Nov 1802 - 26 Dec 1802 Fran�ois de Sahuguet d'Amarzit (b. 1756 - d. 1802)
1803 C�sar Berthier (b. 1765 - d. 1819)
30 Jun 1803 - Jul 1803 Thomas Picton (acting)
Jul 1803 - Aug 1803 William Johnstone (acting)
Aug 1803 - Jul 1804 Donald MacDonald (acting) (b. 17... - d. 1804)
Jul 1804 - 1807 John Halkett (b. 1768 - d. 1852)
1807 - 1815 Sir William Young (b. 1749 - d. 1815)
1816 - 1827 Sir Frederick Philipse Robinson (b. 1763 - d. 1852)
1828 - 1833 Nathaniel Blackwell
1833 - 1845 Henry Charles Darling (b. 1780 - d. 1845)
1845 - 1850 Laurence Graeme (b. ... - d. 1850)
1851 David Robert Ross (b. ... - d. 1851)
1852 Dominick Daly (b. 1798 - d. 1868)
1852 - Feb 1854 Henry Yates (acting)
Feb 1854 - 1856 Willoughby J. Shortland (b. 1804 - d. 1869)
1856 James Kirk (acting)
1856 - 1857 James Henry Keens (acting)
1857 - 1864 James Vickery Drysdale
1865 - 1872 Cornelius Hendricksen Kortright (b. 1817 - d. 1899)
1872 - 1875 Herbert Taylor Ussher (b. 1836 - d. 1880)
1875 - 1877 Robert William Harley
1877 - 1880 Augustus Frederick Gore (b. 1826 - d. 1887)
(administrator)
1880 - 1882 Edward Laborde
1883 - 1884 John Worrell Carrington (b. 1847 - d. 1913)
1885 Lorraine Gudded Hay (1st time)
1885 - 1887 Robert Baxter Llewelyn (b. 1845 - d. 1919)
1888 - 1892 Lorraine Gudded Hay (2nd time)
1892 Thomas Crossley Rayner (b. 1860 - d. 1914)
1892 - 1897 William Low
1897 S.W. Snaggs (acting)
1897 - 1 Jan 1899 J. Clanforgael O'Halloran (acting)
Chairmen of the House of Assembly
Dec 1980 - 16 Dec 1986 A.N.R. Robinson (b. 1926)
16 Dec 1986 - 31 Oct 1989 Jeff Davidson
1 Nov 1989 - Dec 1996 Lennox Denoon (b. 1929? - d. 2007)
Chief secretaries of the House of Assembly
Dec 1996 - 31 Jan 2001 Hochoy Charles
1 Feb 2001 - Orville London (b. 1945)
1 Jan 1899 Trinidad and Tobago united
3 Jan 1958 - 31 May 1962 part of the Federation of the West Indies (with Antigua,
Barbados, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica,
Montserrat, St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, St. Lucia,
St. Vincent, and Turks and Caicos Islands)
31 Aug 1962 independence
1 Aug 1976 Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
Governors
1 Jan 1899 - 1900 Sir Hubert Edward Henry Jerningham (s.a.)
4 Dec 1900 - 1904 Sir Cornelius Alfred Moloney (b. 1848 - d. 1913)
30 Aug 1904 - 29 Aug 1908 Sir Henry Moore Jackson (b. 1849 - d. 1908)
11 May 1909 - Jan 1916 Sir George Ruthven Le Hunte (b. 1852 - d. 1925)
1 Jun 1916 - 1921 Sir John Robert Chancellor (b. 1870 - d. 1952)
1 Jan 1922 - 1924 Sir Samuel Herbert Wilson (b. 1873 - d. 1950)
22 Nov 1924 - 1930 Sir Horace Archer Byatt (b. 1875 - d. 1933)
22 Mar 1930 - 1936 Sir Alfred Claud Hollis (b. 1874 - d. 1961)
17 Sep 1936 - 1938 Sir Arthur George Murchison
Fletcher (b. 1878 - d. 1954)
8 Jul 1938 - 1942 Sir Hubert Winthrop Young (b. 1885 - d. 1950)
8 Jun 1942 - 1947 Sir Bede Edmund Hugh Clifford (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
7 Mar 1947 - 1950 Sir John Valentine Wistar Shaw (b. 1894 - d. 1982)
19 Apr 1950 - 1955 Sir Hubert Elvin Rance (b. 1898 - d. 1974)
23 Jun 1955 - 1960 Sir Edward Betham Beetham (b. 1905 - d. 1979)
4 Jul 1960 - 31 Aug 1962 Sir Solomon Hochoy (b. 1905 - d. 1983)
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
31 Aug 1962 - 15 Sep 1972 Sir Solomon Hochoy (s.a.)
15 Sep 1972 - 1 Aug 1976 Sir Ellis Clarke (b. 1917)
Presidents
1 Aug 1976 - 13 Mar 1987 Ellis Clarke (s.a.)
(acting to 28 Jan 1977)
13 Mar 1987 - 19 Mar 1987 Michael Williams (acting)
19 Mar 1987 - 19 Mar 1997 Noor Hassanali (b. 1918 - d. 2006)
19 Mar 1997 - 17 Mar 2003 A.N.R. Robinson (b. 1926)
17 Mar 2003 - George Maxwell Richards (b. 1931)
Prime ministers
28 Oct 1956 - 29 Mar 1981 Eric Williams (b. 1911 - d. 1981)
(chief minister to 9 Jul 1959, then premier to Dec 1961)
