Andorra - Angola - Anguilla - Antigua and Barbuda - Argentina - Armenia - Aruba - Australia - Austria - Azerbaijan |
8 Sep 1278 sovereignty shared between the count of Foix (France) and
the bishop of Urgel (Spain)
1589 the county of Foix becomes part of the crown lands; the
corresponding title of Andorran coprince is since held by
the French head of state
1793 - 27 Mar 1806 France renounces position of coprince
26 Jan 1812 - 1 Dec 1813 annexed by France (part of S�gre [from 7 Mar 1813,
S�gre-Ter] d�partement)
Coprinces (French heads of state)
1589 - 1793 see France
27 Mar 1806 - see France
Coprinces (bishops of Urgel)
4 Jul 1695 - 17 Jan 1714 Juli� Cano i Thebar (b. 1646 - d. 1719)
17 Sep 1714 - 27 Aug 1737 Sime� de Guinda y Ap�ztegui (b. 1669 - d. 1737)
5 May 1738 - 12 May 1747 Jordi Curado y Torreblanca (b. 1682 - d. 1749)
15 May 1747 - 2 Oct 1756 Sebasti� Josep de Victoria de
Empar�n y de Loyola (b. 1683 - d. 1756)
6 May 1757 - 8 Sep 1762 Francesc Josep Catal�n de Oc�n (b. 1701 - d. 1762)
10 May 1763 - 22 Apr 1771 Francesc Fern�ndez de X�tiva y
Contreras (b. 1704 - d. 1771)
7 Jan 1772 - 15 May 1779 Joaqu�n de Santiy�n y Valdivielso (b. 1733 - d. 1783)
27 Nov 1780 - 23 May 1783 Joan de Garc�a y Montenegro (b. 1716 - d. 1783)
31 Mar 1785 - 8 Dec 1795 Josep de Boltas i V�lez (b. 1738 - d. 1795)
29 Oct 1797 - 23 Sep 1816 Francesc Antoni de la Due�a y
Cisneros (b. 1753 - d. 1821)
28 Jul 1817 - 27 Sep 1824 Bernat Franc�s y Caballero (b. 1774 - d. 1843)
20 Dec 1824 - 22 May 1827 Isidor Bonifaci L�pez y Pulido (b. 1774 - d. 1827)
4 Nov 1828 - 22 Aug 1851 Sim� Rojas de Guardiola i
Hortoneda (b. 1773 - d. 1851)
10 Mar 1853 - 26 Aug 1879 Josep Caixal i Estrad� (b. 1803 - d. 1879)
26 Aug 1879 - 24 Sep 1901 Salvador Casa�as i Pag�s (b. 1834 - d. 1908)
(acting to 22 Sep 1879 and from 27 Jul 1901)
24 Sep 1901 - 27 Dec 1901 Ramon Riu i Cabanes (b. 1853 - d. 1901)
2 Jan 1902 - 10 Sep 1902 Toribio Mart�n (acting) (b. 1874 - d. 19...)
10 Sep 1902 - 6 Dec 1906 Joan Josep Laguarda i Fenollera (b. 1866 - d. 1913)
30 Apr 1907 - 11 Jul 1907 Josep Pujargimz� (acting)
11 Jul 1907 - 7 Jan 1919 Joan Baptista Benlloch i Viv� (b. 1864 - d. 1926)
2 Jul 1919 - 1 Jun 1920 Jaume Viladrich i Gaspa (acting) (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
1 Jun 1920 - 31 Jan 1940 Just� Guitart i Vilardeb� (b. 1875 - d. 1940)
2 Feb 1940 - 15 Apr 1943 Ricard Fornesa i Puigdemasa
(acting)
15 Apr 1943 - 19 Jun 1969 Ramon Igl�sias Navarri (b. 1889 - d. 1972)
19 Jun 1969 - 31 Jan 1971 Ramon Malla Call (acting) (b. 1922)
31 Jan 1971 - 12 May 2003 Joan Mart� Alan�s (b. 1928 - d. 2009)
12 May 2003 - Joan Enric Vives Sic�lia (b. 1949)
Personal representatives of the French coprince
Sep 1993 - Feb 1997 Jean-Yves Caullet (b. 1957)
Feb 1997 - May 1999 Pierre de Bousquet de Florian (b. 1954)
May 1999 - Jul 2002 Fr�d�ric de Saint-Sernin (b. 1958)
Jul 2002 - Jun 2007 Philippe Massoni (b. 1936)
Jun 2007 - Sep 2008 Emmanuelle Mignon (f) (b. 1968)
Sep 2008 - Christian Fr�mont (b. 1942)
Personal representative of the episcopal coprince
1993 - Nemesi Marqu�s Oste (b. 1935)
First syndics (from 4 May 1993, general syndics)
1841 - 1847 Josep Picart
1847 - 1858 Bonaventura Riba (acting)
1858 - 1861 Gil Areny
1861 - 1865 Francesc Duran (1st time)
1865 - 1866 Joaquim de Riba
1866 - 1868 Guillem Areny de Plandolit
1868 - 1875 Nicolau Duedra
1875 - 1878 Guillem Mora
1878 - 1880 Bonaventura Moles
1880 - 1881 Joan Pla Calvo
1881 Josep Palmitjavila (1st time)
1881 - 1883 Francesc Duran (2nd time)
1884 - 1885 Josep Palmitjavila (2nd time)
1886 Francesc Duran (3rd time)
1886 - 1888 Francesc Maestre
1888 - 1897 Antoni Moles
(jointly with following)
1893 - 1898 Bonaventura Maestre (1st time)
1899 - 1901 Josep Calva
1902 - 1905 Bonaventura Maestre (2nd time)
1906 - 1911 Pere Moles
1911 - 1912 Bonaventura Maestre (3rd time)
1912 - 1915 Bonaventura Moles
1915 - 1917 Pere Font (1st time)
1918 - 1920 Josep Vilanova
1920 Josep Grepa (acting)
1920 - 1923 Bonaventura Villarubia
1924 - 1927 Pere Font (2nd time)
1928 - 19 Aug 1933 Roc Pallares
Sep 1933 - 1936 Pere Torres
1936 - 1937 Francesc Moln�
1937 - 31 Dec 1960 Francesc Cairat Freixes (b. 1880? - d. 19...)
31 Dec 1960 - Dec 1966 Juli� Reig-Rib� (1st time) (b. 1911 - d. 1996)
Dec 1966 - Dec 1972 Francesc Escud� Ferrero (b. ... - d. 1996)
Dec 1972 - 29 Dec 1978 Juli� Reig-Rib� (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Dec 1978 - 4 Jan 1982 Estanislau Sangr� Font (b. 1946)
4 Jan 1982 - 12 Jan 1990 Francesc Cerqueda Pascuet (b. 1942)
12 Jan 1990 - 15 Feb 1991 Josep Maria Beal Benedico
15 Feb 1991 - 12 Apr 1992 Albert Gelabert
12 Apr 1992 - 19 Jan 1994 Jordi Farr�s Forn�
19 Jan 1994 - 10 Mar 1997 Josep Daller�s Codina (1st time) (b. 1949)
10 Mar 1997 - 17 May 2005 Francesc Areny Casal (b. 1959)
17 May 2005 - 19 May 2009 Joan Gabriel Estany (b. 1963)
19 May 2009 - Josep Daller�s Codina (2nd time) (s.a.)
Heads of government
8 Jan 1982 - 21 May 1984 �scar Ribas Reig (1st time) (b. 1936)
21 May 1984 - 12 Jan 1990 Josep Pintat-Solans (b. 1925 - d. 2007)
12 Jan 1990 - 7 Dec 1994 �scar Ribas Reig (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Dec 1994 - 27 May 2005 Marc Forn� Moln� (b. 1946)
27 May 2005 - 5 Jun 2009 Albert Pintat Santol�ria (b. 1943)
5 Jun 2009 - Jaume Bartumeu Cassany (b. 1954)
1 Feb 1575 Portuguese colony
11 Jun 1951 Portuguese overseas province
11 Nov 1975 independence (People's Republic of Angola)
27 Aug 1992 Republic of Angola
Governors
1698 - 1701 Lu�s C�sar de Meneses (b. 1653 - d. 1720)
1701 - 1702 Bernardino de Tavora de Sousa
Tavares (b. 16... - d. 1702)
1705 - 1709 Louren�o de Almada (b. c.1650 - d. 1729)
1709 - 1713 Ant�nio de Saldanha de Albuquerque
Castro e Ribafria
1713 - 1717 Jo�o Manuel de Noronha
1717 - 1722 Henrique de Figueiredo e Alarc�o
1722 - 1725 Ant�nio de Albuquerque Coelho
de Carvalho
1725 - 1726 Jos� Carvalho da Costa (acting)
1726 - 1732 Paulo Caetano de Albuquerque (b. ... - d. 1732)
1732 - 1738 Rodrigo C�sar de Meneses
1738 - 1748 Joaquim Jacques de Magalh�es (b. ... - d. 1748)
1748 - 1749 Fonseca Coutinho (acting)
1749 - 1753 Ant�nio de Almeida Soares e
Portugal, conde do Lavradio (b. 1699 - d. 1761)
1753 - 1758 Ant�nio Alvares da Cunha
1758 - 1764 Ant�nio de Vasconcelos
1764 - 1772 Francisco Inoc�ncio de Sousa
Coutinho
1772 - 1779 Ant�nio de Lencastre (b. 1721 - d. ...)
1779 - 1782 Jos� Gon�alo da Gama
1784 - 1790 Jos� de Almeida e Vasconcelos,
bar�o de Mo��medes (b. 1737 - d. 18...)
1790 - 1797 Manuel de Almeida e Vasconcelos,
visconde da Lapa
1797 - 1802 Miguel Ant�nio de Melo
1802 - 1806 Fern�o Ant�nio de Noronha
1807 - 1810 Ant�nio de Saldanha da Gama (b. 1778 - d. 1839)
1810 - 1815 Jos� de Oliveira Barbosa
1816 - 1819 Lu�s da Motta F�o e Torres (b. 1769 - d. 1823)
1819 - 1821 Manoel Vieira Tovar de Albuquerque
1821 - 1822 Joaquim In�cio de Lima
1822 - 1823 Junta
1823 Crist�v�o Avelino Dias
1823 - 1829 Nicolau de Abreu Castelo-Branco (b. 1781 - d. 18...)
