.SAM
A document created by AmiPro.
Sampling
For a sound, its conversion from an analog form to a digital form; also known as "digitizing."
Sampling rate
The number of times per second that a sound is digitizing--as measured in hertz--the higher the rate, the more accurate the sample. Reasonable audio reproduction for music is 22.05kHz and 11.025 kHz for voice. (CD quality it is 44.1 kHz).
.SBI
A single-instrument Sound Blaster Instrument format used by PCs with Sound Blaster sound boards. The multi-instrument format is .IBK.
.SC
Synthesis Properties file (Synplify-Lite).
Scaling
This is the process of changing the size of an image.
Scan Image
File format, created for Thuynderscan, stores scanned a simgle image of up to 32 grey levels.
SCAN
Thunderscan™, a scanner manufacturer uses this MacOS compressed/uncompressed data-format for scanned images. File Type Code is: SCAN.
.SCH
SCS Schematic Editor's binary Schematic File.
SCMS
Serial Copy Management System, a copy-protection scheme, ensures that only one digital-generation copy can be made of an audio CD. The blank recordable "consumer-version" CD. Blank "Industrial-version" CDs may include SCMS or a similar protection scheme in the future to protect stored data audio and video. (SPA-Software Publishers Association.)
.SCP
SCS NetLister's or SpDE back-annotation's file of synthesis properties, automatically generated, for use by Synplify-Lite.
Scrapbook
MacOS data-format for storing text and graphic-images cut or copied from a document and pasted into the MacOS Scrapbook utility. (The Scrapbook utility is stored in the System Folder's Apple Menu Items folder. The Scrapbook file is stored in the System Folder. Solutions Inc.'s SmartScraps supports multiple scrapbook files, storage in any folder, with any name.) John V. Holder's ScrapIt Pro additionally permits edits of scraps, speech, image format conversions, etc.
Scrapbook files support: 2, 4, 16, 256, 17 million colors (24-bit), and 17 million colors plus alpha channel (32-bit). File Type Code is: ZSYS .
SCRN
B&W and color startup screens.
.SCT
Scitex Continuous Tone graphic file format.
.SDF
SpDE's Standard Delay file Format of a Verilog computer circuitry simulation. It can be used by Silos III and other simulators.
sd2f
A sound file format developed for Sound Designer II for use by MacOS systems.
SECAM
The Sequential Color and Memory television format of France.
sfil
MacOS System 7 sound file format. To be available for use with system resources these files should be stored inside the System file. Sounds can be played by double-clicking the file.
SGI
MacOS data-format created by Silicone Graphics which supports Black and White (B&W), Grayscale, and Red-Green-Blue (RGB) images. It provides options for 256, and 17 million colors, or 17 million colors plus alpha channel. File Type Code is: SCI.
SGML
The Standard Generalized Markup Language was developed to support the online distribution of text documents. This markup language tags text according to its structure (heading, subheading, paragraph, footers, etc.) Rather than its page format, text styles and text point sizes. Such information can be added later so that heavily formatted documents, such as newsletters and catalogs can be viewed in their original onscreen formats on a variety of workstations&emdash;regardless of monitor size.
Shape
For a sound, a charasteristic of its waveform that determines its tonal quality. Rich and lifelike sounds have complex waveforms which may be made up of rounded waves reproducing "sweet" sounds, and angular waves for more iritating sounds. (They also have varying pitch and amplitude.)
.SHR, SHRP
An Apple IIGS graphic file format. Both packed (compressed) and unpacked, may have one of three graphic data-formats (320 (h) by 200 (v) pixel): Super Hi-Res with 16 colors (Paint 816 usually have a filename extension of: SHR, if packed, an extension of: SHRP); PaintWorks™ packed 16-color hi-res (usually with an extension of: PWRK); Apple Preferred (DPaint), both limited and full 16-color hi-res.
.SIM
Silos III's Simulation results file created for Waveform Viewers.
.SIT, .SDX. S
tuffIt file compression application developed by Raymond Lau. StuffIt Classic files have a filename extension of .SIT. StuffIt Delux files use .SDX. Use UnStuff to decompress files. Format includes algorithm for self-extracting archives (which decompress without special software).
.snd
MacOS audio file format. snd files are referred to as sound-resource files. Format supports 8 and 16-bit monophonic and stereo sound clips at 11KHz and 22KHz. Sound clips may be edited, copied into a file or linked to a file. Type 1 files can be used by any application. Type 2 was created for HyperCard stacks. There are many sound editors, including ResEdit, format converters, like SoundApp and ZMac's SoundSmith, movers like Ettore Software's SoundMover, and utilities, like Bruce Tomlin's SoundMaster and Ettore Software's SndControl for assigning sounds to system activities, such as inserting and ejecting disks, opening files, and individual keyboard keys.