30 Mar 1981 - 18 Dec 1986 George Chambers (b. 1928 - d. 1997)
18 Dec 1986 - 17 Dec 1991 A.N.R. Robinson (s.a.)
17 Dec 1991 - 9 Nov 1995 Patrick Manning (1st time) (b. 1946)
9 Nov 1995 - 24 Dec 2001 Basdeo Panday (b. 1933)
24 Dec 2001 - Patrick Manning (2nd time) (s.a.)
Governor-general
3 Jan 1958 - 31 May 1962 Patrick George Thomas
Buchan-Hepburn, Baron Hailes (b. 1901 - d. 1974)
Prime minister
18 Apr 1958 - 31 May 1962 Sir Grantley Herbert Adams (b. 1898 - d. 1971)
1574 incorporation into Ottoman Empire, with varying and
ultimately increased autonomy
15 Jul 1705 Tunisian Regency under de facto hereditary Husayni dynasty
25 Oct 1871 while continuing to recognize nominal Ottoman suzerainty,
Bey ceases paying tribute
12 May 1881 becomes French protectorate by treaty
20 Mar 1956 French protectorate terminated, independent Tunisian Realm
(literally Tunisian Kingdom) inaugurated (this style already
appears on 1950 coins)
25 Jul 1957 Tunisian Republic
Beys�
- Banu al-Husayn dynasty -
15 Jul 1705 - 7 Sep 1735 al-Husayn (b. 1669 - d. 1740)
7 Sep 1735 - 22 Sep 1756 Ali (b. 1689 - d. 1756)
22 Sep 1756 - 11 Feb 1759 Muhammad ar-Rashid (b. 1710 - d. 1759)
(in rebellion from Aug 1756)
12 Feb 1759 - 9 Feb 1777 Ali (b. 1712 - d. 1782)
9 Feb 1777 - 15 Sep 1814 Hammuda (b. 1759 - d. 1814)
16 Sep 1814 - 21 Nov 1814 `Uthman (b. 1763 - d. 1814)
21 Nov 1814 - 28 Mar 1824 Mahmud (b. 1757 - d. 1824)
29 Mar 1824 - 20 May 1835 al-Husayn (b. 1784 - d. 1835)
20 May 1835 - 10 Oct 1837 al-Mustafa (b. 1786 - d. 1837)
10 Oct 1837 - 30 May 1855 Ahmad (b. 1806 - d. 1855)
30 May 1855 - 22 Sep 1859 Muhammad (b. 1810 - d. 1859)
23 Sep 1859 - 27 Oct 1882 Muhammad as-Sadiq (b. 1813 - d. 1882)
28 Oct 1882 - 11 Jun 1902 Ali Muddat (b. 1817 - d. 1902)
11 Jun 1902 - 11 May 1906 Muhammad al-Hadi (b. 1855 - d. 1906)
11 May 1906 - 10 Jul 1922 Muhammad an-Nasir (b. 1855 - d. 1922)
10 Jul 1922 - 11 Feb 1929 Muhammad al-Habib (b. 1858 - d. 1929)
11 Feb 1929 - 19 Jun 1942 Ahmad (b. 1862 - d. 1942)
19 Jun 1942 - 15 May 1943 Muhammad al-Munsif (b. 1881 - d. 1948)
15 May 1943 - 25 Jul 1957 Muhammad al-Amin (b. 1881 - d. 1962)
Presidents
25 Jul 1957 - 7 Nov 1987 Habib Bourguiba (b. 1903 - d. 2000)
7 Nov 1987 - Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (b. 1936)
Prime ministers
1800 - 23 Jan 1815 Sidi Yusuf Sahib al-Tabi (b. 17... - d. 1815)
1822 - 1829 Sidi Husain Khoja (b. ... - d. bf.1858)
1829 - 1837 Sidi Rashid al-Shakir Sahib
al-Taba`a (b. c.1795 - d. 1837)
1837 - 22 Oct 1873 Mustapha Khaznadar (b. 1817 - d. 1878)
22 Oct 1873 - 21 Jul 1877 Kheireddine Pacha (b. 1822 - d. 1890)
21 Jul 1877 - 24 Aug 1878 Mohamed Khaznadar (1st time) (b. c.1810 - d. 1889)
24 Aug 1878 - 12 Sep 1881 Mustapha Ben Isma�l (b. ... - d. 1887)
12 Sep 1881 - Oct 1882 Mohamed Khaznadar (2nd time) (s.a.)
Oct 1882 - 4 Feb 1907 Aziz Bouattour (b. 1825 - d. 1907)
18 Feb 1907 - Jun 1908 Mhamed Djellouli (b. 1834 - d. 1908)
Jun 1908 - Jun 1915 Youssef Dja�t (b. 1830 - d. 1915)
Oct 1915 - May 1922 Taieb Djellouli (b. 1857 - d. 1944)
May 1922 - 20 Oct 1926 Mustapha Dinguizli (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
3 Nov 1926 - 2 Mar 1932 Khelil Bouhageb (b. 1863 - d. 1942)
2 Mar 1932 - 31 Dec 1942 H�di Lakhoua (b. 1872 - d. 1949)
1 Jan 1943 - 15 May 1943 M'Hamed Chenik (1st time) (b. 1889 - d. 1976)
15 May 1943 - 21 Jul 1947 Slaheddine Baccouche (1st time) (b. 1883 - d. 1959)
21 Jul 1947 - 17 Aug 1950 Mustapha Kaak (b. 1893 - d. 1984)
17 Aug 1950 - 26 Mar 1952 M'Hamed Chenik (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Apr 1952 - 2 Mar 1954 Slaheddine Baccouche (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Mar 1954 - 6 Jul 1954 Mohamed Salah Mzali (b. 1896 - d. af.1972)