1829 - 1834 Jos� Maria de Sousa Macedo Almeida
e Vasconcelos, bar�o de Santa
Comba D�o (b. 1787 - d. 1872)
1834 - 1836 Junta
1836 Domingos de Saldanha Oliveira e
Daun (b. 1800 - d. 1836)
Governors-general
1837 - 1839 Bernardo Vidal
1839 Ant�nio Manuel de Noronha (b. 1772 - d. 18...)
1839 - 1842 Manuel Eleut�rio Malheiro (acting)
1842 - 1843 Jos� Xavier Bressane Leite (b. 1780 - d. 1843)
1843 - 1845 Louren�o Germack Possolo (b. 1779 - d. 18...)
1845 - 1848 Pedro Alexandrino da Cunha (b. 1801 - d. 1850)
1848 - 1851 Adri�o de Silveiro Pinto
1851 - 1853 Ant�nio S�rgio de Sousa (b. 1809 - d. 1878)
1853 Ant�nio Ricardo Gra�a
1853 - 1854 Miguel Ximenes Rodrigues Sandoval
de Castro e Viegas, visconde de
Pinheiro (b. 1806 - d. 1884)
1854 - 1860 Jos� Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral
(1st time) (b. 1808 - d. 1873)
1860 - 1861 Carlos Augusto Franco
1861 - 1862 Sebasti�o Lopes de Calheiros e
Meneses (b. 1816 - d. 1899)
1862 - 1865 Jos� Baptista de Andrade
(1st time) (b. 1819 - d. 1902)
1865 - 1868 Francisco Ant�nio Gon�alves
Cardoso (b. 1800 - d. 1875)
1868 - 1870 Jos� Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1870 - 1873 Jos� Maria da Ponte e Horta
1873 - 1876 Jos� Baptista de Andrade
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1876 - 1878 Caetano Alexandre de Almeida
e Albuquerque (b. 1824 - d. 1916)
1878 - 1880 Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses (b. 1824 - d. 1905)
1880 - 1882 Ant�nio Eleut�rio Dantas
1882 - 1886 Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do
Amaral (b. 1844 - d. 1923)
1886 - 1892 Gilherme Auguste de Brito Capelo
(1st time)
25 Aug 1892 - Sep 1893 Jaime L�bo de Brito Godins (acting)
1893 - 1896 �lvaro Ferreira
1896 - 1897 Gilherme Auguste de Brito Capelo
(2nd time)
1897 - 1900 Ant�nio Duarte Ramada Curto
(1st time) (b. 1849 - d. 19...)
1900 - 1903 Francisco Xavier Cabral de
Oliveira Moncada
1903 - 1904 Eduardo Augusto Ferreira da Costa
(1st time) (b. 1865 - d. 1907)
1904 Cust�dio Miguel de Borja (b. 1849 - d. 19...)
1904 - 1905 Ant�nio Duarte Ramada Curto
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
1905 - 1906 Caminho de Ferro de Moss�medes
1906 - 1907 Eduardo Augusto Ferreira da Costa
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1907 - Jun 1909 Henrique Mitchell de Paiva
Couceiro (b. 1861 - d. 1944)
1909 �lvaro Ant�nio da Costa Ferreira (b. 1853 - d. 1933)
(acting)
1909 - 1910 Jos� Augusto Alves Ro�adas (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
1910 - 1911 Caetano Francisco Cl�udio Eug�nio
Gon�alves (acting)
1911 - 1912 Manuel Maria Coelho (b. 1857 - d. 1943)
1912 - 1915 Jos� Mendes Ribeiro Norton de
Matos (b. 1867 - d. 1955)
1915 - 1916 Ant�nio J�lio da Costa Pereira de
E�a
1916 - 1917 Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim (b. 1862 - d. 1929)
1917 - 1918 Jaime Alberto de Castro Morais (b. 1882 - d. 1973)
1918 - 1919 Filomeno da C�mara Melo Cabral (b. 1873 - d. 1934)
1919 - 1920 Ant�nio Nogueira Mimoso Guerra (b. 1867 - d. 1950)
(acting)
1920 - 1921 Francisco Coelho do Amaral Reis,
visconde de Pedralva (b. 1873 - d. 1938)
High commissioners and governors-general
1921 - 1924 Jos� Mendes Ribeiro Norton de
Matos (s.a.)
1924 Jo�o Augusto Crispiniano Soares
1924 - 1926 Francisco Cunha R�go Ch�ves
1926 - 1928 Ant�nio Vicente Ferreira
1928 - 1929 Ant�nio Damas Mora (acting)
1929 - 1931 Filomeno da C�mara
1931 - 1933 Jos� Dionisio Carneiro de Sousa
e Faro
1933 - 1935 Eduardo Ferreira Viana
1936 - 1940 Ant�nio Lopes Matheus
1940 - 1942 Manoel da Cunha e Costa Marques
Mano
1942 - 1943 �lvaro de Freitas Morna
1943 - 1947 Vasco Lopes Alves (b. 1898)
1948 - 1955 Jos� Agapito de Silva Carvalho
1955 - 1956 Manoel de Gusm�o Mascarenhas
Gaiv�o (b. 1901)
1957 - Jan 1960 Horacio Jos� de S� Viana Rebelo (b. 1910 - d. 1995)
15 Jan 1960 - Jun 1961 �lvaro Rodrigues da Silva Tavares (b. 1915)
23 Jun 1961 - 26 Sep 1962 Ven�ncio Augusto Deslandes (b. 1909 - d. 1985)
Sep 1962 - 1966 Silvino Silv�rio Marques
(1st time) (b. 1918)
27 Oct 1966 - 1972 Camilo Augusto de Miranda Rebocho
Vaz (b. 1920)
Oct 1972 - May 1974 Fernando Augusto Santos e Castro (b. 1922 - d. 1983)
May 1974 - 15 Jun 1974 Joaquim Franco Pinheiro (acting)
15 Jun 1974 - 24 Jul 1974 Silvino Silv�rio Marques
(2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Jul 1974 - 28 Jan 1975 Ant�nio Alva Rosa Coutinho (b. 1926)
(acting to 29 Nov 1974)
28 Jan 1975 - 2 Aug 1975 Ant�nio Silva Cardoso (b. 1928)
2 Aug 1975 - 26 Aug 1975 Ernesto Ferreira de Macedo
(acting)
26 Aug 1975 - 10 Nov 1975 Leonel Cardoso (b. 1919 - d. 1988)
Presidents
11 Nov 1975 - 10 Sep 1979 Agostinho Neto (b. 1922 - d. 1979)
10 Sep 1979 - Jos� Eduardo dos Santos (b. 1942)
(acting to 21 Sep 1979)
Prime ministers
11 Nov 1975 - 9 Dec 1978 Lopo do Nascimento (b. 1942)
19 Jul 1991 - 2 Dec 1992 Fernando Jos� de Fran�a Dias
Van-D�nem (1st time) (b. 1934)
2 Dec 1992 - 3 Jun 1996 Marcolino Moco (b. 1953)
3 Jun 1996 - 29 Jan 1999 Fernando Jos� de Fran�a Dias
Van-D�nem (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Dec 2002 - 30 Sep 2008 Fernando da Piedade Dias dos
Santos (b. 1952)
30 Sep 2008 - 5 Feb 2010 Paulo Kassoma (b. 1951)
Presidents of the Joint National Council for the Revolution
11 Nov 1975 - Feb 1976 Holden Roberto (b. 1923 - d. 2007)
+ Jonas Savimbi (b. 1934 - d. 2002)
Prime ministers
23 Nov 1975 - Feb 1976 Jos� Ndele (b. 1940)
+ Johnny Eduardo Pinnock (b. 1942 - d. 2000)
1882 part of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
(see Saint Kitts and Nevis)
12 Jul 1967 independence proclaimed (not recognized by U.K.)
6 Feb 1969 Republic of Anguilla proclaimed
19 Dec 1980 Anguilla becomes a separate dependency de jure
Presidents
12 Jul 1967 - 4 Aug 1967 Peter Adams (b. ... - d. ...)
4 Aug 1967 - 1967 Ronald Webster (b. 1926)
Chief Executive and Chairman of the Anguilla Council
1967 - 1968 Ronald Webster (1st time) (s.a.)
Commissioner
8 Jan 1968 - Jan 1969 Anthony Lee (1st time) (b. 1923?)
Chief Executive and Chairman of the Anguilla Council
Jan 1969 - 19 Mar 1969 Ronald Webster (2nd time) (s.a.)
Commissioners
19 Mar 1969 - 20 Apr 1969 Anthony Lee (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Apr 1969 - 1969 John Alfred Cumber (b. 1920 - d. 1991)
1969 - 1971 Willoughby Harry Thompson (b. 1919)
1971 - 1974 Arthur Christopher Watson (b. 1927 - d. 2001)
1974 - 1978 David Le Breton (b. 1931)
1978 - Apr 1982 Charles Harry Godden (b. 1922)
Governors
Apr 1982 - 1983 Charles Harry Godden (s.a.)
Nov 1983 - 1987 Alastair Turner Baillie (b. 1932 - d. 2009)
1987 - 1989 Geoffrey Owen Whittaker (b. 1932)
1989 - 1992 Brian G.J. Canty (b. 1931)
14 Aug 1992 - 1995 Alan W. Shave (b. 1936)
3 Nov 1995 - Dec 1996 Alan Hoole (b. 1942 - d. 2000)
Dec 1996 - 27 Jan 2000 Robert Harris (b. 1941)
(acting to 29 May 1997)
27 Jan 2000 - 4 Feb 2000 Roger Cousins (acting)
4 Feb 2000 - 29 Apr 2004 Peter Johnstone (b. 1944)
29 Apr 2004 - 28 May 2004 Mark Capes (1st time) (acting) (b. 1954?)
28 May 2004 - 2 Jun 2006 Alan Huckle (b. 1948)
2 Jun 2006 - 10 Jul 2006 Mark Capes (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
10 Jul 2006 - 11 Mar 2009 Andrew George (b. 1952)
11 Mar 2009 - 21 Apr 2009 Stanley Reid (acting) (b. 1968?)
21 Apr 2009 - Alistair Harrison (b. 1954)
Chief ministers
10 Feb 1976 - 2 Feb 1977 Ronald Webster (1st time) (s.a.)
2 Feb 1977 - May 1980 Emile Gumbs (1st time) (b. 1928)
May 1980 - 12 Mar 1984 Ronald Webster (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Mar 1984 - 18 Mar 1994 Emile Gumbs (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Mar 1994 - 6 Mar 2000 Hubert Hughes (1st time) (b. 1933)
