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Piracetam is reported to be
an intelligence booster and CNS (central nervous system) stimulant with
no
known toxicity or addictive
properties. Piracetam is inexpensive (under $0.85 per day) and available
by
mail (see appendix A.) The
subjective effect described by some people is that piracetam, "wakes up
your
brain." You'll find more personal
accounts of the effects of this remarkable drug in the case histories and
testimonials appendix. It's
effects and safety are so impressive that piracetam prompted the creation
of a
new pharmaceutical category
called nootropics. The term nootropic comes from a Greek word meaning
"acting on the mind". Since
the invention of piracetam by UCB Laboratories in Belgium, other
pharmaceutical companies have
been scrambling to develop their own nootropics. Some of them being
researched now include; vinpocetine,
aniracetam, pramiracetam, and oxiracetam. As yet, there is no
nootropic compound that is
FDA approved for sale in the US, but there is plenty of motivation on the
part
of pharmaceutical companies
to get that approval. Financial analysts expect that the US market for
these
cognitive enhancers will soon
be in excess of $1-billion per year (Pelton, 1989). Piracetam is very similar
in molecular structure to the
amino acid pyroglutamate (see Pyroglutamate). Piracetam and pyroglutamate
have the same "base" chemical
structure, the 2-oxo-pyrrolidine, but they differ by the side chain.
Pyroglutamate is 2-oxo-pyrrolidine
carboxylic acid, and piracetam is 2-oxo-pyrrolidine acetamide.
Piracetam enhances cognition
under conditions of hypoxia (too little oxygen), and also enhances memory
and some kinds of learning
in normal humans. Outside of the US, piracetam is used to treat alcoholism,
stroke, vertigo, senile dementia,
sickle cell anemia, dyslexia, and numerous other health problems (Pelton,
1989). The effect of piracetam
can be increased if taken with DMAE, centrophenoxine, choline, or
Hydergine. When choline and
piracetam are taken together there is a synergistic effect that causes
a
greater improvement in memory
than the sum of each when taken alone (Bartus, 1981). We know of one
person who claims she feels
slightly agitated and depressed if she takes piracetam for more than a
week
without a choline supplement.
This feeling is alleviated for her with a single dose of choline. It may
be
that the piracetam causes acetylcholine
to be used up more quickly and that the choline helps to replace
this important neurotransmitter.
Once fascinating study suggests that piracetam might increase the number
of cholinergic receptors in
the brain. Older mice were given piracetam for two weeks and then the density
of muscarinic cholinergic receptors
in their frontal cortexes was measured. The researchers found that
these older mice had 30-40%
higher density of these receptors than before. (Pilch, 1988). Piracetam,
unlike many other drugs, appears
to have a regenerative effect on the nervous system.
One theory of Alzheimer's disease
is that the decline of intellectual functions is partly caused by a
decreased activity of the cholinergic
system in the brain caused by cell death and cell degeneration. The
researchers in the above study
speculated that their findings could explain how piracetam works and could
also explain the finding of
Bartus, et. al. regarding a profound effect of combining choline with piracetam
on memory enhancement of old
rats.
As mentioned previously the
late drug researcher Arthur Cherkin related to us that he believed the
combination of Hydergine and
Piracetam potentiate each other by 5 times. This highlights the importance
of adjusting the dosage when
multiple substances are taken because, some of these substances will cause
paradoxical effects when excessive
amounts are taken.
Although piracetam is a derivative
of GABA (gamma amino butyric acid, a neurotransmitter), there is no
evidence that piracetam works
through the GABAergic system. Some research even suggests GABA may
even inhibit memory and learning
(Zhang, 1989).
Precautions: Piracetam may
increase the effects of certain drugs, such as amphetamines, psychotropics,
and Hydergine, as stated. Adverse
effects are rare but include insomnia, psychomotor agitation, nausea,
gastrointestinal distress,
and headaches. Piracetam has virtually no known toxicity or contraindications.
Dosage: Piracetam is supplied
in 400mg or 800mg capsules or tablets. The usual dose is 2400 to 4800 mg
per day in three divided doses.
Some literature recommends that the first two days a high "attack" dose
should be taken. We have noticed
that often when people first take piracetam they do not notice any
effect at all until they take
a high dose (approximately 4000 to 8000mg). Thereafter, they may notice
that
a lower dosage is sufficient.
Piracetam takes effect within 30 to 60 minutes.
Sources: Piracetam is not sold
in the US. It can be purchased over the counter in Mexico or by mail form
the sources listed in appendix
A. Other names include: Avigilen, Cerebroforte, Cerebrospan, Cetam,
Dinagen, Encefalux, Encetrop,
Euvifor, gabacet, Genogris, Memo-Puren, Nootron, Nootrop, Nootropil,
Nootropyl, Normabrain, Norzetam,
Pirroxil, Psycotron, Stimucortex, and UCB-6215.
APPENDIX D: Testimonials &
Case Histories
Testimonials and case histories
are always suspect in scientific circles. This is because the human mind
is
so powerful at producing the
placebo effect. Humans repeatedly experience powerful drug effects from
taking inactive substances
when they believe that the substances are drugs. That is why we rely on
references to scientific research
for the information we present.
We include this appendix of
testimonials and case histories so that you may orient yourself as to which
substances you would like to
try. If you would like to share your experiences with us, whether they
are
similar or different than the
ones described here, please feel free to write to the authors c/o
B&J Publications, PO Box
483, Santa Cruz, CA 95061-0483.
Piracetam:
"My secretary responded so
well to piracetam (at doses of only 800mg) that I decided to give her a
small
raise so she could afford it.
She takes piracetam instead of heading for the coffee machine. Every day
she
takes it she is decidedly more
alert, and intelligent acting and she smiles more. She is overall a much
better
employee. She says it wakes
up her brain." -JM
"Piracetam keeps me alert when
I am driving. It also helps me to formulate new and different ideas when
I am taking essay tests in
school." - DB
"I liked piracetam so much
that I decided to try it with vincamine and xanthinol nicotinate. I took
standard
doses of all three - 2400mg
of piracetam, 20mg of vincamine, and 300mg of xanthinol nicotinate. I
actually felt stupid! I had
the "right on the tip of my tongue" response for hours. Recently a friend
suggested that I combine Hydergine
with piracetam, explaining that the two synergize each other, and that
I should try a small dose of
each. I had tried Hydergine years ago and liked it a lot, but found it
prohibitively expensive. I
decided to experiment with these two in combination with ginkgo biloba.
I
started with what I thought
were very small quantities, 1/4mg of Hydergine, 200mg of piracetam, and
50mg of ginkgo, but found the
combination to be extraordinary. I've tried many different cognitive
enhancers, but this low-cost,
low-dose combination is my favorite." -BP
"I started taking piracetam
with choline about a year ago and have found this combination to be one
of the
best things that ever happened
to me. I no longer get extreme mood swings, I am much happier in general,
and my concentration and speaking
ability is better. I also found that my relationships with family and
friends have improved, probably
due to my increased self confidence." - HH
"I took two grams of piracetam
and, after 30 minutes, I began to find my boyfriend much more sexually
attractive. I assumed this
was as fluke since I had never heard of this effect from piracetam. Since
this
experience I have taken piracetam
every day for two months and every time, without fail, it has the same
effect. Piracetam has vastly
improved my sex life." -DB
"Intelligence is the ultimate
aphrodisiac." - Tim Leary
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