6 Jul 1954 - 7 Aug 1954 Georges Dupoizat (acting) (b. 1909 - d. 1975)
7 Aug 1954 - 11 Apr 1956 Tahar Ben Ammar (b. 1885 - d. 1985)
11 Apr 1956 - 25 Jul 1957 Habib Bourguiba (s.a.)
19 Oct 1969 - 2 Nov 1970 Bahi Ladgham (b. 1913 - d. 1998)
2 Nov 1970 - 23 Apr 1980 H�di Nouira (b. 1911 - d. 1993)
23 Apr 1980 - 8 Jul 1986 Mohamed Mzali (b. 1925)
8 Jul 1986 - 2 Oct 1987 Rachid Sfar (b. 1933)
2 Oct 1987 - 7 Nov 1987 Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (s.a.)
7 Nov 1987 - 27 Sep 1989 H�di Baccouche (b. 1930)
27 Sep 1989 - 17 Nov 1999 Hamed Karoui (b. 1927)
17 Nov 1999 - Mohamed Ghannouchi (b. 1941)
French resident ministers (from 23 Jun 1885, residents-general)
13 May 1881 - 28 Feb 1882 Th�odore Roustan (b. 1833 - d. 1906)
28 Feb 1882 - 28 Oct 1886 Paul Cambon (b. 1843 - d. 1924)
23 Nov 1886 - 5 Nov 1892 Justin Massicault (b. 1838 - d. 1892)
Nov 1892 - 14 Nov 1894 Maurice Rouvier (b. 1842 - d. 1911)
14 Nov 1894 - Nov 1900 Ren� Millet (b. 1849 - d. 1919)
Nov 1900 - 27 Dec 1901 Beno�t de Merkel
27 Dec 1901 - 1906 Stephen Pichon (b. 1857 - d. 1933)
7 Feb 1907 - 26 Oct 1918 Gabriel Alapetite (b. 1854 - d. 1932)
26 Oct 1918 - 1 Jan 1921 �tienne Flandin (b. 1853 - d. 1922)
1 Jan 1921 - 2 Jan 1929 Lucien Saint (b. 1867 - d. 1938)
18 Feb 1929 - 29 Jul 1933 Fran�ois Manceron (b. 1872 - d. 1937)
29 Jul 1933 - 21 Mar 1936 Marcel Peyrouton (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1983)
17 Apr 1936 - 18 Oct 1938 Armand Guillon (b. 1880 - d. 1968)
22 Nov 1938 - 3 Jun 1940 Eirik Labonne (b. 1888 - d. 1971)
3 Jun 1940 - 22 Jul 1940 Marcel Peyrouton (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Jul 1940 - 10 May 1943 Jean-Pierre Esteva (b. 1880 - d. 1951)
10 May 1943 - 22 Feb 1947 Charles Emmanuel Mast (b. 1889 - d. 1977)
22 Feb 1947 - 13 Jun 1950 Jean Mons (b. 1906 - d. 1989)
13 Jun 1950 - 13 Jan 1952 Louis P�rillier (b. 1900 - d. 1986)
13 Jan 1952 - 2 Sep 1953 Jean de Hauteclocque (b. 1893 - d. 1957)
2 Sep 1953 - 5 Nov 1954 Pierre Voizard (b. 1896 - d. 1982)
5 Nov 1954 - 31 Aug 1955 Pierre Boyer de Latour (b. 1896 - d. 1976)
High commissioner
13 Sep 1955 - 20 Mar 1956 Roger Seydoux Fornier de Clausonne (b. 1908 - d. 1985)
�Full style (from 1735) Basha Bay Tunis, Sahib al-Mamlaka at-Tunisiyya, i.e., Pasha Bey of Tunis, Lord of the Tunisian Realm; in French Bey de Tunis, Seigneur de la R�gence de Tunis.
1473 Ottoman (or Osmanli) Empire
1 Nov 1922 Turkish State
29 Oct 1923 Turkish Republic
Rulers (title Padishah, H�nkar)�
- Osman dynasty -
6 Feb 1695 - 22 Aug 1703 Mustafa II "Gazi" (b. 1664 - d. 1703)
22 Aug 1703 - 1 Oct 1730 Ahmet III (b. 1673 - d. 1736)
2 Oct 1730 - 13 Dec 1754 Mahmut I "Gazi," "Kambur" (b. 1696 - d. 1754)
14 Dec 1754 - 30 Oct 1757 Osman III (b. 1696 - d. 1757)
30 Oct 1757 - 21 Jan 1774 Mustafa III (b. 1717 - d. 1774)
21 Jan 1774 - 7 Apr 1789 Abd�lhamit I (b. 1725 - d. 1789)
7 Apr 1789 - 29 May 1807 Selim III "Cilhandar," "Ilhami" (b. 1761 - d. 1808)
29 May 1807 - 28 Jul 1808 Mustafa IV (b. 1779 - d. 1808)
28 Jul 1808 - 1 Jul 1839 Mahmut II "Adl�" (b. 1785 - d. 1839)
1 Jul 1839 - 25 Jun 1861 Abd�lmecit I "Gazi" (b. 1823 - d. 1861)
25 Jun 1861 - 30 May 1876 Abd�laziz I (b. 1830 - d. 1876)
30 May 1876 - 31 Aug 1876 Murat V (b. 1840 - d. 1904)
31 Aug 1876 - 27 Apr 1909 Abd�lhamit II "Gazi," "Kanli,"
"Bedros" (b. 1842 - d. 1918)
27 Apr 1909 - 3 Jul 1918 Mehmet V Resat "Gazi" (b. 1844 - d. 1918)
3 Jul 1918 - 1 Nov 1922 Mehmet VI Vahidettin (b. 1861 - d. 1926)
Speaker of the Turkish Grand National Assembly
1 Nov 1922 - 29 Oct 1923 Mustafa Kemal Pasha (b. 1881 - d. 1938)
Presidents
29 Oct 1923 - 10 Nov 1938 Mustafa Kemal Pasha (from 1 Jan
1935, Kemal Atat�rk) (s.a.)