6 Mar 2000 - 16 Feb 2010 Osbourne Fleming (b. 1940)
16 Feb 2010 - Hubert Hughes (2nd time) (s.a.)
1632 British colony (Antigua)
1671 - 1816 part of Leeward Islands
1833 - 1 Jan 1960 part of Leeward Islands (Antigua, British Virgin Islands,
Dominica [to 1940], Montserrat, Saint Christopher-Nevis-
Anguilla)
3 Jan 1958 - 31 May 1962 part of the Federation of the West Indies
(see under Trinidad and Tobago)
27 Feb 1967 associated state
1 Nov 1981 independence as Antigua and Barbuda
1871 Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands
1 Jul 1956 Territory of the Leeward Islands
1 Jan 1960 dissolved
Governors
May 1699 - Feb 1704 Christopher Codrington, Jr. (b. 1668 - d. 1710)
Feb 1704 - Jul 1704 John Johnson (1st time) (acting) (b. 16... - d. 1706)
Jul 1704 - 4 Dec 1704 Sir William Mathew (b. 16... - d. 1704)
Dec 1704 - Jul 1706 John Johnson (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
Jul 1706 - 7 Dec 1710 Daniel Parke (b. 1669 - d. 1710)
Dec 1710 - 1711 Walter Hamilton (1st time)
(acting)
1711 - 1714 Walter Douglas
1714 - 1715 William Mathew, Jr. (1st time) (b. 16... - d. 1752)
(acting)
1715 - 1721 Walter Hamilton (2nd time)
1721 - 1728 John Hart (b. ... - d. 1740)
Aug 1728 - 12 Sep 1729 Thomas Pitt, Earl of Londonderry (b. c.1668 - d. 1729)
1729 William Cosby (acting) (b. 1690 - d. 1736)
1729 - 1752 William Mathew, Jr. (2nd time) (s.a.)
1753 - 1766 George Thomas (b. c.1695 - d. 1774)
1766 - 1768 James Vercild
1768 - 1771 William Woodley (1st time) (b. 1728 - d. 1793)
1771 - 1776 Sir Ralph Payne (1st time) (b. 1738 - d. 1807)
1776 - 1781 William Mathew Burt
1781 - 1788 Thomas Shirley (1st time) (b. 1727 - d. 1800)
1788 - 1790 John Nugent (b. 17... - d. 1814)
1790 - 1791 Thomas Shirley (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Aug 1791 - 1793 William Woodley (2nd time) (s.a.)
1795 - 1799 Charles Leigh
1799 - 1807 Ralph Payne, Baron Lavington
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1808 - 1814 Hugh Elliott (b. 1752 - d. 1830)
1814 - 16 Oct 1816 Sir James Leith (b. 1763 - d. 1816)
1833 - 1871 the governors of Antigua
1871 - 1873 Sir Benjamin Chilley Campbell Pine (b. 1809 - d. 1891)
1873 - 1874 Sir Henry Turner Irving (b. 1833 - d. 1923)
1874 - 1875 William Cleaver Francis Robinson (b. 1834 - d. 1897)
1875 - 1881 Sir George Berkeley (b. 1819 - d. 1905)
1881 H.J.B. Bufford-Hancock (acting)
1881 - 1884 Sir John Hawley Glover (b. 1829 - d. 1885)
1884 - 1885 Sir Charles Cameron Lees (b. 1837 - d. 1898)
1885 Charles Monroe Eldridge (acting) (b. ... - d. 1888)
1885 - 1888 Jenico William Joseph Preston,
Viscount Gormanston (b. 1837 - d. 1907)
1888 Sir Charles Bullen Hugh Mitchell (b. 1836 - d. 1899)
(acting)
1888 - 1895 Sir William Frederick Haynes Smith (b. 1839 - d. 1928)
1895 - 1901 Sir Francis Fleming (b. 1842 - d. 1922)
1901 - 1902 Sir Henry Moore Jackson (b. 1849 - d. 1908)
1902 - 1904 Sir Gerald Strickland (b. 1861 - d. 1940)
1904 - 1905 Sir Clement Courtenay Knollys (b. 1849 - d. 1905)
1906 - 1912 Sir Ernest Bickham Sweet-Escott (b. 1857 - d. 1941)
1912 - 1916 Sir Hesketh Bell (b. 1864 - d. 1952)
1916 - 1921 Sir Edward Marsh Merewether (b. 1858 - d. 1938)
1921 - 1929 Sir Eustace Edward
Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes (b. 1864 - d. 1943)
1929 - 1936 Sir Thomas Reginald St. Johnston (b. 1881 - d. 1950)
1936 - 1941 Sir Gordon James Lethem (b. 1886 - d. 1962)
1941 - 1943 Sir Douglas James Jardine (b. 1888 - d. 1946)
1943 - 1947 Sir Leslie Brian Freeston (b. 1892 - d. 1958)
1947 - 1948 W.R. Macnie (acting)
1948 - 17 Sep 1950 Oliver Ridsdale Baldwin, Earl
Baldwin of Bewdley (b. 1899 - d. 1958)
17 Sep 1950 - 18 Oct 1956 Kenneth Blackburne (from 1952,
Sir Kenneth Blackburne) (b. 1907 - d. 1980)
18 Oct 1956 - 1 Jan 1960 Alexander Thomas Williams
(from 1958, Sir Alexander
Thomas Williams) (b. 1903 - d. 1984)
Deputy governors
1698 - 1715 John Yeamans
1715 - 4 Dec 1741 Edward Byam (b. 1662 - d. 1741)
1742 - 1747 George Lucas
1747 - 1816 none
Governors
1816 - 1819 George William Ramsay (b. 1770 - d. 1838)
1819 - 1826 Sir Benjamin D'Urban (b. 1777 - d. 1849)
1826 - 1832 Sir Patrick Ross
1832 - 1836 Evan John Murray MacGregor (b. 1785 - d. 1841)
(acting to 1834)
1837 - 1842 Sir William MacBean George
Colebrooke (b. 1787 - d. 1870)
1842 - 1846 Sir Charles Augustus Fitzroy (b. 1796 - d. 1858)
1847 - 1850 James Macaulay Higginson (b. 1805 - d. 1885)
1850 - 1855 Robert James Mackintosh
1855 - 1863 Ker Baillie Hamilton (b. 1804 - d. 1889)
1863 - 1868 Sir Stephen John Hill (b. 1809 - d. 1891)
1869 - 1871 Sir Benjamin Chilley Campbell Pine (s.a.)
Administrators
1936 Hubert Eug�ne Bader (b. 1902 - d. 1936)
1936 - 1941 James Dundas Harford (b. 1899 - d. 1993)
1941 - 1944 Herbert Boon
1944 - 1946 F.S. Harcourt
1946 - 1947 Leslie Stuart Greening (b. 1895 - d. ...)
1947 - 1954 Richard St. John Ormerod Wayne (b. 1904 - d. 1959)
1954 - 1958 Alec Lovelace (b. 1907 - d. 1981)
3 Oct 1958 - 1964 Ian Turbott (b. 1922)
6 Mar 1964 - 1966 David James Gardiner Rose (b. 1923 - d. 1969)
Governor
27 Feb 1967 - 1 Nov 1981 Wilfred E. Jacobs (from 19 Jul
1967, Sir Wilfred E. Jacobs) (b. 1919 - d. 1995)
Chief minister
1 Jan 1960 - 27 Feb 1967 Vere Cornwall Bird (b. 1910 - d. 1999)
Premiers
27 Feb 1967 - 14 Feb 1971 Vere Cornwall Bird (1st time) (s.a.)
14 Feb 1971 - Feb 1976 George Walter (b. 1928 - d. 2008)
Feb 1976 - 1 Nov 1981 Vere Cornwall Bird (2nd time) (s.a.)
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
1 Nov 1981 - 10 Jun 1993 Sir Wilfred E. Jacobs (s.a.)
10 Jun 1993 - 17 Jul 2007 James Carlisle (from 9 Nov 1993,
Sir James Carlisle) (b. 1937)
17 Jul 2007 - Louise Lake-Tack (from 17 Oct
2007, Dame Louise Lake-Tack) (f) (b. 1944)
Prime ministers
1 Nov 1981 - 9 Mar 1994 Vere Cornwall Bird (s.a.)
9 Mar 1994 - 24 Mar 2004 Lester Bird (b. 1938)
24 Mar 2004 - Baldwin Spencer (b. 1948)
1 Aug 1776 (Spanish) Viceroyalty of the R�o de la Plata
(modern Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay)
separated from Viceroyalty of Peru
25 May 1810 first autonomous government, claiming initially to rule on
behalf of deposed King Fernando VII of Spain
9 Jul 1816 independence proclaimed (United Provinces in South America)
16 Feb 1820 collapse of the national government
23 Jan 1825 United Provinces of the R�o de la Plata
4 Jan 1831 Argentine Confederation
1 Oct 1860 Argentine Nation (also styled Argentine Republic)
12 Dec 1861 collapse of the national government
12 Apr 1862 national government restored
Viceroys
Oct 1777 - 12 Jun 1778 Pedro Antonio de Ceballos Cort�s
y Calder�n (b. 1715 - d. 1778)
12 Jun 1778 - 7 Mar 1784 Juan Jos� de V�rtiz y Salcedo (b. 1719 - d. 1799)
7 Mar 1784 - 4 Dec 1789 Nicol�s Francisco Crist�bal del
Campo, marqu�s de Loreto
4 Dec 1789 - 16 Mar 1795 Nicol�s Antonio de Arredondo (b. 1740 - d. 1802)
16 Mar 1795 - 15 Apr 1797 Pedro de Melo y Portugal y Vilhena (b. 1733 - d. 1797)
2 May 1797 - 14 Mar 1799 Antonio Olaguer y Feli� Heredia
L�pez y Donec (b. 1740 - d. 1807)
14 Mar 1799 - 20 May 1801 Gabriel de Avil�s y del Fierro,
marqu�s de Avil�s (b. 1730 - d. 1810)
20 May 1801 - 11 Apr 1804 Joaqu�n del Pino y Rozas, Romero
y Negrete (b. 1729 - d. 1804)
23 Apr 1804 - 10 Feb 1807 Rafael de Sobremonte N��ez
Castillo Angulo y Bull�n Ram�rez
de Arellano, marqu�s de Sobremonte (b. 1746 - d. 1827)
(acting to 6 Oct 1804)
10 Feb 1807 - 30 Jun 1809 Santiago Antonio Mar�a de Liniers
y Bremont (acting) (b. 1753 - d. 1810)
30 Jun 1809 - 25 May 1810 Baltazar Hidalgo de Cisneros y la
Torre (b. 1775 - d. 1829)
President of the First Junta
25 May 1810 - 18 Dec 1810 Cornelio Saavedra (b. 1760 - d. 1829)
Presidents of the Big Junta
18 Dec 1810 - 26 Aug 1811 Cornelio Saavedra (s.a.)
26 Aug 1811 - 23 Sep 1811 Domingo Matheu (b. 1765 - d. 1831)
23 Sep 1811 - 8 Oct 1812 First Triumvirate
- Feliciano Antonio Chiclana (b. 1761 - d. 1826)
- Manuel de Sarratea (b. 1774 - d. 1849)
- Juan Jos� Paso (to 23 Mar 1812) (b. 1758 - d. 1833)
- Juan Mart�n de Pueyrred�n (b. 1777 - d. 1850)
(from 23 Mar 1812)
8 Oct 1812 - 31 Jan 1814 Second Triumvirate
- Juan Jos� Paso (s.a.)