Under MacOS System 7, snd files can be found inside the System file (a suitcase or resources). With the mouse's pointer, point to a sound clip, then double click the mouse's button&emdash;you will hear the sounds it contains. Other audio standards: AIFF, MIDI, and .WAV.
.SND
Voice-grade 8KHz *law ("mulaw") sound format used on Sun, NextStep and other workstations. Player utilities: WPLANY (Windows), Sox (DOS, Unix, Amiga).
S1AN
MacOS data-format created by Electronic Arts for compressing Studio/1 animation files (from 2-to-1), and for playing them back at high speed. File Type Code is: S1AN.
SoftVideo
TMM's video compression/decompression RLE (codec) format for DOS/Windows-based systems. It supports a playback at 15 frames per second in a 640 (h) by 480 (v) pixel window.
Sound Designer
Audio data file format similar to AIIF. The format supports 8 and 16-bit monophonic and stereo sound clips at 11KHz, 22KHz, and 28KHz which may be played back by the Digital Sounds (or compatible) application.
.SPD
SpDE's computer circuitry simulation session log.
Spectrum
Atari ST compressed and uncompressed graphics data-format which supports images with up to 512 colors.
.SPJ
SSE (Silos III) computer circuitry simulation project file.
SQL
Structured Query Language, a standard data format for getting information out of relational databases.
.SRR
Synplify-Lite's automatic error cross-probing Syntax Error File. (For Turbo Writer.)
Stacker-LVS
Data compression/decompression (codec) format developed by Stac Electronics Corp. for network communications. First implementation was based on the 9706 chip. In 1993 Novell Inc. adapted Stacker-LVS as the standard codec for network-transported data using its software.
Startup screen
File format of the StartupScreen folder in MacOS's System Folder. It is either a 512 by 342 pixel, one-bit B&W (Black and White) image matching the size of the original Macintosh SE screen, or (more recently) a file with a single PICT (or PICT 2) image for color screens.
Streaming AV
Realtime-streaming is the playback of data as it downloades from a Web site. Most streamer utilities use lossy-based codecs because broadcast-quality video streams at 27 Megabytes per second.
During compression, an encoder utility creates compact audio/video files by discarding large amounts of data. (Information which cannot be recreated.) As it is received, a utility decodes and decompresses the files for immediate playback.
"Live" playback has its drawbacks in quality, but the receiving computer does not use valuable (unfragmented) data storage capacity to keep a copy of the file.
A 180 KiloByte per second (KBps) pipeline bandwidth is needed to stream live CD-quality audio. This is fifty times the capability of a 28.8 Kilobit per second (Kbps) modem.
For best results, live audio should be streamed at a compression ratio greater than 100-to-1 (100:1).
Many T1 lines can stream a live 160-by-120-pixel image at 15 frames per second (fps). Compression results in a picture that is "little better than a slide show with or without sound." Pseudo-streaming utilities use standard lossless compression formats like MPEG and Cinpack. Transcoding the compact audio/video files is unnecessary. Playback is delayed until a sufficient amount of data has been received, decoded, decompressed and stored (usually on a hard drive). The subsequent "almost-live" playback quality is closer to that of the original uncompressed file than achieved with Realtime-streaming. Apple's QuickTime and Microsoft's ActiveX (both for MacOS and Windows) are two of the many multimedia technologies that use Pseudo-streaming.
.STY
MS-Word Style Sheet. PC files with this extension can be accessed by a MacOS system with Microsoft's Word. The file has this creator type: MSWD and this File Type: TEXT.
SUN
Sun MicroSystem's data-file format for "screen-dumped" created raster files which support: 2, 4, 16, 256, and 17 million colors. These files have a: SUN filename extension.
S-video. A method of separating the luminance and chrominance&emdash;the brightness (Y) and color (C) channels of a video signal to increase the image quality. Also known as the Y/C components.
.SWP
A temporary swap file created when Windows crashed while in 386 enhanced mode. It may be stored in the startup drive's AUTOEXEC.BAT file's designated TEMP folder. If found, and at the DOS prompt, delete all .SWP files.
.SYM
SCS's binary symbol file. It can be used by QuickLogic's Hierarchy Navigator utility.
.SYS
An operating SYStem file/driver file. PC files with this extension can be accessed by a MacOS system with a utility like SoftPC. The file has this creator type: PCXT and this File Type: PCFL.
.SY_
A compressed system file. After expansion, the file should be renamed with the .SYS extension.
System 7 Picture Icons
A MacOS data-format.
System 7 Picture Previews
A MacOS data-format.
References are samples only. Each one is presented in greater detail in the Technical Research Assistant 2000
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