10 Nov 1938 - 11 Nov 1938 Mustafa Abd�lhalik Renda (acting) (b. 1881 - d. 1957)
11 Nov 1938 - 22 May 1950 Ismet In�n� (b. 1884 - d. 1973)
22 May 1950 - 27 May 1960 Mahmut Celal Bayar (b. 1883 - d. 1986)
27 May 1960 - 28 Mar 1966 Cemal G�rsel (b. 1895 - d. 1966)
(chairman Committee of National Unity to 28 May 1960,
Head of State 28 May 1960 - 26 Oct 1961)
28 Mar 1966 - 29 Mar 1973 Cevdet Sunay (b. 1900 - d. 1982)
29 Mar 1973 - 6 Apr 1973 Tekin Ariburun (acting) (b. 1905 - d. 1993)
6 Apr 1973 - 6 Apr 1980 Fahri Korut�rk (b. 1903 - d. 1987)
6 Apr 1980 - 12 Sep 1980 Ihsan Sabri �aglayangil (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1993)
12 Sep 1980 - 9 Nov 1989 Kenan Evren (b. 1917)
(chairman National Security Council to 27 Oct 1980,
Head of State 27 Oct 1980 - 12 Nov 1982)
9 Nov 1989 - 17 Apr 1993 Turgut �zal (b. 1927 - d. 1993)
17 Apr 1993 - 16 May 1993 H�samettin Cindoruk (acting) (b. 1933)
16 May 1993 - 16 May 2000 S�leyman Demirel (b. 1924)
16 May 2000 - 28 Aug 2007 Ahmet Necdet Sezer (b. 1941)
28 Aug 2007 - Abdullah G�l (b. 1950)
Grand viziers
11 Sep 1697 - 4 Sep 1702 Amcazade H�seyin Pasha (b. 1644 - d. 1702)
4 Sep 1702 - 24 Jan 1703 Daltaban Mustafa Pasha (b. ... - d. 1703)
24 Jan 1703 - 22 Aug 1703 Rami Mehmed Pasha (b. 1654 - d. 1706)
22 Aug 1703 - 17 Nov 1703 Kavanoz Nisanci Ahmed Pasha (b. ... - d. 1705)
17 Nov 1703 - 28 Sep 1704 Damad Hasan Pasha (b. 1655 - d. 1713)
28 Sep 1704 - 25 Dec 1704 Kalaylikoz Haci Ahmed Pasha (b. 1645 - d. 1715)
25 Dec 1704 - 3 May 1706 Baltaci Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1660 - d. 1712)
3 May 1706 - 16 Jun 1710 Damad �orlulu Ali Pasha (b. 1670 - d. 1711)
16 Jun 1710 - 18 Aug 1710 K�pr�l�zade Damad Numan Pasha (b. 1670 - d. 1719)
18 Aug 1710 - 20 Nov 1711 Baltaci Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Nov 1711 - 12 Nov 1712 Aga Yusuf Pasha (b. ... - d. 1714)
12 Nov 1712 - 6 Apr 1713 Silahdar S�leyman Pasha (3rd time)
6 Apr 1713 - 27 Apr 1713 Ibrahim Hoca Pasha
27 Apr 1713 - 5 Aug 1716 Sehid Damad Silahdar Ali Pasha (b. 1667 - d. 1716)
5 Aug 1716 - 26 Aug 1717 Haci Halil Pasha (b. 1655 - d. 1733)
26 Aug 1717 - 9 May 1718 Nisanci Mehmed Pasha (b. 1670 - d. 1728)
9 May 1718 - 1 Oct 1730 Nevsehirli Damad Ibrahim Pasha (b. 1670 - d. 1730)
1 Oct 1730 - 22 Jan 1731 Damad Silahdar Mehmed Pasha (b. ... - d. 1737)
22 Jan 1731 - 10 Sep 1731 Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha (b. ... - d. 1742)
10 Sep 1731 - 12 Mar 1732 Topal Osman Pasha (b. ... - d. 1732/33)
12 Mar 1732 - 12 Jul 1735 Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (1st time) (b. 1689 - d. 1758)
12 Jul 1735 - 9 Jan 1736 G�rc� Ismail Pasha
9 Jan 1736 - 6 Aug 1737 Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (b. ... - d. 1756)
6 Aug 1737 - 19 Dec 1737 Muhsinzade Abdullah �elebi (b. 1660 - d. 1749)
19 Dec 1737 - 22 Mar 1739 Yegen Mehmed Pasha (b. ... - d. 1745)
22 Mar 1739 - 23 Jun 1740 Haci Ivazzade Mehmed Pasha (b. 1675 - d. 1743)
23 Jun 1740 - 21 Apr 1742 Nisanci Haci Ahmed Pasha
21 Apr 1742 - 23 Sep 1742 Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Sep 1742 - 9 Aug 1746 Said Hasan Pasha (b. 1679 - d. 1748)
9 Aug 1746 - 24 Aug 1747 Tiryaki Haci Mehmed Pasha (b. 1680 - d. 1751)
24 Aug 1747 - 3 Jan 1750 Boynuegri Seyyid Abdullah Pasha (b. ... - d. 1761)
3 Jan 1750 - 1 Jul 1752 Divitdar Mehmed Pasha
1 Jul 1752 - 15 Feb 1755 K�se Bahir Mustafa Pasha
(1st time) (b. ... - d. 1765)
15 Feb 1755 - 18 May 1755 Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
18 May 1755 - 24 Aug 1755 Naili Abdullah Pasha (b. 1698 - d. 1758)
24 Aug 1755 - 25 Oct 1755 Nisanci Biyikli Ali Pasha (b. ... - d. 1755)
25 Oct 1755 - 1 Apr 1756 Mehmed Said Pasha
1 Apr 1756 - 11 Jan 1757 K�se Bahir Mustafa Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Jan 1757 - 8 Apr 1763 Koca Mehmed Ragib Pasha (b. 1698 - d. 1763)
8 Apr 1763 - 1 Nov 1763 Hamza Hamid Pasha (b. 1700 - d. 1770)
1 Nov 1763 - 28 Mar 1765 K�se Bahir Mustafa Pasha
(3rd time) (s.a.)