- Nicol�s Rodr�guez Pe�a (b. 1775 - d. 1853)
- Antonio �lvarez Jonte (b. 1784 - d. 1820)
(to 19 Aug 1813)
- Gervasio Antonio de Posadas (b. 1757 - d. 1833)
(from 19 Aug 1813)
Supreme Directors
31 Jan 1814 - 9 Jan 1815 Gervasio Antonio de Posadas (s.a.)
9 Jan 1815 - 15 Apr 1815 Carlos Mar�a de Alvear (b. 1789 - d. 1852)
18 Apr 1815 - 20 Apr 1815 Juan Jos� Viamonte (b. 1774 - d. 1843)
20 Apr 1815 Jos� Rondeau (1st time) (b. 1775 - d. 1844)
20 Apr 1815 - 17 Apr 1816 Ignacio �lvarez Thomas (b. 1787 - d. 1857)
17 Apr 1816 - 12 Jul 1816 Antonio Gonz�lez Balcarce (b. 1774 - d. 1819)
(acting for Pueyrred�n from 3 May 1816)
3 May 1816 - 9 Jun 1819 Juan Mart�n de Pueyrred�n (s.a.)
12 Jul 1816 - 29 Jul 1816 Governmental Commission
(acting for Pueyrred�n)
- Francisco Antonio de Escalada
- Miguel de Irigoyen (b. 1764 - d. 1822)
9 Jun 1819 - 11 Feb 1820 Jos� Rondeau (2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Feb 1820 - 16 Feb 1820 Juan Aguirre L�pez (acting) (b. 1781 - d. 1837)
Governor of Buenos Aires, exercising the National Executive Power
23 Jan 1825 - 8 Feb 1826 Juan Gregorio de Las Heras (b. 1780 - d. 1866)
Presidents
8 Feb 1826 - 9 Aug 1827 Bernardino Rivadavia (b. 1780 - d. 1845)
9 Aug 1827 - 17 Aug 1827 Vicente L�pez y Planes (b. 1785 - d. 1856)
(provisional)
Governors of Buenos Aires, entrusted with the Foreign Relations
17 Aug 1827 - 1829 see under Buenos Aires
Governor of Santa Fe, entrusted with the Foreign Relations
1829 Estanislao L�pez (b. 1786 - d. 1838)
Governors of Buenos Aires, entrusted with the Foreign Relations
1829 - 20 Sep 1851 see under Buenos Aires
Supreme Chief of the Confederation
20 Sep 1851 - 3 Feb 1852 Juan Manuel de Rosas (b. 1793 - d. 1877)
Governor of Entre R�os, entrusted with the Foreign Relations
3 Feb 1852 - 31 May 1852 Justo Jos� de Urquiza (b. 1801 - d. 1870)
Presidents
31 May 1852 - 5 Mar 1860 Justo Jos� de Urquiza (s.a.)
(Provisional Director to 5 Mar 1854)
5 Mar 1860 - 5 Nov 1861 Santiago Derqui (b. 1809 - d. 1867)
5 Nov 1861 - 12 Dec 1861 Juan Esteban Pedernera (acting) (b. 1796 - d. 1886)
12 Apr 1862 - 12 Oct 1868 Bartolom� Mitre (b. 1821 - d. 1906)
(Governor of Buenos Aires, exercising the National
Executive Power, to 12 Oct 1862)
12 Oct 1868 - 12 Oct 1874 Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (b. 1811 - d. 1888)
12 Oct 1874 - 12 Oct 1880 Nicol�s Avellaneda (b. 1837 - d. 1885)
12 Oct 1880 - 12 Oct 1886 Julio A. Roca (1st time) (b. 1843 - d. 1914)
12 Oct 1886 - 6 Aug 1890 Miguel Ju�rez Celman (b. 1844 - d. 1909)
6 Aug 1890 - 12 Oct 1892 Carlos Pellegrini (b. 1846 - d. 1906)
12 Oct 1892 - 23 Jan 1895 Luis S�enz Pe�a (b. 1822 - d. 1907)
23 Jan 1895 - 12 Oct 1898 Jos� Evaristo Uriburu (b. 1831 - d. 1914)
12 Oct 1898 - 12 Oct 1904 Julio A. Roca (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Oct 1904 - 12 Mar 1906 Manuel Quintana (b. 1835 - d. 1906)
12 Mar 1906 - 12 Oct 1910 Jos� Figueroa Alcorta (b. 1860 - d. 1931)
12 Oct 1910 - 9 Aug 1914 Roque S�enz Pe�a (b. 1851 - d. 1914)
Apr 1914 - 12 Oct 1916 Victorino de la Plaza (b. 1840 - d. 1919)
(acting for S�enz to 9 Aug 1914)
12 Oct 1916 - 12 Oct 1922 Hip�lito Irigoyen (1st time) (b. 1852 - d. 1933)
12 Oct 1922 - 12 Oct 1928 Marcelo T. de Alvear (b. 1868 - d. 1942)
12 Oct 1928 - 6 Sep 1930 Hip�lito Irigoyen (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Sep 1930 - 20 Feb 1932 Jos� F�lix Uriburu (b. 1868 - d. 1932)
(president of the Provisional Government)
20 Feb 1932 - 20 Feb 1938 Agust�n P. Justo (b. 1876 - d. 1943)
20 Feb 1938 - 27 Jun 1942 Roberto M. Ortiz (b. 1886 - d. 1942)
12 Aug 1940 - 4 Jun 1943 Ram�n S. Castillo (b. 1873 - d. 1944)
(acting for incapacitated Ortiz to 27 Jun 1942)
4 Jun 1943 - 7 Jun 1943 Arturo Rawson Corval�n (b. 1884 - d. 1952)
(president of the Provisional Government)
7 Jun 1943 - 9 Mar 1944 Pedro Pablo Ram�rez Machuca (b. 1884 - d. 1962)
(president of the Provisional Government to 18 Jun 1943)
25 Feb 1944 - 4 Jun 1946 Edelmiro J. Farrell (b. 1887 - d. 1980)
(acting for Ram�rez to 9 Mar 1944)
4 Jun 1946 - 21 Sep 1955 Juan Per�n (1st time) (b. 1895 - d. 1974)
21 Sep 1955 - 23 Sep 1955 Jos� Domingo Molina G�mez (b. 1896 - d. 1969)
(chairman of military junta)
23 Sep 1955 - 13 Nov 1955 Eduardo A. Lonardi (provisional) (b. 1896 - d. 1956)
13 Nov 1955 - 1 May 1958 Pedro Eugenio Aramburu (b. 1903 - d. 1970)
(provisional)
1 May 1958 - 29 Mar 1962 Arturo Frondizi (b. 1908 - d. 1995)
29 Mar 1962 - 12 Oct 1963 Jos� Mar�a Guido (acting) (b. 1910 - d. 1975)
12 Oct 1963 - 28 Jun 1966 Arturo Umberto Illia (b. 1900 - d. 1983)
28 Jun 1966 - 29 Jun 1966 Revolutionary Junta
- Pascual Pistarini (b. 1915 - d. 1999)
- Benigno Ignacio Varela (b. 1917 - d. 1996)
- Adolfo Teodoro �lvarez (b. 1919)
29 Jun 1966 - 8 Jun 1970 Juan Carlos Ongan�a (b. 1914 - d. 1995)
8 Jun 1970 - 18 Jun 1970 Pedro Alberto Jos� Gnavi
(chairman Junta of Commanders)
18 Jun 1970 - 22 Mar 1971 Roberto Marcelo Levingston (b. 1920)
22 Mar 1971 - 25 May 1973 Alejandro Agust�n Lanusse (b. 1918 - d. 1996)
(chairman Junta of Commanders to 26 Mar 1971)
25 May 1973 - 13 Jul 1973 H�ctor Jos� C�mpora (b. 1909 - d. 1980)
13 Jul 1973 - 12 Oct 1973 Ra�l Alberto Lastiri (acting) (b. 1915 - d. 1978)
12 Oct 1973 - 1 Jul 1974 Juan Per�n (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jul 1974 - 24 Mar 1976 Isabel Per�n (f) (b. 1931)
13 Sep 1975 - 16 Oct 1975 Italo Luder (acting for Per�n) (b. 1916 - d. 2008)
24 Mar 1976 - 29 Mar 1976 Military junta
- Jorge Rafael Videla (b. 1925)
- Emilio Eduardo Massera (b. 1925)
- Orlando Ram�n Agosti (b. 1924 - d. 1997)
29 Mar 1976 - 29 Mar 1981 Jorge Rafael Videla (s.a.)
29 Mar 1981 - 11 Dec 1981 Roberto Eduardo Viola (b. 1924 - d. 1994)
11 Dec 1981 - 22 Dec 1981 Carlos Alberto Lacoste (acting) (b. 1929 - d. 2004)
22 Dec 1981 - 18 Jun 1982 Leopoldo Galtieri (b. 1926 - d. 2003)
18 Jun 1982 - 1 Jul 1982 Alfredo Oscar Saint Jean (acting) (b. 1926)
1 Jul 1982 - 10 Dec 1983 Reynaldo Bignone (b. 1928)
10 Dec 1983 - 8 Jul 1989 Ra�l Alfons�n (b. 1927 - d. 2009)
8 Jul 1989 - 10 Dec 1999 Carlos Sa�l Menem (b. 1930)
10 Dec 1999 - 21 Dec 2001 Fernando de la R�a (b. 1937)
21 Dec 2001 - 23 Dec 2001 Ram�n Puerta (acting) (b. 1951)
23 Dec 2001 - 1 Jan 2002 Adolfo Rodr�guez Sa� (interim) (b. 1947)
31 Dec 2001 - 2 Jan 2002 Eduardo Cama�o (b. 1946)
(acting [for Rodr�guez Sa� to 1 Jan 2002])
2 Jan 2002 - 25 May 2003 Eduardo Duhalde (b. 1941)
25 May 2003 - 10 Dec 2007 N�stor Kirchner (b. 1950)
10 Dec 2007 - Cristina Fern�ndez de Kirchner (f) (b. 1953)
Cabinet chiefs
8 Jul 1995 - 28 Mar 1996 Eduardo Bauz� (b. 1939)
28 Mar 1996 - 10 Dec 1999 Jorge Rodr�guez (b. 1944)
10 Dec 1999 - 5 Oct 2000 Rodolfo Terragno (b. 1943)
5 Oct 2000 - 21 Dec 2001 Chrystian Colombo (b. 1952)
21 Dec 2001 - 23 Dec 2001 Humberto Schiavoni (b. 1958)
23 Dec 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 Luis Lusqui�os (acting) (b. 1951)
31 Dec 2001 - 3 Jan 2002 Antonio Cafiero (b. 1922)
3 Jan 2002 - 3 May 2002 Jorge Capitanich (b. 1964)
3 May 2002 - 25 May 2003 Alfredo Atanasof (b. 1949)
25 May 2003 - 24 Jul 2008 Alberto Fern�ndez (b. 1959)
24 Jul 2008 - 8 Jul 2009 Sergio Massa (b. 1972)
8 Jul 2009 - An�bal Fern�ndez (b. 1957)
30 May 1918 - 2 Dec 1920 Republic of Armenia
29 Nov 1920 Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia
12 Mar 1922 part (with Azerbaijan and Georgia) of the Federative
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of Transcaucasia
(see under Georgia)
13 Dec 1922 part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet
Republic (see under Georgia)
30 Dec 1922 T.S.F.S.R. founding component of the Soviet Union
5 Dec 1936 T.S.F.S.R. dissolved; Armenian S.S.R. becomes a full
union republic (see Soviet republics)
23 Aug 1990 Republic of Armenia
23 Sep 1991 independence declared
25 Dec 1991 final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.)
Chairman of the National Council
30 May 1918 - 1 Aug 1918 Avetis Aharonyan (b. 1866 - d. 1949)
(not present on the territory of Armenia until 19 Jul 1918)
Chairman of the Council of Armenia
1 Aug 1918 - 5 Aug 1919 Avetik Sahakyan
Chairman of Parliament
5 Aug 1919 - 2 Dec 1920 Avetis Aharonyan (s.a.)
Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces
2 Dec 1920 - 4 Dec 1920 Drastamat Kanayan (b. 1884 - d. 1956)
Chairmen of the Military Revolutionary Committee
4 Dec 1920 - 5?May 1921 Sarkis Kasyan (b. 1876 - d. 1937)
18 Feb 1921 - Jun 1921 Simeon Vratsyan (b. 1882 - d. 1969)
(chairman Committee for the Salvation of the Fatherland;
in Yerevan to 2 Apr 1921, then in dissidence)
5?May 1921 - 21 May 1921 Aleksandr Myasnikyan (b. 1886 - d. 1925)
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
21 May 1921 - 2 Feb 1922 Aleksandr Myasnikyan (s.a.)
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee
2 Feb 1922 - Jun 1925 Sarkis Ambartsumyan (b. 1880 - d. 19...)
Chairman of the Supreme Council
4 Aug 1990 - 11 Nov 1991 Levon Ter-Petrosyan (b. 1945)
Presidents
11 Nov 1991 - 3 Feb 1998 Levon Ter-Petrosyan (s.a.)
4 Feb 1998 - 9 Apr 2008 Robert Kocharyan (b. 1954)
(acting to 9 Apr 1998)
9 Apr 2008 - Serzh Sarkisyan (b. 1954)
Prime ministers
30 Jun 1918 - 28 May 1919 Hovhannes Kachaznuni (b. 1868 - d. 1937)
(not present on the territory of Armenia until 19 Jul 1918)
28 May 1919 - 5 May 1920 Aleksandr I. Khatisyan (b. 1876 - d. 1945)
5 May 1920 - 25 Nov 1920 Hamazasp Ohandzhanyan (b. 1873 - d. 1947)
25 Nov 1920 - 2 Dec 1920 Simeon Vratsyan (s.a.)
Apr 1922 - 24 Jun 1925 Sergey Lukashin (b. 1885 - d. 1937)
(chairman Council of People's Commissars)
13 Aug 1990 - 26 Sep 1991 Vazgen Manukyan (b. 1946)
26 Sep 1991 - 22 Nov 1991 Hrant Bagratyan (1st time) (b. 1958)
(acting)
22 Nov 1991 - 30 Jul 1992 Gagik Arutyunyan (b. 1948)
30 Jul 1992 - 2 Feb 1993 Khosrov Arutyunyan (b. 1948)
2 Feb 1993 - 4 Nov 1996 Hrant Bagratyan (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 12 Feb 1993)
4 Nov 1996 - 20 Mar 1997 Armen Sarkisyan (b. 1953)
20 Mar 1997 - 10 Apr 1998 Robert Kocharyan (1st time) (s.a.)
10 Apr 1998 - 11 Jun 1999 Armen Darbinyan (b. 1965)
11 Jun 1999 - 27 Oct 1999 Vazgen Sarkisyan (b. 1959 - d. 1999)
3 Nov 1999 - 2 May 2000 Aram Sarkisyan (b. 1961)
2 May 2000 - 12 May 2000 Robert Kocharyan (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
12 May 2000 - 25 Mar 2007 Andranik Markaryan (b. 1951 - d. 2007)
4 Apr 2007 - 9 Apr 2008 Serzh Sarkisyan (s.a.)
9 Apr 2008 - Tigran Sarkisyan (b. 1960)
1634 Dutch colony
1805 - 1816 British domination
1828 part of Dutch West Indies (see Suriname)
1848 part of Netherlands Antilles
1 Jan 1986 separation from Netherlands Antilles
Commanders
1681 - 1715 Joseph Flaccius
1717 - 1719 Hermanus Koolman
1719 - 1721 Willem Palmers
1721 - 1722 Pieter Pieterszoon van Cempen
1726 - 1730 Isaak Obbens
1739? Willem Janszoon
1739 - 1753 Daniel Nieuwkerk
1753 - 1756 Lourents Croes
1756 - 1768 Jan van der Biest
1768 - 1780 Gillis Poppe
1780 - 1791 Harmen van der Biest
1791 - 1792 Jacobus Pellicorne Porrier
1792 - 1793 Borchard Specht
1793 - 1803 ...
1803 - 1804 Pieter Specht
1804 - 1805 Johan Craneveldt
1805 Bruin Govertsz Quant (1st time)
1805 W. Doran
1805 - 1806 Bruin Govertsz Quant (2nd time)
1806 Samuel Bartholomeus van den Broek
(1st time) (commissioner) (b. 17... - d. 1817)
1806 Jan van der Biest (1st time)
1806 - 18.. Samuel Bartholomeus van den Broek
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1810? John Harrison Church Hartmann?
1816 - 1819 Lodewijk Christoph Boy�
1819 - 1822 Jan van der Biest (2nd time)
1822 - 1826 Jacob Thielen (1st time)
1826 - 1827 Simon Plats
1827 - 1837 Johan Frederik Waters Gravenhorst
1837 G.J. van Spall
1839 - 1848 Jacobus Jarman, Jr.
Administrators (gezaghebbers)
1848 - 1859 Jacobus Jarman, Jr.
1859 Bochard Specht
1859 - 1863 Micha�l de Veer
1863 - 1866 Edouard D�nis Ernest van den
Bossche (b. 1831 - d. 1908)
1866 - 1871 Jan Helenus Ferguson (b. 1826 - d. 1908)
1871 - 1876 Willem Melanchton Bennebroek
Gravenhorst
1876 - 1883 Jan Hendrik Rudeloff Beaujon (b. 1838 - d. 1930)
1883 - 1888 David G�erste Willemszoon (b. 1841 - d. 1898)
1888 - 1897 Jacob Thielen II (1st time) (b. 1834 - d. 1915)
1897 J.G. Lampe (acting)
1897 - 1899 Johannes Adriaan de Veer (b. 1853 - d. 1899)
1899 - 1901 Jacob Thielen II (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
1901 - 1909 Gerard Raven Zeppenfeldt (b. 1863 - d. 19...)
1911 - 1920 Henrik Johannes Beaujon (b. 1870 - d. 19...)
1920 - 1928 Jan Frederik Quast (b. 1875 - d. 1953)
1928 - 1945 Isaac Wagemaker (b. 1884 - d. 19...)