28 Mar 1765 - 7 Aug 1768 Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1706 - d. 1773)
7 Aug 1768 - 20 Oct 1768 Silahdar Mahir Hamza Pasha (b. 1727 - d. 1768)
20 Oct 1768 - 12 Aug 1769 Yaglik�izade Nisani Mehmed Emin
Pasha (b. 1723 - d. 1769)
12 Aug 1769 - 12 Dec 1769 Moldovanci Ali Pasha
12 Dec 1769 - 25 Oct 1770 Ivazzade Halil Pasha (b. 1724 - d. 1777)
25 Oct 1770 - 11 Dec 1771 Silahdar Mehmed Pasha (b. 1710 - d. 1771)
11 Dec 1771 - 4 Aug 1774 Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Aug 1774 - 6 Jul 1775 Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1732 - d. 1783)
6 Jul 1775 - 5 Dec 1777 Dervis Mehmed Pasha (b. 1729/30 - d. 1777)
5 Dec 1777 - 1 Sep 1778 Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha (b. 1716 - d. 1784)
1 Sep 1778 - 21 Aug 1779 Kalafat Mehmed Pasha (b. ... - d. 1792)
21 Aug 1779 - 20 Feb 1781 Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (b. 1735 - d. 1781)
20 Feb 1781 - 25 Aug 1782 Izzet Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Aug 1782 - 31 Dec 1782 Yegen Haci Mehmed Pasha (b. 1726 - d. 1786)
31 Dec 1782 - 31 Mar 1785 Halil Hamid Pasha (b. 1736 - d. 1785)
31 Mar 1785 - 24 Jan 1786 Sahin Ali Pasha (b. ... - d. 1789)
24 Jan 1786 - 20 May 1789 Koca Yusuf Pasha (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1800)
20 May 1789 - 3 Dec 1789 Kethuda �erkes Hasan Pasha (b. ... - d. 1810)
3 Dec 1789 - 30 Mar 1790 Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha (b. 1713 - d. 1790)
30 Mar 1790 - 15 Feb 1791 Rus�uklu Cezayirli Hasan Serif
Pasha (b. ... - d. 1791)
15 Feb 1791 - 4 May 1792 Koca Yusuf Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 May 1792 - 19 Oct 1794 Damad Melek Mehmed Pasha (b. 1720 - d. 1802)
19 Oct 1794 - 30 Aug 1798 Izzet Mehmed Pasha (b. 1743 - d. 1812)
30 Aug 1798 - 24 Apr 1805 Yusuf Ziya�ddin Pasha (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1818)
24 Apr 1805 - 14 Nov 1806 Hafiz Ismail Pasha
14 Nov 1806 - 18 Jun 1807 Hilmi Ibrahim Pasha
18 Jun 1807 - 28 Jul 1808 �elebi Mustafa Pasha (b. ... - d. 1810)
28 Jul 1808 - 15 Nov 1808 Alemdar Mustafa Pasha "Bayrakdar" (b. 1755/56 - d. 1808)
15 Nov 1808 - 1 Jan 1809 Memis Pasha (b. ... - d. 1809)
1 Jan 1809 - 10 Apr 1811 Yusuf Ziya�ddin Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Apr 1811 - 5 Sep 1812 Laz Ahmed Pasha
5 Sep 1812 - 1 Apr 1815 Hursid Ahmed Pasha (b. ... - d. 1822)
1 Apr 1815 - 5 Jan 1818 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1st time) (b. 1780 - d. 1859)
5 Jan 1818 - 5 Jan 1820 Dervis Mehmed Pasha (b. 1765 - d. 1837)
5 Jan 1820 - 26 Mar 1821 Seyyid Ali Pasha
28 Mar 1821 - 30 Apr 1821 Benderli Ali Pasha
30 Apr 1821 - 10 Nov 1822 Haci Salih Pasha
10 Nov 1822 - 10 Mar 1823 Hamdullah Abdullah Pasha (b. ... - d. 1823)
10 Mar 1823 - 13 Dec 1823 Silahdar Ali Pasha
13 Dec 1823 - 14 Sep 1824 Mehmed Said Galip Pasha (b. 1763/64 - d. 1829)
14 Sep 1824 - 24 Oct 1828 Benderli Selim Sirri Pasha (b. 1771 - d. 1831)
24 Oct 1828 - 28 Jan 1829 Izzet Mehmet Pasha (1st time)
28 Jan 1829 - 18 Feb 1833 Resid Mehmed Pasha (b. ... - d. 1836)
18 Feb 1833 - 2 Jul 1839 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Jul 1839 - 8 Jun 1840 Mehmed H�srev Pasha (b. c.1756 - d. 1855)
8 Jun 1840 - 4 Dec 1841 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
4 Dec 1841 - 30 Aug 1842 Izzet Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
30 Aug 1842 - 28 Sep 1846 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
28 Jul 1846 - 29 Apr 1848 Mustafa Resid Pasha (1st time) (b. 1800 - d. 1858)
29 Apr 1848 - 12 Aug 1848 Ibrahim Sarim Pasha (b. 1801 - d. 1853)
12 Aug 1848 - 26 Jan 1852 Mustafa Resid Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Jan 1852 - 5 Mar 1852 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)
5 Mar 1852 - 6 Aug 1852 Mustafa Resid Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
6 Aug 1852 - 3 Oct 1852 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (1st time) (b. 1815 - d. 1871)
3 Oct 1852 - 14 May 1853 Damad Mehmed Ali Pasha (b. 1813 - d. 1868)
14 May 1853 - 29 May 1854 Mustafa Naili Pasha (1st time) (b. 1798 - d. 1871)
29 May 1854 - 23 Nov 1854 Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1813 - d. 1865)
23 Nov 1854 - 2 May 1855 Mustafa Resid Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
2 May 1855 - 1 Nov 1856 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Nov 1856 - 6 Aug 1857 Mustafa Resid Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)
6 Aug 1857 - 22 Oct 1857 Mustafa Naili Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Oct 1857 - 7 Jan 1858 Mustafa Resid Pasha (6th time) (s.a.)
7 Jan 1858 - 18 Oct 1859 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
18 Nov 1859 - 24 Dec 1859 Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Dec 1859 - 28 May 1860 M�tercim Mehmed R�st� Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1811 - d. 1882)
28 May 1860 - 6 Aug 1861 Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
6 Aug 1861 - 22 Nov 1861 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
22 Nov 1861 - 5 Jan 1863 Ke�ecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1815 - d. 1869)
5 Jan 1863 - 1 Jun 1863 Yusuf Kamil Pasha (b. 1808 - d. 1876)
1 Jun 1863 - 5 Jun 1866 Ke�ecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Jun 1866 - 11 Feb 1867 M�tercim Mehmed R�st� Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Feb 1867 - 7 Sep 1871 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)
7 Sep 1871 - 31 Jul 1872 Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1st time) (b. 1818 - d. 1883)
31 Jul 1872 - 19 Oct 1872 Midhat Pasha (1st time) (b. 1822 - d. 1884)
19 Oct 1872 - 15 Mar 1873 M�tercim Mehmed R�st� Pasha
(3rd time) (s.a.)