1945 - 1957 Lindoro Cristoffel Kwartsz (b. 1873 - d. 1959)
1957 - 1958 K.H. de Boer (acting)
1958 - 1959 E. Arends (acting)
1959 Otto R.A. Beaujon (acting) (b. 1915 - d. 1984)
1959 - 1964 Frederik J.C. Beaujon (b. 1906 - d. 1964)
1964 - 1973 Oscar Siegfried Henriquez (b. 1926)
1973 - 1979 Francisco L. Jossy Tromp (b. 1925)
1979 - 1982 Francisco D. Figaroa (b. 1927 - d. 1993)
1982 Remy R. Zaandam (acting) (b. 1936)
1982 - 1983 Euladio D. Nicolaas (acting) (b. 1941)
1983 - 4 Oct 1985 Pedro Bislip (b. 1937 - d. 2007)
1985 - 31 Dec 1985 Frans Wernet (acting) (b. 1929 - d. 1995)
Governors
1 Jan 1986 - 12 Mar 1992 Felipe Tromp (b. 1917 - d. 1995)
12 Mar 1992 - 11 May 2004 Olindo Koolman (b. 1942)
11 May 2004 - Fredis Refunjol (b. 1950)
Prime ministers
1 Jan 1986 - 9 Feb 1989 Henny Eman (1st time) (b. 1948)
9 Feb 1989 - 29 Jul 1994 Nelson Oduber (1st time) (b. 1947)
29 Jul 1994 - 30 Oct 2001 Henny Eman (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Oct 2001 - 30 Oct 2009 Nelson Oduber (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Oct 2009 - Mike Eman (b. 1961)
1 Jan 1901 British colonies in Australia united as a dominion
(Commonwealth of Australia)
11 Dec 1931 Statute of Westminster (ratified by Australia 9 Oct 1942)
grants full sovereignty to the British dominions
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
1 Jan 1901 - 9 Jan 1903 John Adrian Louis Hope,
Earl of Hopetoun (b. 1860 - d. 1908)
9 Jan 1903 - 21 Jan 1904 Hallam Tennyson, Baron Tennyson (b. 1852 - d. 1928)
21 Jan 1904 - 9 Sep 1908 Henry Stafford Northcote,
Baron Northcote (b. 1846 - d. 1911)
9 Sep 1908 - 31 Jul 1911 William Humble Ward,
Earl of Dudley (b. 1867 - d. 1932)
31 Jul 1911 - 18 May 1914 Thomas Denman, Baron Denman (b. 1874 - d. 1954)
18 May 1914 - 6 Oct 1920 Sir Ronald Craufurd Munro-Ferguson (b. 1860 - d. 1934)
6 Oct 1920 - 8 Oct 1925 Henry William Forster,
Baron Forster of Lepe (b. 1866 - d. 1936)
8 Oct 1925 - 22 Jan 1931 John Lawrence Baird,
Baron Stonehaven (b. 1874 - d. 1941)
22 Jan 1931 - 23 Jan 1936 Sir Isaac Isaacs (b. 1855 - d. 1948)
23 Jan 1936 - 30 Jan 1945 Alexander Gore Arkwright
Hore-Ruthven, Baron Gowrie (from
8 Jan 1945, Earl of Gowrie) (b. 1872 - d. 1955)
30 Jan 1945 - 11 Mar 1947 Henry William Frederick Albert,
Duke of Gloucester (b. 1900 - d. 1974)
11 Mar 1947 - 8 May 1953 William John McKell (from 9 Nov
1951, Sir William John McKell) (b. 1891 - d. 1985)
8 May 1953 - 2 Feb 1960 Sir William Slim (b. 1891 - d. 1970)
2 Feb 1960 - 3 Feb 1961 William Shepherd Morrison,
Viscount Dunrossil (b. 1893 - d. 1961)
4 Feb 1961 - 3 Aug 1961 Sir Reginald Alexander Dallas
Brooks (acting) (b. 1896 - d. 1966)
3 Aug 1961 - 22 Sep 1965 William Philip Sidney, Viscount
De L'Isle (b. 1909 - d. 1991)
22 Sep 1965 - 30 Apr 1969 Richard Gardiner Casey, Baron
Casey (b. 1890 - d. 1976)
30 Apr 1969 - 11 Jul 1974 Sir Paul Hasluck (b. 1905 - d. 1993)
11 Jul 1974 - 8 Dec 1977 Sir John Robert Kerr (b. 1914 - d. 1991)
8 Dec 1977 - 29 Jul 1982 Sir Zelman Cowen (b. 1919)
29 Jul 1982 - 16 Feb 1989 Sir Ninian Martin Stephen (b. 1923)
16 Feb 1989 - 16 Feb 1996 Bill Hayden (b. 1933)
16 Feb 1996 - 29 Jun 2001 Sir William Deane (b. 1931)
29 Jun 2001 - 28 May 2003 Peter Hollingworth (b. 1935)
15 May 2003 - 11 Aug 2003 Sir Guy Green (b. 1937)
(acting [for Hollingworth to 28 May 2003])
11 Aug 2003 - 5 Sep 2008 Michael Jeffery (b. 1937)
5 Sep 2008 - Quentin Bryce (f) (b. 1942)
Prime ministers
1 Jan 1901 - 24 Sep 1903 Edmund Barton (from 1902,
Sir Edmund Barton) Pro (b. 1849 - d. 1920)
24 Sep 1903 - 26 Apr 1904 Alfred Deakin (1st time) Pro (b. 1856 - d. 1919)
26 Apr 1904 - 18 Aug 1904 John Christian Watson ALP (b. 1867 - d. 1941)
18 Aug 1904 - 5 Jul 1905 George Reid FT (b. 1845 - d. 1918)
5 Jul 1905 - 13 Nov 1908 Alfred Deakin (2nd time) Pro (s.a.)
13 Nov 1908 - 2 Jun 1909 Andrew Fisher (1st time) ALP (b. 1862 - d. 1928)
2 Jun 1909 - 29 Apr 1910 Alfred Deakin (3rd time) Pro (s.a.)
29 Apr 1910 - 24 Apr 1913 Andrew Fisher (2nd time) ALP (s.a.)
24 Apr 1913 - 17 Sep 1914 Joseph Cook Lib (b. 1860 - d. 1947)
17 Sep 1914 - 27 Oct 1915 Andrew Fisher (3rd time) ALP (s.a.)
27 Oct 1915 - 9 Feb 1923 William Morris Hughes ALP;
14 Nov 1916: NLP; 17 Feb 1917: Nat (b. 1864 - d. 1952)
9 Feb 1923 - 22 Oct 1929 Stanley Melbourne Bruce Nat (b. 1883 - d. 1967)
22 Oct 1929 - 6 Jan 1932 James Henry Scullin ALP (b. 1876 - d. 1953)
6 Jan 1932 - 7 Apr 1939 Joseph Aloysius Lyons UAP (b. 1879 - d. 1939)
7 Apr 1939 - 26 Apr 1939 Sir Earle Page (acting) Cnt (b. 1880 - d. 1961)
26 Apr 1939 - 29 Aug 1941 Robert Gordon Menzies
(1st time) UAP (b. 1894 - d. 1978)
29 Aug 1941 - 7 Oct 1941 Arthur William Fadden Cnt (b. 1895 - d. 1973)
7 Oct 1941 - 5 Jul 1945 John Curtin ALP (b. 1885 - d. 1945)
6 Jul 1945 - 13 Jul 1945 Francis Michael Forde ALP (b. 1890 - d. 1983)
13 Jul 1945 - 19 Dec 1949 Joseph Benedict Chifley ALP (b. 1885 - d. 1951)
19 Dec 1949 - 22 Jan 1966 Robert Gordon Menzies (from
1963, Sir Robert Gordon
Menzies) (2nd time) Lib (s.a.)
22 Jan 1966 - 17 Dec 1967 Harold Holt Lib (b. 1908 - d. 1967)
18 Dec 1967 - 10 Jan 1968 John McEwen Cnt (b. 1900 - d. 1980)
10 Jan 1968 - 10 Mar 1971 John Grey Gorton Lib (b. 1911 - d. 2002)
10 Mar 1971 - 5 Dec 1972 William McMahon Lib (b. 1908 - d. 1988)
5 Dec 1972 - 11 Nov 1975 Gough Whitlam ALP (b. 1916)
11 Nov 1975 - 11 Mar 1983 Malcolm Fraser Lib (b. 1930)
11 Mar 1983 - 20 Dec 1991 Bob Hawke ALP (b. 1929)
20 Dec 1991 - 11 Mar 1996 Paul Keating ALP (b. 1944)
11 Mar 1996 - 3 Dec 2007 John Howard Lib (b. 1939)
3 Dec 2007 - Kevin Rudd ALP (b. 1957)
Party abbreviations: ALP=Australian Labor Party, Cnt=Country Party, FT=Free Trade Party, Lib=Liberal Party, Nat=Nationalist Party, NLP=National Labor Party, Pro=Protectionist Party, UAP=United Australia Party
11 Aug 1804 Kaisertum �sterreich�
21 Dec 1867 "Austrian half" of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy,
officially styled Die im Reichsrat vertretenen
K�nigreiche und L�nder ("The Kingdoms and Lands
Represented in the Imperial Council")
1916 first official use of the style Empire of Austria
12 Nov 1918 Republic of German-Austria
21 Oct 1919 Republic of Austria
1 Jul 1934 Federal State of Austria
13 Mar 1938 annexed by Germany as a state, which is dissolved
into Reichsgaue 1 May 1939
27 Apr 1945 Republic of Austria
Emperors�
- Habsburg-Lothringen dynasty -
11 Aug 1804 - 2 Mar 1835 Franz I (b. 1768 - d. 1835)
2 Mar 1835 - 2 Dec 1848 Ferdinand I (b. 1793 - d. 1875)
2 Dec 1848 - 21 Nov 1916 Franz Joseph I (b. 1830 - d. 1916)
21 Nov 1916 - 11 Nov 1918 Karl I (b. 1887 - d. 1922)
Presidents
12 Nov 1918 - 4 Mar 1919 Directory of the Council of State
- Franz Dinghofer GV (b. 1873 - d. 1956)
- Johann Nepomuk Hauser CS (b. 1866 - d. 1927)
- Karl Seitz SDAP (b. 1869 - d. 1950)
(chair rotating weekly)
5 Mar 1919 - 9 Dec 1920 Karl Seitz SDAP (s.a.)
(president of the Constituent National Assembly
to 10 Nov 1920, then acting president)
9 Dec 1920 - 10 Dec 1928 Michael Hainisch - (b. 1858 - d. 1940)
10 Dec 1928 - 13 Mar 1938 Wilhelm Miklas CS (b. 1872 - d. 1956)
29 Apr 1945 - 31 Dec 1950 Karl Renner SP� (b. 1870 - d. 1950)
(acting to 20 Dec 1945)
31 Dec 1950 - 21 Jun 1951 Leopold Figl (acting) �VP (b. 1902 - d. 1965)
21 Jun 1951 - 4 Jan 1957 Theodor K�rner SP� (b. 1873 - d. 1957)
4 Jan 1957 - 21 May 1957 Julius Raab (acting) �VP (b. 1891 - d. 1964)
22 May 1957 - 28 Feb 1965 Adolf Sch�rf SP� (b. 1890 - d. 1965)
28 Feb 1965 - 9 Jun 1965 Josef Klaus (acting) �VP (b. 1910 - d. 2001)
9 Jun 1965 - 24 Apr 1974 Franz Jonas SP� (b. 1899 - d. 1974)
24 Apr 1974 - 8 Jul 1974 Bruno Kreisky (acting) SP� (b. 1911 - d. 1990)
8 Jul 1974 - 8 Jul 1986 Rudolf Kirchschl�ger - (b. 1915 - d. 2000)
8 Jul 1986 - 8 Jul 1992 Kurt Waldheim - (b. 1918 - d. 2007)
8 Jul 1992 - 6 Jul 2004 Thomas Klestil �VP (b. 1932 - d. 2004)
6 Jul 2004 - 8 Jul 2004 Andreas Khol (acting) �VP (b. 1941)
8 Jul 2004 - Heinz Fischer SP� (b. 1938)
Chancellor
25 May 1821 - 13 Mar 1848 Klemens F�rst von Metternich (b. 1773 - d. 1859)
Prime ministers
20 Mar 1848 - 19 Apr 1848 Franz Anton Graf von Kolowrat (b. 1778 - d. 1861)
19 Apr 1848 - 19 May 1848 Karl Ludwig Graf von Ficquelmont (b. 1777 - d. 1857)
(acting)
19 May 1848 - 8 Jul 1848 Franz Freiherr von Pillersdorf (b. 1786 - d. 1862)
(acting)
8 Jul 1848 - 18 Jul 1848 Anton Freiherr von Doblhoff-Dier (b. 1800 - d. 1872)
(acting)
18 Jul 1848 - 21 Nov 1848 Johann Freiherr von
Wessenberg-Ampringen (b. 1773 - d. 1858)
21 Nov 1848 - 5 Apr 1852 Felix F�rst zu Schwarzenberg (b. 1800 - d. 1852)
11 Apr 1852 - 21 Aug 1859 Karl Ferdinand Graf von
Buol-Schauenstein (b. 1797 - d. 1865)
21 Aug 1859 - 4 Feb 1861 Johann Bernhard Graf von Rechberg
und Rothenl�wen (b. 1806 - d. 1899)
4 Feb 1861 - 26 Jun 1865 Rainer, Erzherzog von �sterreich (b. 1827 - d. 1913)
26 Jun 1865 - 27 Jul 1865 Alexander Graf von
Mensdorff-Pouilly (b. 1813 - d. 1871)
27 Jul 1865 - 7 Feb 1867 Richard Graf von Belcredi (b. 1823 - d. 1902)
7 Feb 1867 - 30 Dec 1867 Ferdinand Freiherr von Beust (b. 1809 - d. 1886)
30 Dec 1867 - 24 Sep 1868 Karl F�rst von Auersperg, Herzog
von Gottschee (b. 1814 - d. 1890)
24 Sep 1868 - 15 Jan 1870 Eduard Graf Taaffe (1st time) (b. 1833 - d. 1895)
15 Jan 1870 - 1 Feb 1870 Ignaz Edler von Plener (b. 1810 - d. 1908)
1 Feb 1870 - 12 Apr 1870 Leopold Ritter Hasner von Artha (b. 1818 - d. 1891)
12 Apr 1870 - 6 Feb 1871 Alfred Graf von Potocki-Pilawa (b. 1822 - d. 1889)
6 Feb 1871 - 30 Oct 1871 Karl Siegmund Graf von Hohenwart (b. 1824 - d. 1899)
(acting)
30 Oct 1871 - 25 Nov 1871 Ludwig Freiherr von Holzgethan (b. 1810 - d. 1876)
(acting)
25 Nov 1871 - 15 Feb 1879 Adolf Wilhelm Daniel F�rst von
Auersperg (b. 1821 - d. 1885)
15 Feb 1879 - 12 Aug 1879 Karl von Stremayr (acting) (b. 1823 - d. 1904)
12 Aug 1879 - 11 Nov 1893 Eduard Graf Taaffe (2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Nov 1893 - 19 Jun 1895 Alfred August F�rst zu
Windischgr�tz (b. 1851 - d. 1927)
19 Jun 1895 - 30 Sep 1895 Erich Graf von Kielmansegg (b. 1847 - d. 1923)
30 Sep 1895 - 30 Nov 1897 Kasimir Felix Graf von Badeni (b. 1846 - d. 1909)
30 Nov 1897 - 5 Mar 1898 Paul Freiherr Gautsch von
Frankenthurn (1st time) (b. 1851 - d. 1918)
5 Mar 1898 - 2 Oct 1899 Franz Graf von Thun und
Hohenstein (b. 1847 - d. 1916)
2 Oct 1899 - 21 Dec 1899 Manfred Graf von Clary und
Aldringen (b. 1852 - d. 1928)
21 Dec 1899 - 18 Jan 1900 Heinrich Ritter von Wittek (b. 1844 - d. 1930)
(acting)
19 Jan 1900 - 31 Dec 1904 Ernest von Koerber (1st time) (b. 1850 - d. 1919)
31 Dec 1904 - 2 May 1906 Paul Freiherr Gautsch von
Frankenthurn (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 May 1906 - 2 Jun 1906 Konrad Prinz zu Hohenlohe-
Waldenburg-Schillingsf�rst (b. 1863 - d. 1918)
2 Jun 1906 - 15 Nov 1908 Max Wladimir Freiherr von Beck (b. 1854 - d. 1943)
15 Nov 1908 - 28 Jun 1911 Richard Freiherr von
Bienerth-Schmerling (b. 1863 - d. 1918)
28 Jun 1911 - 3 Nov 1911 Paul Freiherr Gautsch von
Frankenthurn (3rd time) (s.a.)
3 Nov 1911 - 21 Oct 1916 Karl Reichsgraf von St�rgkh (b. 1859 - d. 1916)
31 Oct 1916 - 20 Dec 1916 Ernest von Koerber (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1916 - 23 Jun 1917 Heinrich Graf Clam-Martinic (b. 1863 - d. 1932)
23 Jun 1917 - 27 Jul 1918 Ernst Ritter Seidler von
Feuchtenegg (b. 1862 - d. 1931)
27 Jul 1918 - 27 Oct 1918 Max Freiherr Hussarek von Heinlein (b. 1865 - d. 1935)
27 Oct 1918 - 11 Nov 1918 Heinrich Lammasch (b. 1853 - d. 1920)
Chancellors
12 Nov 1918 - 7 Jul 1920 Karl Renner (1st time) SDAP (s.a.)
7 Jul 1920 - 21 Jun 1921 Michael Mayr CS (b. 1864 - d. 1922)
21 Jun 1921 - 26 Jan 1922 Johann Schober (1st time) - (b. 1874 - d. 1932)
26 Jan 1922 - 27 Jan 1922 Walter Breisky - (b. 1871 - d. 1944)
27 Jan 1922 - 31 May 1922 Johann Schober (2nd time) - (s.a.)
31 May 1922 - 20 Nov 1924 Ignaz Seipel (1st time) CS (b. 1876 - d. 1932)
20 Nov 1924 - 20 Oct 1926 Rudolf Ramek CS (b. 1881 - d. 1941)
20 Oct 1926 - 4 May 1929 Ignaz Seipel (2nd time) CS (s.a.)
4 May 1929 - 26 Sep 1929 Ernst Streeruwitz CS (b. 1874 - d. 1952)
26 Sep 1929 - 30 Sep 1930 Johann Schober (3rd time) - (s.a.)
30 Sep 1930 - 4 Dec 1930 Carl Vaugoin CS (b. 1873 - d. 1949)
4 Dec 1930 - 20 Jun 1931 Otto Ender CS (b. 1875 - d. 1960)
20 Jun 1931 - 20 May 1932 Karl Buresch CS (b. 1878 - d. 1936)
20 May 1932 - 25 Jul 1934 Engelbert Dollfuss CS;
1934: VF (b. 1892 - d. 1934)
25 Jul 1934 - 26 Jul 1934 Kurt Schuschnigg (1st time) VF (b. 1897 - d. 1977)
(acting)
26 Jul 1934 - 29 Jul 1934 Ernst R�diger Starhemberg VF (b. 1899 - d. 1956)
(acting)
29 Jul 1934 - 12 Mar 1938 Kurt Schuschnigg (2nd time) VF (s.a.)
12 Mar 1938 - 13 Mar 1938 Arthur Seyss-Inquart NS (b. 1892 - d. 1946)
(Reichsstatthalter 13 Mar 1938 - 30 Apr 1939)
23 Apr 1938 - 31 Mar 1940 Josef B�rckel NS (b. 1895 - d. 1944)
(Reichskommissar f�r die Wiedervereinigung �sterreichs
mit dem Deutschen Reich)
29 Apr 1945 - 20 Dec 1945 Karl Renner (2nd time) SP� (s.a.)
20 Dec 1945 - 2 Apr 1953 Leopold Figl �VP (s.a.)
2 Apr 1953 - 11 Apr 1961 Julius Raab �VP (s.a.)
11 Apr 1961 - 2 Apr 1964 Alfons Gorbach �VP (b. 1898 - d. 1972)
2 Apr 1964 - 21 Apr 1970 Josef Klaus �VP (s.a.)
21 Apr 1970 - 24 May 1983 Bruno Kreisky SP� (s.a.)
24 May 1983 - 16 Jun 1986 Fred Sinowatz SP� (b. 1929 - d. 2008)
16 Jun 1986 - 28 Jan 1997 Franz Vranitzky SP� (b. 1937)
28 Jan 1997 - 4 Feb 2000 Viktor Klima SP� (b. 1947)
4 Feb 2000 - 11 Jan 2007 Wolfgang Sch�ssel �VP (b. 1945)
11 Jan 2007 - 2 Dec 2008 Alfred Gusenbauer SP� (b. 1960)
2 Dec 2008 - Werner Faymann SP� (b. 1960)
Party abbreviations: CS=Christian Social Party, GV=Greater German People's Party, NS=National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), �VP=Austrian People's Party, SDAP=Social Democratic Workers' Party, SP�=Socialist Party of Austria (from 15 Jun 1991, Social Democratic Party of Austria), VF=Patriotic Front
High commissioners 5 Jul 1945 - 16 May 1947 Mark W. Clark (b. 1896 - d. 1984) 17 May 1947 - 19 Sep 1950 Geoffrey Keyes (b. 1888 - d. 1967) 20 Sep 1950 - 17 Jul 1952 Walter J. Donnelly (b. 1896 - d. 1970) 17 Jul 1952 - 27 Jul 1955 Llewellyn E. Thompson, Jr. (b. 1904 - d. 1972)
High commissioners
Jul 1945 - 1946 Sir Richard McCreery (b. 1898 - d. 1967)
1946 - Oct 1947 Sir James Stuart Steele (b. 1894 - d. 1975)
Oct 1947 - 1 Jan 1950 Sir Alexander Galloway (b. 1899 - d. 1977)
1 Jan 1950 - 1 Aug 1950 Sir John Winterton (b. 1898 - d. 1987)
1 Aug 1950 - 5 Feb 1954 Sir Harold Caccia (b. 1905 - d. 1990)
5 Feb 1954 - 27 Jul 1955 Sir Geoffrey Wallinger (b. 1903 - d. 1979)
High commissioners 8 Jul 1945 - 29 Jun 1950 Antoine B�thouart (b. 1889 - d. 1982) 29 Jun 1950 - 27 Jul 1955 Jean Payart (b. 1892 - d. 1969)
High commissioners
Jul 1945 - 1946 Ivan Konev (b. 1897 - d. 1973)
1946 - May 1949 Vladimir Kurasov (b. 1897 - d. 1973)
May 1949 - 7 Jun 1953 Vladimir Sviridov (b. 1898 - d. 1963)
7 Jun 1953 - 27 Jul 1955 Ivan Ilichev (b. 1905 - d. 1983)
�The word Kaisertum was deliberately chosen not to imply Kaiserreich �sterreich (Empire of Austria). The term had no constitutional status before 25 Apr 1848, and had dynastic rather than territorial import: it was intended to encompass all the hereditary possessions of the Haus �sterreich, and was so defined in the Constitution of 7 Mar 1849; in the Constitution of 25 Apr 1848 it was similarly used, but excluded the "Hungarian" and "Lombardo-Venetian" possessions.