15 Mar 1873 - 15 Apr 1873 Mehmed Esad Pasha (1st time) (b. 1828 - d. 1875)
15 Apr 1873 - 15 Feb 1874 Sirvanizade Mehmed R�st� Pasha (b. 1828 - d. 1874)
15 Feb 1874 - 26 Apr 1875 H�seyin Avni Pasha (b. 1820 - d. 1876)
26 Apr 1875 - 26 Aug 1875 Mehmed Esad Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Aug 1875 - 12 May 1876 Mahmud Nedim Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 May 1876 - 19 Dec 1876 M�tercim Mehmed R�st� Pasha
(4th time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1876 - 5 Feb 1877 Midhat Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Feb 1877 - 11 Jan 1878 Tunuslu Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (b. 1818 - d. 1893)
Chief ministers
11 Jan 1878 - 4 Feb 1878 Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (b. 1826 - d. 1885)
4 Feb 1878 - 18 Apr 1878 Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1st time) (b. 1823 - d. 1891)
18 Apr 1878 - 28 May 1878 Mehmed Sadik Pasha (b. 1825 - d. 1901)
28 May 1878 - 4 Jun 1878 M�tercim Mehmed R�st� Pasha (s.a.)
4 Jun 1878 - 4 Dec 1878 Mehmed Esad Saffet Pasha (b. 1814 - d. 1883)
4 Dec 1878 - 29 Jul 1879 Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha (b. 1821 - d. 1890)
29 Jul 1879 - 18 Oct 1879 Arifi Pasha (b. 1830 - d. 1895)
18 Oct 1879 - 9 Jun 1880 K���k Mehmed Said Pasha (1st time) (b. 1838 - d. 1914)
9 Jun 1880 - 12 Sep 1880 Mehmed Kadri Pasha
12 Sep 1880 - 2 May 1882 K���k Mehmed Said Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 May 1882 - 12 Jul 1882 Nureddin Pasha
12 Jul 1882 - 1 Dec 1882 K���k Mehmed Said Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Dec 1882 - 3 Dec 1882 Ahmed Vefik Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Grand viziers
3 Dec 1882 - 25 Sep 1885 K���k Mehmed Said Pasha (1st time) (s.a.)
25 Sep 1885 - 4 Sep 1891 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1832 - d. 1913)
4 Sep 1891 - 8 Jun 1895 Ahmed Cevad Pasha (b. 1851 - d. 1900)
8 Jun 1895 - 2 Oct 1895 K���k Mehmed Said Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Oct 1895 - 7 Nov 1895 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Nov 1895 - 9 Nov 1901 Halil Rifat Pasha (b. 1820 - d. 1901)
9 Nov 1901 - 14 Jan 1903 K���k Mehmed Said Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
14 Jan 1903 - 22 Jul 1908 Mehmed Ferid Pasha (b. 1852 - d. 1914)
22 Jul 1908 - 5 Aug 1908 K���k Mehmed Said Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
5 Aug 1908 - 14 Feb 1909 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha
(3rd time) (s.a.)
14 Feb 1909 - 14 Apr 1909 H�seyin Hilmi Pasha (1st time) (b. 1855 - d. 1922)
14 Apr 1909 - 5 May 1909 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (1st time) (b. 1845 - d. 1936)
5 May 1909 - 12 Jan 1910 H�seyin Hilmi Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Jan 1910 - 30 Sep 1911 Ibrahim Hakki Pasha (b. 1863 - d. 1918)
30 Sep 1911 - 22 Jul 1912 K���k Mehmed Said Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)
22 Jul 1912 - 29 Oct 1912 Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (b. 1839 - d. 1918)
29 Oct 1912 - 23 Jan 1913 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha
(4th time) (s.a.)
23 Jan 1913 - 11 Jun 1913 Mahmud Sevket Pasha (b. 1856 - d. 1913)
12 Jun 1913 - 4 Feb 1917 Said Halim Pasha (b. 1865 - d. 1921)
4 Feb 1917 - 14 Oct 1918 Mehmed Talat Pasha (b. 1874 - d. 1921)
14 Oct 1918 - 11 Nov 1918 Ahmed Izzet Pasha (b. 1864 - d. 1937)
11 Nov 1918 - 4 Mar 1919 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Mar 1919 - 2 Oct 1919 Damad Adil Ferid Pasha (1st time) (b. 1854 - d. 1923)
2 Oct 1919 - 8 Mar 1920 Ali Riza Pasha (b. 1859 - d. 1932)
8 Mar 1920 - 5 Apr 1920 Salih Pasha (b. 1864 - d. 1939)
5 Apr 1920 - 21 Oct 1920 Damad Adil Ferid Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Oct 1920 - 4 Nov 1922 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
Prime ministers (in opposition until 4 Nov 1922)
24 Jan 1921 - 12 Jul 1922 Fevzi Pasha (b. 1876 - d. 1950)
12 Jul 1922 - 14 Aug 1923 H�seyin Rauf Bey (b. 1881 - d. 1964)
14 Aug 1923 - 30 Oct 1923 Ali Fethi Bey (1st time) (b. 1880 - d. 1943)
30 Oct 1923 - 21 Nov 1924 Ismet Pasha (1st time) (s.a.)
21 Nov 1924 - 6 Mar 1925 Ali Fethi Bey (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Mar 1925 - 27 Sep 1937 Ismet Pasha (from 1 Jan 1935,
Ismet In�n�) (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Sep 1937 - 25 Jan 1939 Mahmut Celal Bayar (s.a.)
25 Jan 1939 - 8 Jul 1942 Refik Saydam (b. 1881 - d. 1942)
9 Jul 1942 - 7 Aug 1946 S�kr� Saracoglu (b. 1887 - d. 1953)
7 Aug 1946 - 9 Sep 1947 Recep Peker (b. 1889 - d. 1950)
9 Sep 1947 - 16 Jan 1949 Hasan Saka (b. 1886 - d. 1960)
16 Jan 1949 - 22 May 1950 Semsettin G�naltay (b. 1883 - d. 1961)
22 May 1950 - 27 May 1960 Adnan Menderes (b. 1899 - d. 1961)
28 May 1960 - 30 Oct 1961 Cemal G�rsel (s.a.)
30 Oct 1961 - 20 Nov 1961 Fahri �zdilek (acting) (b. 1898 - d. 1989)
20 Nov 1961 - 21 Feb 1965 Ismet In�n� (3rd time) (s.a.)
21 Feb 1965 - 27 Oct 1965 Suat Hayri �rg�pl� (b. 1903 - d. 1981)
27 Oct 1965 - 26 Mar 1971 S�leyman Demirel (1st time) (s.a.)
26 Mar 1971 - 17 Apr 1972 Nihat Erim (b. 1912 - d. 1980)
17 Apr 1972 - 15 Apr 1973 Ferit Melen (b. 1906 - d. 1988)
15 Apr 1973 - 25 Jan 1974 Naim Talu (b. 1919 - d. 1998)
25 Jan 1974 - 17 Nov 1974 B�lent Ecevit (1st time) (b. 1925 - d. 2006)
17 Nov 1974 - 31 Mar 1975 Sadi Irmak (b. 1904 - d. 1990)
31 Mar 1975 - 21 Jun 1977 S�leyman Demirel (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Jun 1977 - 11 Jul 1977 B�lent Ecevit (2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Jul 1977 - 5 Jan 1978 S�leyman Demirel (3rd time) (s.a.)