172. khanate founded
1728 - 1735 part of Russia
1735 - 1747 part of Iran
1806 part of Russia
Khans
172. - 1728 Dargah Quli Khan
1747 - 1768 Mirza Muhammad Khan
1768 - 1770 Fath `Ali Khan
1770 - 1772 `Abd Allah Beg
1772 - 1783 Malik Muhammad Khan
1784 - 1791 Mirza Muhammad Khan
1791 - 1792 Muhammad Quli Khan
1792 - 1806 Husayn Quli Khan
1747 khanate founded
1804 part of Russia
Khans
- Ziyad oglu Qajar dynasty -
1747 - 1761 Shah Wardi Khan
1761 - 1781 Muhammad Hasan Khan
- Jawanshir dynasty -
1781 - 1784 Ibrahim Khalil Khan
- Ziyad oglu Qajar dynasty -
1784 - 1786 Hajji Beg
1786 - 3 Jan 1804 al-Jawad Khan
Khan
*1778 - 1789 Tala Hasan Khan
1834 part of Russia
Khans
*1751* Haydar Quli Khan
*1779* Kalb `Ali Khan
... - 1834 Karim Khan Kangarli
c.1554 state under the rule of an Atabeg founded
1588 part of Ottoman Empire
1606 khanate founded
1822 part of Russia
Khans
- Ziyad oglu Qajar dynasty -
1722 - May 1728 Dawud Khan
1728 - 1730 Makhithar
1730 - 1738 Ughurlu II Khan Ziyad oglu
*1743* Khan Chemskeseka
- Jawanshir dynasty -
1747 - 1761 Panah Khan `Ali Beg
1761 - 14 Jun 1806 Ibrahim Khalil Khan
1806 - Oct 1822 Mahdi Quli Khan Muzaffar
1680 khanate founded
1816 part of Russia
Saytaq Khans
1680 - Sep 1721 Husayn Khan
1721 Ahmad Khan
1721 - 1722 Chulaq Surkhay Khan
1722 - 1758 Husayn `Ali Khan
1758 - Mar 1789 Fath `Ali Khan
1789 - 1791 Ahmad Khan
1791 - 1806 Shaykh `Ali Agha
1806 - 1816 Husayn Khan
1729 khanate founded
1782 incorporated into Quba
Khans
1729 - 17.. Hasan Beg
1748 - 1757 Ibrahim
1757 - 1768 Kalb `Ali Sultan
1768 - 1782 Qubad Sultan
c.1500 khanate founded
1761 - 1765 part of Qazi Qumuq (Daghestan)
1819 part of Russia
Khans
... - 1743 Malik Najaf Khan
Rulers (title Bashchi)
1743 - 1759 Chalabi Khan
1759 - 1761 Agha Kishi Beg
1765 - 1779 Husayn Khan
1780 - 1783 `Abd al-Qadir Khan
21 Dec 1783 - 1795 Muhammad Hasan Wali
1795 - 1806 Mustafa Salim Khan
10 Dec 1806 - 1815 Ja`far Quli Khan Dumbuli
1815 - 1819 Isma`il Khan
1748 Khoja Shamakha and Yeni Shamakha khanates founded
1786 merged into Shamakha
1820 part of Russia
Khoja Shamakha
Khan
1748 - 1786 Muhammad Sa`id Khan
Yeni Shamakha
Khans
1748 - 1763 Muhammad `Ali Khan
1763 - 1768 Aghazi Khan (1st time)
1768 - 1769 Fath `Ali Khan
1769 - 1770 `Abd Allah Beg
1770 - 1778 Ildar Beg
1778 - 1786 Aghazi Khan (2nd time)
Shamakha
Khans
1786 - 1789 Askar Khan
1789 - 1796 Qasim Khan
1796 - 1820 Mustafa Khan
1747 khanate founded
1814 part of Russia
Khans
1747 Sa`id `Abbas
1747 - 1786 Gara Khan
1786 - 1814 Mir Mustafa Khan
28 May 1918 Azerbaijan People's Republic
28 Apr 1920 Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
12 Mar 1922 part (with Armenia and Georgia) of the Federative
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of Transcaucasia
(see under Georgia)
13 Dec 1922 part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist
Republic (see under Georgia)
30 Dec 1922 T.S.F.S.R. founding component of the Soviet Union
5 Dec 1936 T.S.F.S.R. dissolved; Azerbaijan S.S.R. becomes a full
union republic (see Soviet republics)
19 Nov 1990 Azerbaijani Republic
30 Aug 1991 independence declared
25 Dec 1991 final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.)
Chairman of the National Council
28 May 1918 - 7 Dec 1918 Memmed Resulzade (b. 1884 - d. 1955)
Chairman of Parliament
7 Dec 1918 - 27 Apr 1920 Alimardanbey Topchubashov (b. 1862 - d. 1934)
Chairmen of the Provisional Military-Revolutionary Committee
28 Apr 1920 - 16 May 1920 Mirza Davud Husseynov (b. 1894 - d. 1938)
16 May 1920 - 19 May 1921 Nariman Narimanov (b. 1870 - d. 1925)
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
19 May 1921 - 1922 Mukhtar Hajiyev
28 Apr 1922 - Sep 1929 Samad Aga Agamali ogly Aliyev (b. 1867 - d. 1930)
Presidents
18 May 1990 - 6 Mar 1992 Ayaz Mutalibov (1st time) (b. 1938)
6 Mar 1992 - 14 May 1992 Yagub Mamedov (1st time) (acting) (b. 1941)
14 May 1992 - 16 May 1992 Ayaz Mutalibov (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 May 1992 - 18 May 1992 Yagub Mamedov (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
18 May 1992 - 16 Jun 1992 Isa Gambarov (acting) (b. 1957)
16 Jun 1992 - 1 Sep 1993 Abulfez Elchibey (b. 1938 - d. 2000)
24 Jun 1993 - 31 Oct 2003 Heydar Aliyev (b. 1923 - d. 2003)
(acting to 10 Oct 1993 [for Elchibey to 1 Sep 1993])
31 Oct 2003 - Ilham Aliyev (b. 1961)
Prime ministers
28 May 1918 - 5 Apr 1919 Fath Ali Khan Khoiski (b. 1876 - d. 1920)
5 Apr 1919 - 1 Apr 1920 Nasibbey Yusifbeyli (b. 1881 - d. 1920)
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
May 1921 - 1922 Nariman Narimanov (s.a.)
1922 - 1928 Gazanfar Musabekov (b. 1888 - d. 1938)
Prime ministers
25 Jan 1990 - 7 Apr 1992 Hasan Hasanov (b. 1940)
7 Apr 1992 - 18 May 1992 Firuz Mustafayev (acting)
18 May 1992 - 26 Jan 1993 Rahim Huseynov (b. 1936)
26 Jan 1993 - 28 Apr 1993 Ali Masimov (b. 1952)
28 Apr 1993 - 7 Jun 1993 Panakh Huseynov (b. 1957)
27 Jun 1993 - 6 Oct 1994 Suret Huseynov (b. 1959)
6 Oct 1994 - 20 Jul 1996 Fuad Guliyev (b. 1941)
(acting to 2 May 1995)
20 Jul 1996 - 4 Aug 2003 Artur Rasizade (1st time) (b. 1935)
(acting to 26 Nov 1996)
4 Aug 2003 - 4 Nov 2003 Ilham Aliyev (s.a.)
6 Aug 2003 - 4 Nov 2003 Artur Rasizade (s.a.)
(acting for Aliyev)
4 Nov 2003 - Artur Rasizade (2nd time) (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Supreme Council 5 Sep 1991 - 23 Jun 1993 Heydar Aliyev (s.a.) 3 Jul 1993 - Vasif Talybov (b. 1960)
Prime ministers 1991 - 1993 Bedzhan Farziliyev 1993 - 2000 Shamsaddin Khanbabayev 2000 - Alovsat Bakhshiyev (b. 1956)
2 Sep 1991 Armenian Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh 6 Jan 1992 independence declared Chairman of the Executive Council 2 Sep 1991 - 6 Jan 1992 Leonard Petrosyan (b. 1953 - d. 1999) Chairmen of Parliament 7 Jan 1992 - 14 Apr 1992 Artur Mkrtchyan (b. 1959 - d. 1992) 15 Apr 1992 - 14 Jun 1993 Georgy Petrosyan (acting) (b. 1953) 14 Jun 1993 - 29 Dec 1994 Garen Baburyan (acting) (b. 1954) Presidents 29 Dec 1994 - 20 Mar 1997 Robert Kocharyan (b. 1954) 20 Mar 1997 - 8 Sep 1997 Leonard Petrosyan (acting) (s.a.) 8 Sep 1997 - 7 Sep 2007 Arkady Gukasyan (b. 1957) 7 Sep 2007 - Bako Sahakyan (b. 1960)
Prime ministers 8 Jan 1992 - Aug 1992 Oleg Yessayan (b. 1946) Aug 1992 - Dec 1994 Robert Kocharyan (s.a.) Dec 1994 - Jun 1998 Leonard Petrosyan (s.a.) Jun 1998 - 24 Jun 1999 Zhirayr Pogosyan (b. 1942) 30 Jun 1999 - 14 Sep 2007 Anushavan Danielyan (b. 1956) 14 Sep 2007 - Araik Arutyunyan (b. 1973)