5 Jan 1978 - 12 Nov 1979 B�lent Ecevit (3rd time) (s.a.)
12 Nov 1979 - 12 Sep 1980 S�leyman Demirel (4th time) (s.a.)
20 Sep 1980 - 13 Dec 1983 B�lent Ulusu (b. 1923)
13 Dec 1983 - 31 Oct 1989 Turgut �zal (s.a.)
31 Oct 1989 - 9 Nov 1989 Ali Bozer (acting) (b. 1925)
9 Nov 1989 - 23 Jun 1991 Yildirim Akbulut (b. 1935)
23 Jun 1991 - 20 Nov 1991 Mesut Yilmaz (1st time) (b. 1947)
20 Nov 1991 - 16 May 1993 S�leyman Demirel (5th time) (s.a.)
16 May 1993 - 25 Jun 1993 Erdal In�n� (acting) (b. 1926 - d. 2007)
25 Jun 1993 - 6 Mar 1996 Tansu �iller (f) (b. 1946)
6 Mar 1996 - 28 Jun 1996 Mesut Yilmaz (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Jun 1996 - 30 Jun 1997 Necmettin Erbakan (b. 1926)
30 Jun 1997 - 11 Jan 1999 Mesut Yilmaz (3rd time) (s.a.)
11 Jan 1999 - 18 Nov 2002 B�lent Ecevit (4th time) (s.a.)
18 Nov 2002 - 14 Mar 2003 Abdullah G�l (s.a.)
14 Mar 2003 - Recep Tayyip Erdogan (b. 1954)
�The full style of the rulers was, since about 1500, Sultan H�n N.N., Padishah, H�nkar, Hakan �l-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn. Padishah is pure Persian for Great King, H�nkar is a contraction of Middle Persian Khudavendigar, originally an epithet of semi-divine status, Hakan is the Mongol style of the successors of Chinggiz
Han, and �l-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn is Arabic al-Barrayn wa al-Bahrayn, meaning literally "of both lands and both seas." Sultan is an Aramaism in Arabic, originally meaning "power," and only gradually being made into a style for rulers. In the Ottoman system every close relative of the ruler, male and female, was styled Sultan, either before or after the name.
5 Sep 1938 Sanjak of Alexandretta separated from Syria as State of Hatay 23 Jul 1939 incorporated into Turkey Head of State 5 Sep 1938 - 23 Jul 1939 Tayfur S�kmen (b. 1892 - d. 1980)
Prime minister 5 Sep 1938 - 23 Jul 1939 Abdurrahman Melek (b. 1896 - d. 1978)
27 Oct 1924 Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic proclaimed
13 May 1925 accession to the Soviet Union (see Soviet republics)
27 Oct 1991 independence declared (Turkmenistan)
25 Dec 1991 final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.)
Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee
Oct 1924 - Dec 1924 Kaikhaziz Sardarovich Atabayev (b. 1887 - d. 1937)
Dec 1924 - Feb 1925 Nedirbay Aytakov (b. 1894 - d. 1938)
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee
Feb 1925 - Aug 1937 Nedirbay Aytakov (s.a.)
Presidents
2 Nov 1990 - 21 Dec 2006 Saparmurat Niyazov
(from 22 Oct 1993:) "Turkmenbashi" (b. 1940 - d. 2006)
21 Dec 2006 - Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov (b. 1957)
(acting to 14 Feb 2007)
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
Feb 1925 - Aug 1937 Kaikhaziz Sardarovich Atabayev (s.a.)
Prime minister
30 Oct 1990 - 13 Nov 1991 Khan Akhmedov (b. 1936 - d. 2006)
1799 part of Bahamas
1848 separate colony
1874 part of Jamaica
4 Jul 1959 separate colony; part of the Federation of the West Indies
(see under Trinidad and Tobago) to 31 May 1962
Council Presidents
1848 - 1854 Frederick Henry Alexander Forth
1854 - 1862 William Robert Inglis (b. 1823 - d. 1888)
1862 - 1869 Alexander Wilson Moir
1869 - 1872 Alexander Augustus Melfort
Campbell
1872 - 1874 Daniel Thomas Smith
Commissioners
1874 - 1878 Daniel Thomas Smith
1878 Edward Noel Walker
1878 - 1883 Robert Baxter Llewelyn (b. 1845 - d. 1919)
1883 - 1885 Frederick Shedden Sanguinetti (b. 1847 - d. 1906)
1885 - 1888 Henry Moore Jackson
1888 - 1891 Alexis Wynns Harriott
1891 - 1893 Henry Huggins
1893 - 1899 Edward John Cameron (b. 1858 - d. 1947)
1899 - 1901 Geoffrey Peter St. Aubyn (b. 1858 - d. 19...)
1901 - 1905 William Douglas Young (b. 1859 - d. 1943)
1905 - 1914 Frederick Henry Watkins (b. 1859 - d. 1928)
1914 - 1923 George Whitfield Smith
1923 - 1932 Harold Ernest Phillips (b. 1877 - d. 1941)
1933 - 1934 Hugh Houston Hutchings (b. 1869 - d. 1937)
1934 - 1936 Frank Cecil Clarkson
1936 - 1940 Hugh Charles Norwood Hill
1940 - 1946 Edwin Porter Arrowsmith (b. 1909 - d. 1992)
1947 - 1952 Cyril Eric Wool-Lewis
1952 - 1955 Peter Bleackley
1955 - 1958 Ernest Gordon Lewis (b. 1918 - d. 2006)
1958 - 4 Jul 1959 Geoffrey Colin Guy (b. 1921 - d. 2006)
Administrators
4 Jul 1959 - 1965 Geoffrey Colin Guy (s.a.)
1965 Robert Everard Wainwright
(1st time) (b. 1913 - d. 1990)
1965 - 1967 John Anthony Golding (b. 1920)
1967 - 1971 Robert Everard Wainwright
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1971 - Apr 1973 Alexander Graham Mitchell (b. 1923)
Governors
Apr 1973 - May 1975 Alexander Graham Mitchell (s.a.)
May 1975 - Jul 1978 Arthur Christopher Watson (b. 1927 - d. 2001)
Aug 1978 - Sep 1982 John Clifford Strong (b. 1922)
Oct 1982 - Jan 1987 Christopher J. Turner (b. 1933)
Jan 1987 - Jun 1993 Michael Bradley (b. 1933 - d. 2010)
Jun 1993 - Sep 1996 Martin Bourke (b. 1947)
Oct 1996 - Jan 2000 John Kelly (b. 1941)
27 Jan 2000 - 26 Nov 2002 Mervyn Jones (b. 1942)
26 Nov 2002 - 16 Dec 2002 Cynthia Astwood (f) (acting) (b. 1946)
16 Dec 2002 - 21 Jun 2005 Jim Poston (b. 1945 - d. 2007)
21 Jun 2005 - 11 Jul 2005 Mahala Wynns (f) (1st time) (b. 1948)
(acting)
11 Jul 2005 - 16 Jul 2008 Richard Tauwhare (b. 1959)
16 Jul 2008 - 5 Aug 2008 Mahala Wynns (f) (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
5 Aug 2008 - Gordon Wetherell (b. 1948)
Chief ministers
Aug 1976 - 9 May 1980 J.A.G.S. McCartney (b. 1945 - d. 1980)
19 Jun 1980 - Nov 1980 Oswald O. Skippings (1st time) (b. 1953)
Nov 1980 - 28 Mar 1985 Norman B. Saunders (b. 1943)
28 Mar 1985 - 24 Jul 1986 Nathaniel J.S. Francis (b. 1912 - d. 2004)
Jul 1986 - May 1987 Advisory Council (interim)
- Ariel Misick (b. 1951)
- Emmanuel Missick
- Clement Howell (b. 1935 - d. 1987)
- Carlos W. Simons (b. 1954)
May 1987 - Mar 1988 Advisory Council (interim)
- Daniel Malcolm
- Tom Lightbourne
- Herbie Ingham
Mar 1988 - Apr 1991 Oswald O. Skippings (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1991 - 3 Feb 1995 Washington Misick (b. 1950)
3 Feb 1995 - 15 Aug 2003 Derek Taylor (b. 1951)
15 Aug 2003 - 9 Aug 2006 Michael Misick (b. 1966)
Premiers
9 Aug 2006 - 23 Mar 2009 Michael Misick (s.a.)
23 Mar 2009 - 14 Aug 2009 Galmo Williams
18 Aug 2009 - Advisory Council (interim)
- Joseph Connolly
- Edith Cox (f)
- Theo Durham
- Carlton Mills
- Eugene Otuonye
- Doreen Quelch-Missick (f)
- John Smith
(plus ex officio the governor, deputy governor, chief executive,
attorney general, and permanent secretary, finance)
1892 part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (see Kiribati)
1 Oct 1975 separate dependency
1 Oct 1978 independence
Chiefs of Funafuti (title Aliki tupu)
... - ... Telematua
... - ... Kaitosuga
... - ... Tailoa I
... - ... Tailoa II
... - ... Tepaolo
... - ... Salaika
... - ... Polau
... - ... Tauasa
... - ... Silimaiau
... - ... Tila
... - ... Sokomani
... - ... Talafou
... - ... Featule
... - ... Teleke
... - ... Matavai
... - ... Iakopo
... - ... Manu
*1892 - 1902 Elia (b. 18... - d. 1902)
Commissioner
1 Oct 1975 - 1 Oct 1978 Thomas H. Layng
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
1 Oct 1978 - 1 Mar 1986 Fiatau Penitala Teo (from 2 Jun
1979, Sir Fiatau Penitala Teo) (b. 1911 - d. 1998)
1 Mar 1986 - 1 Oct 1990 Sir Tupua Leupena (b. 1922 - d. 1996)
1 Oct 1990 - 1 Dec 1993 Sir Toaripi Lauti (b. 1928)
1 Dec 1993 - 21 Jun 1994 Tomu Sione (b. 1941)
21 Jun 1994 - 26 Jun 1998 Tulaga Manuella (from 15 Feb 1996,
Sir Tulaga Manuella) (b. 1936)
26 Jun 1998 - 9 Sep 2003 Sir Tomasi Puapua (b. 1938)
9 Sep 2003 - 15 Apr 2005 Faimalaga Luka (b. 1940 - d. 2005)
15 Apr 2005 - Filoimea Telito (from 12 Jan 2007,
Sir Filoimea Telito)
Chief minister
2 Oct 1975 - 1 Oct 1978 Toalipi Lauti (s.a.)
Prime ministers
1 Oct 1978 - 8 Sep 1981 Toalipi Lauti (from 1980, Toaripi
Lauti) (s.a.)
8 Sep 1981 - 16 Oct 1989 Tomasi Puapua (s.a.)
16 Oct 1989 - 10 Dec 1993 Bikenibeu Paeniu (1st time) (b. 1956)
10 Dec 1993 - 24 Dec 1996 Kamuta Latasi (b. 1936)
24 Dec 1996 - 27 Apr 1999 Bikenibeu Paeniu (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Apr 1999 - 8 Dec 2000 Ionatana Ionatana (b. 1938? - d. 2000)
8 Dec 2000 - 24 Feb 2001 Lagitupu Tuilimu (acting)
24 Feb 2001 - 14 Dec 2001 Faimalaga Luka (s.a.)
14 Dec 2001 - 2 Aug 2002 Koloa Talake (b. 1934)
2 Aug 2002 - 27 Aug 2004 Saufatu Sopoanga (b. 1952)
27 Aug 2004 - 14 Aug 2006 Maatia Toafa (b. 1954)
(acting to 11 Oct 2004)
14 Aug 2006 - Apisai Ielemia (b. 1955)